Part 1229

801. Conquest of Barcelona from the Moors by the Franks.

805. Charlemagne's subjugation of the Avars. Creation of the Austrian march.

806. Division of the Empire by Charlemagne between his sons formally planned.

809. Death of the Caliph Haroun al Raschid.

812. Civil war between the sons of the Caliph Haroun al Raschid; siege of Bagdad.

814. Death of Charlemagne, and accession of Louis the Pious, his only surviving son.

816. Death of Pope Leo III.; election of Stephen IV.

817. Partition of the Empire of the Franks by Louis the Pious.

826. Grant of a county between the Rhine and Moselle to Harold, king of Jutland, by the Emperor.

827. Beginning of Moslem conquest of Sicily.

830. First rebellion of the sons of the Emperor Louis the Pious.

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833. Second rebellion of the Emperor's sons; the "Field of Lies"; deposition of the Emperor Louis the Pious. Death of the Caliph Mamun, son of Haroun al Raschid.

834. Restoration of Louis the Pious.

835. Invasion of the Netherlands and sacking of Utrecht by the Northmen.

836. Burning of Antwerp and ravaging of Flanders by the Northmen. Death of Egbert, the first king of all the English.

837. First expedition of the Northmen up the Rhine.

838. Asia Minor invaded by the Caliph Motassem; the Amorian War.

840. Third rebellion of the sons of the Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious; his death; civil war.

841. Expedition of the Northmen up the Seine; their capture of Rouen.

842. The Oath of Strasburg.

843. Conquest by the Mahometans of Messina in Sicily. Partition Treaty of Verdun between the sons of the Emperor Louis the Pious; formation of the realms of Louis the German and Charles the Bald, which grew into the kingdoms of Germany and France.

845. First attack of the Northmen on Paris; their destruction of Hamburg.

846. Rome attacked by the Moslems.

847. Siege and capture of Bordeaux by the Northmen.

849. Birth of Alfred the Great.

852. Revolt against the Moslems in Armenia.

854. Ravages of the Northmen on the Loire checked at Orleans.

855. Death of Lothaire, Emperor of the Franks, and civil war between his sons. First footing of the Danes established in England.

857. Deposition of Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople, and elevation of Photius.

860. Discovery of Iceland by the Northmen. [Uncertain date]

861. Formation of the Duchy of France; origin of the House of Capet. Paris surprised by the Northmen.

863. Papal decree against the Eastern Patriarch, Photius. Creation of the County of Flanders by Charles the Bald.

864. Mission of Cyril and Methodius to the Slavonians.

865. First Varangian or Russian attack on Constantinople.

866. Beginning of the permanent conquests of the Danes in England.

871. Moslem fortress of Bari, in southern Italy, surrendered to the Franks and Greeks. Accession of Alfred the Great to the throne of Wessex.

875. Death of Louis II., Emperor of the Franks and king of Italy; imperial coronation of Charles the Bald.

876. The Seine entered by the Northmen under Rollo.

877. Death of the Emperor, Charles the Bald, and accession of Louis the Stammerer. Founding of the kingdom of Provence by Count Boso.

878. Capture by the Moslems of Syracuse in Sicily.

880. Ravages of the Northmen in Germany; battles of the Ardennes and Ebbsdorf. Defeat of the Danes by the English King Alfred at Ethandun; Peace of Wedmore. [Uncertain date]

881. Accession of Charles the Fat, king of Germany and Italy.

884. Temporary reunion of the Empire of the Franks under Charles the Fat.

885. Siege of Paris by the Northmen under Rollo.

887. Deposition of the Emperor, Charles the Fat.

888. Death of Charles the Fat and final disruption of the Empire of the Franks; founding of the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy. The crown of France in dispute between Eudes, Count of Paris, and the Caroling heir, Charles the Simple.

889. Second siege of Paris by Rollo.

890. Third siege of Paris and siege of Bayeux by Rollo.

891. Defeat of the Danes at Louvain by King Arnulf.

894. Arnulf of Germany made Emperor.

895. Rome taken by the Emperor Arnulf.

898. Death of Eudes, leaving Charles the Simple sole king of France.

899. Death of the Emperor Arnulf; accession of Louis the Child to the German throne.

900. Italy ravaged in the north by the Hungarians.

Tenth Century.

901. Death of the English king, Alfred the Great, and accession of his son, Edward the Elder. Founding of the Samanide dynasty in Khorassan.

904. Sergius III. made Pope; beginning of the rule of the courtesans at Rome.

909. Founding of the Fatimite caliphate in Africa.

910. Founding of the monastery of Clugny in France.

911. Death of the Emperor Louis the Child, extinguishing the Carolingian dynasty in Germany, and election of Conrad the Franconian. Defeat of the Northmen at Chartres in France; cession of Normandy to Rollo.

912. Baptism of the Norman Duke Rollo.

914. Elevation of John X. to the papal throne by the courtesan, Theodora. [Uncertain date]

916. Imperial coronation in Italy of Berengar.

919. Election of the Saxon Duke, Henry the Fowler, to the kingship of Germany. Establishment of the Danish kingdom of Dublin.

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923. The crown of France disputed with Charles the Simple by Rudolph, of Burgundy.

924. Devastation of Germany by the Hungarians; truce agreed upon for nine years. Lapse of the imperial title on the death of Berengar. Commendation of Scotland to the West Saxon king.

925. Death of the English king, Edward the Elder, and accession of his son Ethelstan.

928. Overthrow and imprisonment of Pope John X. by the courtesan Marozia. [Uncertain date]

929. Death of Charles the Simple in France.

931. John XI., son of the courtesan Marozia, made Pope. [Uncertain date]

932. Domination of Rome by the Pope's brother, Alberic.

936. Election of Otho, called the Great, to the throne of Germany. Death of Rudolph of Burgundy and restoration of the Carolingians to the French throne.

937. Ethelstan's defeat of Danes, Britons and Scots at the battle of Brunnaburgh. Invasion of France by the Hungarians.

940. Death of the English king, Ethelstan, and accession of his brother Edmund.

946. Death of the English king, Edmund, and accession of his brother Edred.

951. First expedition of Otho the Great into Italy; founding of the Holy Roman Empire (afterwards so called).

954. Death of Alberic, tyrant of Rome, his son, Octavian, succeeding him. Death of the Carolingian king of France, Louis IV., called" d'Outremer"; accession of Lothaire.

955. Germany invaded by the Hungarians; their decisive defeat on the Lech. Death of the English king, Edred, and accession of his nephew, Edwig.

956. Assumption of the Papal throne by Octavian, as John XII.

957. Revolt against the English king Edwig; division of the kingdom with his brother Edgar. [Uncertain date]

959. Death of Edwig and accession of Edgar; Abbot Dunstan made Archbishop of Canterbury.

961. The crown of Italy taken by Otho the Great, of Germany.

962. Imperial coronation of Otho the Great at Rome; revival of the Western Empire.

963. Expulsion and deposition of Pope John XII.; election of Leo VIII.

964. Expulsion of Pope Leo VIII.; return and death of John XII.; siege and capture of Rome by the Emperor.

965. Death of Pope Leo VIII.; election, expulsion, and forcible restoration of John XIII.

967. Conquest of Egypt by the Fatimite caliph. [Uncertain date]

969. Murder of the Eastern Emperor Nicephorus Phocas by John Zimisces, his successor.

972. Marriage of Otho, the Western Emperor's son, to the Byzantine princess, Theophano. Death of Pope John XIII., and election of Pope Benedict VI.

973. Death of the Emperor Otho the Great; accession of Otho II.

974. Murder of Pope Benedict VI.

975. Election of Pope Benedict VII. Death of the English king Edgar; accession of his son Edward the Martyr.

979. Death of Edward the Martyr; accession of Ethelred the Unready. [Uncertain date]

983. Death of the Emperor Otho II.; accession of Otho III. to the German throne, under the regency of his mother, Theophano. Death of Pope Benedict VII. First visit of Erik the Red to Greenland.

984. Election of Pope John XIV.

985. Murder of Pope John XIV.; election of Pope John XV.

986. Death of Lothaire, king of France; accession of his son Louis V.

987. Death of Louis V., the last of the Carolingian kings; election of Hugh Capet.

988. Death of Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. Cherson acquired by the Romans.

991. Invasion of England by Vikings from Norway; battle of Maldon.

996. Death of Hugh Capet, king of France; accession of his son, Robert II. Death of Pope John XV.; election of Gregory V. Imperial coronation of Otho III.

997. Insurrection of peasants in Normandy. Rebellion of Crescentius in Rome; expulsion of the Pope.

998. Overthrow of Crescentius at Rome. Excommunication of King Robert of France.

999. Gerbert raised by the Emperor to the Papal chair, as Sylvester II.

1000. Expectations of the end of the world. Pilgrimages of the Emperor Otho. Royal title conferred on Duke Stephen of Hungary, by the Pope. Christianity formally adopted in Iceland.

Eleventh Century.

1002. Massacre of Danes in England on St. Brice's Day. Death of the Emperor Otto III., and election of Henry II.

1003. Invasion of England by Sweyn of Denmark.

1005. Birth of Lanfranc [Uncertain date] (d. 1089).

1013. Flight to Normandy of the English king, Ethelred. The West and North of England submissive to Sweyn. Imperial coronation of Henry II.

1014. Death of Sweyn. Return of Ethelred to England; his war with Sweyn's son Canute. Defeat of the Danes at the battle of Clontarf in Ireland; death of King Brian.

1016. Death of the English kings, Ethelred and his son, Edmund Ironside. Submission of the kingdom to Canute, king of Denmark.

1017. The Saracens driven from Sardinia by the Pisans and Genoese.

1024. Death of the Emperor Henry II., and election of Conrad II.

1027. Imperial coronation of Conrad II.

1031. End of the Ommeyyad caliphate of Cordova, in Spain. Death of Robert II., king of France; accession of Henry I.

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1033. Birth of Saint Anselm. [Uncertain date] (d. 1109).

1035. Death of Canute, king of England and Denmark, and accession of his son Harold. Creation of the kingdom of Aragon in Spain.

1039. Death of Conrad II., and election of Henry III., king of Germany. Murder of Duncan, king of Scotland, by his successor, Macbeth.

1040. Death of Harold, king of England, and accession of Hardicanute.

1042. Death of Hardicanute, and end of Danish rule in England. Accession of Edward the Confessor.

1044. Sale of the papal see by Benedict IX. to Gregory VI.

1046. Three rival popes suppressed by the Emperor Henry III. Election of Pope Clement II. Imperial coronation of Henry III.

1049. Election of Pope Leo IX. The monk Hildebrand made Administrator of the Patrimony of St. Peter.

1051. Exile of Earl Godwine of Wessex. Visit of William of Normandy to England.

1052. Return of Earl Godwine to England.

1053. Defeat of Pope Leo IX. by the Guiscards. The Norman conquests in southern Italy conferred on them as a fief of the Church. Death of Earl Godwine.

1054. Death of Pope Leo IX. Final separation of the Eastern and Western Churches.

1055. Election of Pope Victor II.

1056. Death of the Emperor Henry III. Election of Henry IV., king of Germany, under the regency of his mother.

1060. Death of Henry I., king of France; accession of Philip I.

1066. Invasion of England by the Norwegian king, Harold Hardrada, and Tostig, the English king Harold's brother; their defeat at Stamford Bridge. Invasion of England by William, duke of Normandy; defeat of the English at Senlac or Hastings; death of Harold, last of the Saxon kings.

1071. Final overthrow of the English at Ely. The Norman conquest of England completed.

1073. Election of Hildebrand (Gregory VII.) to the papal throne.

1075. Synod of Pope Gregory and its decrees against clerical incontinence, and decrees against simony. Beginning of strife between the Pope and Henry IV. Great defeat of the Saxons, by Henry IV., at Langensalza.

1076. Council at Worms, called by Henry IV. of Germany, which pronounces the deposition of the Pope. Excommunication of Henry by Pope Gregory VII. Jerusalem captured by the Seljuk Turks.

1077. Humiliation of Henry IV. before Pope Gregory at Canossa; election of the anti-king Rudolph. Donation of the Countess Matilda to the Holy See. Accession of Ladislaus (called Saint), king of Hungary.

1078. Building of the Great or White Tower at London. [Uncertain date]

1079. Birth of Abelard (d. 1142).

1080. Renewal of the Pope's ban against Henry IV. Defeat and death of his rival Rudolph. Election of the anti-pope, Clement III.

1081. Unsuccessful attacks on the city of Rome by Henry IV. Invasion of Greece by the Norman duke, Robert Guiscard. Constantinople sacked by the army of Alexius Comnenus; coronation of Alexius.

1084. Henry IV. in Rome. Seating of the anti-pope, Clement III. Imperial coronation of Henry IV. Sack and burning of Rome by the Normans under Robert Guiscard. Founding of the Carthusian Order by Saint Bruno.

1085. Death of Pope Gregory VII. in exile at Salerno. Death of Robert Guiscard.

1086. Completion in England of King William's Domesday Survey and Domesday Book.

1087. Death of William the Conqueror; accession of William Rufus to the English throne.

1091. Rebellion of Conrad, eldest son of the German emperor, Henry IV. Birth of Saint Bernard (d. 1153).

1094. The Council of Clermont. Address of Pope Urban II.

1095. Death of (Saint) Ladislaus of Hungary.

1096. Movement of the first armies of the Crusades; massacre of Jews in Europe.

1099. Coronation of Henry v., second son of the emperor, as King of the Romans. Recovery of the Holy City by the Crusaders; founding of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem.

1100. Death of William Rufus, king of England, and accession of Henry I.

Twelfth Century.

1101. Disastrous crusading expeditions from Italy, France and Germany. Agreement between King Henry I. of England and his brother Robert.

1104. Rebellion against the Emperor, Henry IV., headed by his son.

1135. Imprisonment and abdication of the Emperor, Henry IV.

1106. English conquest of Normandy; defeat and capture of Duke Robert. Death of the Emperor, Henry IV.

1108. Death of Philip I., king of France, and accession of Louis VI. (the Fat).

1109. Death of Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury.

1110. Expedition of Henry V. to Italy.

1111. Insurrection at Rome; attack on the Germans; imperial coronation of Henry V. Concession of the right of investiture by the Pope.

1112. Repudiation of the Pope's concession and renewal of the War of Investitures.

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1115. Death of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany: her vast possessions bequeathed to the Church.

1118. Death of Pope Pascal II. Election of Pope Gelasius II. and the anti-pope Gregory VIII. Founding of the Order of the Templars.

1119. Battle of Noyon, in Normandy. Death of Pope Gelasius II. and election of Callistus II.

1120. The sinking of "the White Ship"; drowning of the English King Henry's son.

1121. Condemnation of Abelard in France.

1122. Settlement of the question of investitures; Concordat of Worms.

1123. First Lateran Council of the Church.

1124. Death of Pope Callistus II. and election of Honorius II.

1125. Death of the Emperor Henry V. and election of Lothaire, of Saxony, to the German throne. Opening of the strife between Guelfs and Hohenstaufens or Ghibellines.

1130. Death of Pope Honorius II.; election of Innocent II., and the anti-pope, Anacletus II.

1131. Birth of Maimonides [Uncertain date] (d. 1201 [Uncertain date]).

1133. Coronation of the Emperor Lothaire at Rome.

1135. Death of Henry I., king of England; civil war between Stephen and Matilda.

1136. Progress of the Emperor Lothaire through the peninsula of Italy; submission of the cities.

1137. Death of the Emperor Lothaire. Death of Louis VI. of France and accession of Louis VII.; his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. Birth of Saladin (d. 1193).

1138. Election in Germany of Conrad of Hohenstaufen. Second invasion of England by David of Scotland. Battle of the Standard.

1139. Banishment from Italy of Arnold of Brescia. Defeat of the Moors in Portugal by Affonso Henriques, at the battle of Orik or Ourique. Second Lateran Council of the Church.

1140. Siege of Weimsberg. First use of the party names, Welf or Guelf and Waiblingen or Ghibelline. Portugal separated from Castile, and made a separate kingdom.

1142. Death of Abelard at Clugny.

1143. Death of Pope Innocent III. Election of Celestine II.

1144. Turkish capture of Edessa. Jerusalem threatened. Appeal to Europe. Death of Pope Celestine II. Election of Lucius II.

1145. Death in battle of Pope Lucius II. and election of Eugenius II. Establishment of the republic of Arnold of Brescia at Rome.

1146. Massacre of Jews by Crusaders and mobs in Germany. Sack of Thebes and Corinth by the Norman King Roger of Sicily.

1147. The Second Crusade, from France and Germany. Lisbon taken from the Moors and made the capital of Portugal. Founding of Moscow.

1148. Unsuccessful siege of Damascus by the Crusaders.

1152. Death of the Emperor Conrad of Hohenstaufen and election of Frederick I. (Barbarossa). Marriage of Prince Henry, afterward Henry II. of England, to Eleanor of Aquitaine.

1153. Death of Pope Eugenius III. and election of Anastasius IV.

1154. Death of Stephen, king of England, and accession of Henry II. First expedition of Frederick Barbarossa into Italy. Death of Pope Anastasius IV. and election of Hadrian IV. Ireland granted to the English crown by Pope Hadrian IV.

1155. Overthrow of the republic of Arnold of Brescia at Rome; his death. Tumult at the imperial coronation of Frederick Barbarossa.

1158. Second expedition of Frederick Barbarossa into Italy. Siege of Milan.

1159. Death of Pope Hadrian IV.; election of Alexander III. and the anti-pope Victor IV.

1162. Thomas Becket made Archbishop of Canterbury. Destruction of Milan by Frederick Barbarossa. Birth of Genghis Khan [Uncertain date] (d. 1227).

1163. Third visitation of Frederick Barbarossa to Italy.

1164. Enactment of the Constitutions of Clarendon in England. Death of the anti-pope Victor IV. and election of the anti-pope Pascal III.

1166. The Assize of Clarendon in England. Fourth Italian expedition of Frederick Barbarossa.

1167. Formation of the League of Lombardy; rebuilding of Milan. Storming of Rome by Frederick Barbarossa; seating of the anti-pope Pascal.

1168. Death of the anti-pope Pascal III. and election of the anti-pope Callistus III.

1169. Beginning of Strongbow's conquest of Ireland.

1170. Murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in England. Birth of Saint Dominic (d. 1221).

1174. Invasion of England by King William of Scotland. His defeat and capture. Last visitation of Italy by Frederick Barbarossa. The leaning tower of Pisa commenced.

1175. Anglo-Norman conquest of Ireland completed; limits of the English pale defined.

1176. Defeat of Frederick Barbarossa by the Lombard League at Legnano.

1177. The peace of Venice; submission of the Emperor to the Pope, Alexander III.

1179. Submission of the anti-pope, Callistus III., to Pope Alexander III. Third Lateran Council of the Church.

1180. Death of Louis VII., king of France, and accession of Philip Augustus. Sentence against Henry the Lion in Germany.

1181. Death of Pope Alexander III. and election of Lucius III.

1182. Birth of Saint Francis of Assisi (d. 1226).

1183. Peace of Constance between Germany and Italy. Independence of the Lombard Republics.

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1184. Birth of Saadi [Uncertain date] (d. 1291).

1185. Death of Pope Lucius III. and election of Urban III.

1187. Saladin's victory at Tiberias; recovery of Jerusalem by the Moslems. Death of Pope Urban III.; election and death of Gregory VIII.; election of Clement III. End of the Ghaznavide dynasty in Afghanistan.

1188. Imposition of the Tithe of Saladin in England.

1189. Death of King Henry II. of England and accession of Richard I. (Cœur de Lion). Crusade of King Richard of England, Philip Augustus of France, and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany. Massacre of Jews in England.

1190. Death, by drowning, of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, in Asia Minor; accession of Henry VI., king of Germany.

1191. Death of Pope Clement III. and election of Celestine III. Imperial coronation of the Emperor Henry VI.

1192. Captivity of King Richard of England.

1195. Birth of Matthew Paris [Uncertain date] (d. 1259).

1196. Crusade of German barons to the Holy Land.

1199. Death of King Richard I. of England; accession of John.

Thirteenth Century.

1201. Crusade to the Holy Land urged by Pope Innocent III. Institution of the Order of the Sword for crusading against the heathen of the Baltic region. Cession to the Papacy by the Emperor, Otho IV., of all the territory claimed by Innocent III. as constituting the States of the Church. Chartering of the University of Paris by Philip Augustus.