Part 13

The[2] interest I have been led to take in the Ragged School movement is an example of how, in Providence, a man’s destiny—his course of life, like that of a river—may be determined and affected by very trivial circumstances. It is rather[3] curious—at least it is interesting for me to[4] remember—that (S. 66, N. 15) _it was_ by a picture I was first[5] led to take an interest in ragged schools—by a picture in an old, obscure[6], decaying burgh[7] that stands on the shores of the Frith of Forth, the birth-place (S. 53, N. 9) of[8] Thomas Chalmers. I went[9] to see this place many years ago, and, going (S. 55, N. 1) into an inn for[10] refreshment, I found the room covered (App. § 1) with pictures of shepherdesses with their crooks, and sailors in[11] holiday attire, not[12] particularly interesting. But above the chimney-piece there[13] was a large print[14], more[15] respectable than its neighbours, which[16] represented a cobbler’s room.

[1] +Doktor Guthrie über die Schulen für verwahrloste Kinder.—Sogenannte+ ‘Ragged Schools’ +existieren in Deutschland wohl nicht, und zwar aus dem einfachen Grunde, weil wir sie bisher nicht nötig hatten+.

[2] This passage requires an altogether different construction. Say ‘The circumstances which led me (+welche mich dahin führten+) to interest myself for the establishment of schools for neglected children, are an example of (+davon+) how through Providence (+durch die Vorsehung+) the fate of a man (+Mensch+)—his course of life (S. 76, N. 22, _B_, 1) like (+gleich+, with dat.) that of a river—can be determined and affected (+beeinflußt+) by very trivial (+geringfügig+) circumstances’. For the position of the verbs read App. §§ 16-20.

[3] ‘rather’, here = not _a_ little.

[4] to remember, +mich daran zu erinnern+.

[5] +zuerst.+

[6] obscure = unknown.

[7] ‘burgh’, here +Flecken+, m.; the relat. clause ‘that — Forth’ may be elegantly rendered attributively, thus: +am Ufer des Frith of Forth belegen+, which last word inflect correctly and place before the qualified noun ‘burgh’.

[8] +von.+

[9] went to see = visited; place, +Ort+, m.; the adverbial clause of time is best placed at the head of the passage.

[10] Say ‘to (= in order to) refresh myself’.

[11] in holiday attire, +im Festanzuge+.

[12] Insert ‘_which were_’.

[13] there was = hung.

[14] print, _Holzschnitt_, m.; or _Kupferstich_, m.

[15] Supply ‘which was’; ‘respectable’, here = tolerable, +erträglich+.

[16] Since we commenced the preceding clause with a relative pronoun, it need not be repeated here. Substitute the conj. ‘and’ for ‘which’; a cobbler’s room = the workshop of a cobbler.

_Section 124._

DR. GUTHRIE ON RAGGED SCHOOLS.

II.

The[1] cobbler was there himself, spectacles[2] on nose, an old shoe between his (S. 43, N. 9) knees, the massive[3] forehead and firm mouth indicating[4] great determination of character, and, beneath his bushy eyebrows, benevolence[5] gleamed out on a number of poor ragged boys and girls who stood at their lessons round the busy cobbler. My curiosity was awakened; and in the inscription I read how this man, John Pounds, a cobbler in Portsmouth, took[6] pity on the multitude of[7] poor ragged children left[8] by ministers and magistrates, _and_ ladies and gentlemen, to go to ruin in the streets—how[9], like a good shepherd, he gathered in these wretched[10] outcasts—how he had trained[11] them to God and the world—and how[12], while earning his daily bread by[13] the sweat of his brow, he had rescued[14] from misery and saved to[15] society not less than five hundred of these gentlemen[16]. I felt[17] ashamed of myself. I[18] felt reproved for the little I had done. My feelings[19] were touched. I was astonished at the man’s achievements; and I[20] well remember, in[21] the enthusiasm of the moment, saying to my companion (and I have seen in my cooler and calmer moments no reason for[22] unsaying the saying): “That man is[23] an honour to humanity, and deserves the greatest monument ever[24] raised within the shores of Britain.”

[1] The — himself, +Da saß der Schuhflicker, wie er leibte und lebte+.

[2] spectacles, +die Brille+; on, +auf+, with the def. art.

[3] broad.

[4] indicating = gave evidence of (_zeugen von_).

[5] benevolence — cobbler = shone forth (_erglänzen_) a pair _of_ benevolent eyes with which he looked (_blicken_) upon a number (+Anzahl+, f.) _of_ poor, ragged (+zerlumpt+) boys and girls who learned their lessons (+Aufgabe+, f.) and stood around the busy (= industrious) cobbler. To stand around a person, +um einen herum´stehen+.

[6] to take pity on a person, +sich jemandes erbarmen+, with gen.

[7] Use the gen. of the adjectives.

[8] left — streets = which ministers (+Geistliche+) and magistrates (+Obrigkeit+, f.) had left (+überlas´sen+) to their ruin in (+auf+) the streets. Read App. § 17.

[9] After ‘how’ follows the subject ‘he’ according to S. 66, N. 15.

[10] wretched = unfortunate; gathered in = assembled around himself, +um sich her versammelte+.

[11] to train, +erzie´hen+; to, +für+.

[12] +und wie er sie, während er ... verdiente.+

[13] by — brow, +im Schweiße seines Angesichtes+, which place after ‘daily bread’.

[14] to rescue from misery, +aus dem Elend ziehen+. The auxiliary verb, which must be used in the Subjunctive, according to App. §§ 28 and 30, may be omitted in the intermediate clauses of this long period, and placed but once at the end of the entire passage.

[15] Use the dat. of the def. art.

[16] The word ‘gentlemen’ is best used in its unaltered form in this passage. It should be placed in inverted commas.

[17] to feel ashamed of oneself, +sich beschämt fühlen+.

[18] Say ‘The little (+was+) I had done was to me (+mir+) a reproach’.

[19] feelings = heart.

[20] I well remember = I know yet very well.

[21] Say ‘that I said in the enthusiasm of the moment’, etc.

[22] +das Gesagte zu widerrufen.+

[23] +macht der Menschheit Ehre.+

[24] = which ever (+je+) has been raised within the British Isles.

_Section 125._

DR. GUTHRIE ON RAGGED SCHOOLS.

III.

I[1] took up that man’s history, and _I_ found it animated by[2] the spirit of[3] Him who[4] had “compassion on the multitude.” John Pounds was a clever man besides[5]; and, like[6] Paul, if he could not win a poor boy in (+auf+) any other way, he won him by art. He[7] would be seen chasing a ragged boy along the quays, and compelling him to come to[8] school, not by (+durch+) the power[9] of a policeman, but by the power of a hot potato. He knew the love an[10] Irishman has for a potato; and[11] John Pounds might be seen holding under a boy’s nose a _very_ hot potato, and[12] wearing a coat as ragged as the boy himself wore. When the day comes when[13] honour shall be done to whom honour is due[14], I[15] can fancy the crowd of those whose fame poets (S. 3, N. 2) have sung[16], and to whose memory monuments have been raised, dividing[17] like a wave, and[18] passing the great, and the noble, and the mighty of the land, this poor, obscure old man stepping forward and receiving the especial notice of Him who said: “Inasmuch[19] as ye did it to one of the least of those, ye did it also to me.”—DR. GUTHRIE.

[1] I followed up (_verfolgen_) the life of this man.

[2] +von.+

[3] of Him, +dessen+.

[4] who (_der da_) had compassion with the poor.

[5] +auch+, placed after the verb.

[6] +wie Paulus+, which place after ‘him’; by art = through cunning (+List+).

[7] He — seen = One saw him often; to chase a person, +einem nach´laufen+. Read S. 78, N. 14, 2.

[8] +zur Schule.+

[9] +Macht+, f.

[10] Say ‘of an I. for a hot potato’.

[11] and one could often see how J. P. held a hot potato under a boy’s nose.—To hold a potato under one’s nose, +einem eine Kartoffel unter die Nase halten+.

[12] and (insert here +dabei+) wore as ragged a coat as the boy himself.

[13] +an dem Ehre erwiesen wird.+

[14] to be due, +gebühren+.

[15] Say ‘then I see (+dann sehe ich im Geiste+) how all those’, etc.

[16] +besingen.+

[17] +sich gleich einer Woge auseinanderteilen.+

[18] and — said = see, how this poor, unknown old man steps forward (+hervor´treten+) and passes by (+an einem vorü´berschreiten+) the great, noble and mighty of the land, and is received (S. 2, N. 1) with especial attention by Him (+von Ihm+, which place after the conj. ‘and’) who (insert +da+) said.

[19] Say ‘What you (+ihr+) have done to the least (+dem Geringsten+) of (+unter+) these, that have you done to me’.

_Section 126._

SHYLOCK[1] MEDITATING REVENGE.

If it will feed[2] nothing else (S. 27, N. 8), it will[3] feed my revenge. He has disgraced[4] me, and hindered[5] me of half a million! laughed[6] at my losses, mocked[7] at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted[8] my bargains, cooled[9] my friends, heated[10] my enemies! And[11] what’s his reason? I am a Jew! Has[12] not a Jew eyes? Has not a Jew hands, organs, senses, affections,[13] passions? Is (S. 2, N. 1) he not fed with[14] the same food, hurt with the same weapon, subject[15] to the same diseases, healed[16] by the same means, warmed[17] and cooled by the same summer and winter, as a Christian _is_? If[18] you stab us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? and[19] if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like[20] you in the rest (S. 27, N. 8), we will resemble you in that[21]! If a Jew wrong a Christian, what[22] is his humility? Revenge[23]. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what[24] should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why[25], revenge! The villany you teach (S. 42, N. 4) me I[26] will execute; and[27] it shall go hard but[28] I will better the instruction.—WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, “THE MERCHANT OF VENICE.”

[1] +Shylock auf Rache sinnend.+

[2] feed = satisfy.

[3] Insert the adv. +doch+ after the subject.

[4] disgraced = insulted, +beschimpft+.

[5] +einen um etwas bringen.+

[6] Supply ‘has’ to begin this clause; at, +über+, with acc.

[7] to mock at a thing, +etwas verspotten+, v. tr.; ‘my gains’ may be rendered by meinen Profit.

[8] crossed (+durchkreu´zen+) my enterprises.

[9] cooled = made indifferent.

[10] heated = incited (+auf´reizen+).

[11] And for what (+aus welchem+) reason?

[12] =As a rule the English ‘not a’ or ‘not an’ is best rendered by the indef. numeral +kein+.= Say ‘Has a Jew no eyes’?

[13] feelings.

[14] +von.+

[15] Say ‘is he not subject to’, etc.; to be subject to a thing, +einer Sache unterworfen sein+.

[16] This verb requires again the passive voice, and copula and subject must be supplied; by, +durch+.

[17] Say ‘not warmed’, the auxiliary need not be repeated here.

[18] Begin with the principal sentence in this and the two following passages. ‘You’, here +ihr+.

[19] Say ‘and we shall not revenge ourselves, if you wrong us (+Unrecht zufügen+)’.

[20] to be like, +gleichen+, with dat.; in the rest, +in allem übrigen+.

[21] in that, +darin+.

[22] what is = in what (wherein) consists.

[23] +In der Rache.+

[24] in what (wherein) shall according to the Christian example consist his sufferance (+Dulden+, n., or +Duldung+, f.)?

[25] +Nun, doch wohl in der Rache!+

[26] +ich will sie anwenden.+

[27] and — hard, +und es müßte seltsam zugehen+.

[28] but — instruction = if I should not even (+noch+, after ‘not’) excel (‘should excel’ Imperf. of the Subj. of +übertreffen+; App. § 33) my teachers.

_Section 127._

CHARACTER[1] OF CHARLEMAGNE.

I.

In[2] analyzing the character of heroes it is hardly possible to separate altogether the[3] share of fortune from their own[4]. The epoch made[5] by Charlemagne in the history of the world, the illustrious families which[6] prided themselves in him as their progenitor, the[7] very legends of romance, which are full of his fabulous exploits, have[8] cast a lustre around his head, and testify[9] the greatness that has embodied itself in his name. None[10], indeed, of Charlemagne’s wars can be compared with the Saracenic victories of Charles Martel; but[11] that was a contest for freedom, his for conquest; and[12] fame is more partial to successful aggression than to patriotic resistance.

[1] Say ‘The character of Charles the Great (S. 53, N. 9)’. +~Karl der Große~ König der Franken und später römischer Kaiser, wurde am 2. April 742, wahrscheinlich zu Aachen, geboren und war der Sohn ~Pipins des Kleinen~ und der Enkel ~Karl Martells~, dessen Siege über die Sarazenen in dieser Lektion erwähnt werden. Nach dem Tode seines königlichen Vaters (768) trat er gemeinschaftlich mit seinem Bruder Karlmann die Regierung an, ward aber schon im Jahre 771, durch den Tod seines Bruders und die Ausschließung der Söhne desselben vom Throne, Alleinherrscher über alle Franken, von den Pyrenäen bis zum Niederrhein und zum Meere, auch in Deutschland über die Bayern, Thüringer und Alamannen. Durch zahlreiche Kriege erweiterte er jedoch die Grenzen seines Reiches sehr bald, und zwar nördlich bis zur Eider, südlich bis zum Ebro und nach Unteritalien, und östlich bis zur Saale, dem Böhmerwalde und der Theiß, bis er im Jahre 800 vom Papste Leo III. im St. Peters Dom zu Rom feierlich als römischer Kaiser gekrönt wurde. Er starb am 28. Januar 814. In Karl dem Großen, wie ihn die Geschichte mit Recht benannt hat, war der Begründer der staatlichen Ordnung für die gesammte Germanenwelt erschienen. Seine Lebensaufgabe, die ihm von Anfang an feststand, war, alle deutschen Stämme in den ~einen~ fränkischen Reichsverband und in die ~eine~ christliche Kirche zusammenzufassen. Dem besten Teile nach ist sie ihm gelungen, und so hat er der nachfolgenden Zeit, dem ganzen Mittelalter, das Gepräge seines Geistes aufgedrückt. In niemand stellt sich die echt deutsche Art der alten Zeit so herrlich dar, als in ihm. Als er die Krone erhielt, zählte er erst 26 Jahre, stand also in der Kraft und Blüte der Jugend. Er war von gewaltiger Körpergröße, eine Heldengestalt, und von nicht minder gewaltiger Körperkraft, so daß er beim fröhlichen Waidwerk den Kampf mit dem wilden Auerochsen in den Ardennenwäldern wie ein Spiel aufnahm; überhaupt von jener Lust an Krieg und Gefahr, wie sie den abenteuernden Heerkönigen der Völkerwanderung eigen gewesen war; in den wichtigen Dingen der Welt von jener Härte und Rücksichtslosigkeit, die noch keinem großen Manne gefehlt; und ebenso im kleinen Leben des Hauses und des täglichen Verkehrs von jener Milde, Heiterkeit und Frische des Gemütes, die so gerne Gefährten echter Größe sind. Alle diese Eigenschaften hatte er mit seinem damaligen Volke gemein; was ihn aber über dasselbe erhob, das war der weitschauende Geist, der dem alten Römertum das Vorbild eines weltumfassenden Staates abgelernt hatte, und der dies Muster ohne knechtische Nachahmung dem so ganz andern germanischen Wesen anzupassen wußte. Und zwar ist dieser Geist, der sich in ihm offenbarte, um so wundervoller, weil niemand nachweisen kann, wie er sich gebildet, und wer ihn so gelehrt und erzogen hat. Aus dem Dunkel seiner Zeit geht er, im eigenen Lichte leuchtend, auf.+

[2] +Beim Analysieren von Heldencharakteren.+

[3] the share (+Anteil+, m.) of fortune = of a happy (+günstig+) fate (+Geschick+, n.).

[4] Supply ‘individuality’; altogether = quite.

[5] made, +geschaffen+; by, +von+. Use the attributive construction as explained in S. 7, N. 3, _A_.

[6] Say ‘which called him with pride their progenitor’.

[7] Say ‘even the romantic legends’.

[8] Say ‘have crowned his head with glory (+Ruhm+, m.)’. =In elevated diction ‘head’ is rendered by ‘+Haupt+’=, n.

[9] +bezeugen+.

[10] Say ‘It is indeed (+wohl+) true that none of Charles’s wars can be compared to (+mit+) the victories of Charles Martel over the Saracens’.

[11] but — conquest = but these were contests for freedom (+Freiheitskämpfe+), whilst his (to agree with ‘wars’) were contests for conquest (+Eroberungskämpfe+).

[12] Say ‘and fame (S. 3, N. 2) has more partiality (+Vorliebe+, f.) for successful aggression (+Angriff+, m.)’, etc.

_Section 128._

CHARACTER OF CHARLEMAGNE.

II.

As _a_ scholar[1], his acquisitions[2] were little superior[3] to those of his unrespected son; and in[4] several points of view the glory of Charlemagne might be[5] extenuated by an analytical dissection. But[6] rejecting a mode of judging equally uncandid and fallacious, we shall find that he possessed in everything that grandeur of[7] conception which distinguishes extraordinary minds[8]. Like Alexander, he seemed born[9] for universal innovation[10]; in a life restlessly active[11], we see him reforming (S. 78, N. 14, _B_) the coinage[12], and establishing the legal divisions of money[13]; gathering[14] about him the learned of every country, founding schools _and_ collecting libraries; interfering[15], but with the tone of a King, in religious controversies; aiming[16], though prematurely, at the formation of a naval force; attempting[17], for[18] the sake of commerce, the magnificent[19] enterprise of uniting (S. 1, N. 3) the Rhine and[20] Danube; and[21] meditating to mould the[22] discordant codes of Roman and barbarian laws into one uniform system.—HALLAM, “THE STUDENT’S MIDDLE AGES.”

[1] Scholar = ‘pupil or schoolboy’ is rendered by +Schüler+; = ‘student’ by +Student+, and = ‘learned man’ by +Gelehrter+. The last sense is applicable here.

[2] acquisitions = knowledge.

[3] superior, +überlegen+, with dat. unrespected = unnoticed.

[4] in many respects, +in mancher Hinsicht+, after which place ‘might’.

[5] be — dissection, +durch eine eingehende Untersuchung geschmälert werden.+

[6] Say ‘But if we reject an equally (+eine ebenso+) partial (+parteiisch+) and (+als+) fallacious (+trügerisch+) mode of judging (+Beurteilungsweise+, f.)’.

[7] Use the gen. of the def. art.

[8] ‘mind’, here +Geist+, m.

[9] born = created; ‘universal’, here +weitumfassend.+

[10] innovations = reforms.

[11] =All parts qualifying a noun must be placed before it.=

[12] +Münzsystem+, n.

[13] form a comp. n. according to S. 36, N. 7, _A_; both nouns are combined in the sing.

[14] Complete the clause by saying: ‘we see him gathering’, etc.,—to gather, +versammeln+; about, +um+; of every country = of all countries.

[15] interfering in religious controversies, +sich mit religiösen Streitigkeiten befassen+; after which place the clause ‘but — King’, and supply ‘always’ after ‘but’; ‘tone’, here = dignity.

[16] This sentence should likewise be introduced by supplying ‘We see him’, after which place ‘though prematurely’ (+zu frühzeitig+); to aim, +streben (nach)+.

[17] Begin this clause with ‘see him’.

[18] for the sake of, +um ... willen+, with Gen.

[19] attempt the magnificent enterprise, +den großartigen Versuch machen.+

[20] and = with the.

[21] +und darauf sinnen.+

[22] the — laws, +die sich widersprechenden römischen und sonstigen Gesetze+; uniform, +einheitlich+; to mould, +verschmelzen.+

_Section 129._

GOETHE’S DAILY LIFE AT WEIMAR.

I.

_Passing_ through an ante-chamber, where, in cupboards, stand his mineralogical collections, we enter (App. § 14) the study, a low-_roofed_, narrow room (+Gemach+, n.), somewhat dark (S. 128, N. 11), for it is (S. 2, N. 1) lighted only through two tiny windows, and[1] furnished with a simplicity quite touching to behold.

In the centre[2] stands a plain oval table of unpolished oak[3]. No arm-chair is to be seen, no sofa, nothing which (S. 3, N. 7) speaks[4] of comfort. A plain hard chair has[5] beside it the basket in which he used[6] to place his handkerchief. Against[7] the wall, on the right, is a[8] long pear-tree table, with book-shelves, on which stand lexicons and manuals. Here hangs a pincushion, venerable in[9] dust, with the visiting-cards, and other trifles which[10] death had made sacred. Here[11] also a medallion of Napoleon, with this[12] circumscription: “Scilicet[13] immenso superest ex nomine multum.” On the side-wall again, a book-case, with some works of poets. On the wall to the left is a long desk of soft wood, at[14] which he was wont[6] to write. A sheet of paper with notes of[15] contemporary history is fastened near[16] the door, and behind[17] this door tables[18] of music and geology.

[1] and — behold = and is (+ist+) furnished with an almost (+fast+) touching simplicity.

[2] middle.

[3] +Eichenholz+, n.; the oak = _oak-tree_, is rendered by +Eiche+, f., or +Eichbaum+, m.

[4] speaks = points to; to point to a thing, +auf etwas deuten+.

[5] has beside it = stands beside.

[6] used to place, +zu legen pflegte+. ‘=To use=’, when employed _transitively_, is generally rendered by +brauchen+, +gebrauchen+, +benutzen+, +an´wenden+, and +verbrauchen+, whilst _intransitively_ it is rendered by +pflegen+ or +gewohnt sein+, in the sense of ‘to be accustomed to’, ‘to be in the habit of’, ‘to be wont to do’.

[7] Against = on; on (_or_ to) the right, +rechts+; on (_or_ to) the left, +links+.

[8] +ein langer Tisch von Birnbaumholz.+

[9] in dust = through its age.

[10] which — sacred, +die durch den Tod geheiligt sind+.

[11] Insert ‘is’ or ‘hangs’.

[12] this = the.

[13] Scilicet — multum, Little honour is derived from a great name.

[14] at, +an+.

[15] +über die+ (or +aus der+) +Tagesgeschichte+.

[16] +in der Nähe der Thür+; to fasten, +an´heften.+

[17] +an+; supply ‘hang’ after ‘door’.

[18] +musikalische und geologische Tabellen.+

_Section 130._

GOETHE’S DAILY LIFE AT WEIMAR.

II.

The same door leads into a bedroom; it is a[1] closet with a window. A simple bed, an arm-chair by[2] its side, and a tiny washing-table, with a small white basin _on it_ and a sponge, is[3] all the furniture.

From the other side of the study we enter the library, which should[4] rather be called a lumber-room of books. Rough[5] deal shelves hold the books with[6] bits of paper, on which are written “philosophy,” “history,” “poetry,” etc., to mark the classification. He rose at seven [o’clock], sometimes[7] earlier, after a sound _and_ prolonged[8] sleep; for like Thorwaldsen[9] he had a “talent for sleeping,” only surpassed (S. 7, N. 3, _B_) by[10] his talent for[11] continuous work. Till eleven he worked without _any_ interruption. A cup of chocolate was then[12] brought, and[13] he resumed work till one. At two he dined. This[14] meal was the important meal of the day. His appetite was immense. Even on _the_ days when[15] he complained of not being hungry, he ate much more than most men. Puddings, sweets[16], and cakes were always welcome. He sat[17] a long while over his wine, chatting[18] gaily to some friend or other—for he never dined alone—or to one of the actors, whom he had often with[19] him, after dinner, to read over their parts, and to take[20] his instructions.

[1] +ein kleines Kabinett.+

[2] by its side = before it, +davor+.

[3] is — furniture = form (+bilden+) the whole furniture (+Mobiliar+, n.).

[4] should rather be called = could (Impf. subj.) much rather (+vielmehr+) be called. The auxiliary ‘could’ stands last of all, whilst ‘called’ has the first place of the three verbs, which are used in the Passive Voice.

[5] Say ‘Upon simple (+schlicht+) deal boards stand the books’.

[6] The passage ‘with — classification’ may be simplified by saying: ‘on (+an+) which (+denen+) bits of paper with the labels (+Aufschrift+, f.) ... indicate (+bezeichnen+) a certain order’. The abbreviation ‘etc.’ corresponds to the German ‘+u. s. w.+’, which is the short for ‘+und so weiter+’, and so on.

[7] Insert +auch+ after ‘sometimes’.

[8] long.