Part 12
I have nothing new to say upon the management which the body requires[2]. The common rules are the best:—exercise without fatigue; generous[3] living without excess; early rising, and moderation in sleeping. These are the apothegms[4] of old women; but if they are not attended to[5], happiness[6] becomes (App. § 15) so extremely difficult that[7] very few _persons_ can attain[8] to it. In[9] this point of view, the care[10] of the body becomes a[11] subject of elevation and importance. A walk in the fields, an hour’s[12] less sleep, may[13] remove all these bodily vexations[14] and disquietudes which are such formidable enemies to[15] virtue; they may enable[16] the mind[17] to pursue[18] its own resolves without that constant train[19] of temptations to resist, and[20] obstacles to overcome, which[21] it always experiences from the bad organisation of its companion.—SIDNEY SMITH.
[1] treatment.
[2] +bedürfen+, govern. the Gen.
[3] strengthening food.
[4] +Lebensregeln.+
[5] to attend to, +beobachten+, v. tr.
[6] the acquisition of happiness.
[7] Insert the adv. ‘only’ after ‘that’.
[8] I cannot attain to it, +ich kann es nicht erlangen+ (v. tr.).
[9] In — view, +Von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus betrachtet+, after which follows the verb (App. § 14).
[10] +Pflege+, f.
[11] Say ‘a grand (+erhaben+) and important subject’.
[12] an hour.
[13] can perhaps.
[14] disturbances and troubles, +Störungen und Beschwerden+.
[15] Use the noun with the Gen. of the def. art.
[16] +befähigen+, v. tr.
[17] mind = soul.
[18] +folgen+, with Dat.
[19] ‘train’, here = host, +Heer+, n.; of, von; to resist, +widerstehen+, govern. the Dat.
[20] Supply here ‘those’.
[21] the acquaintance of which (+deren+) the soul always owes (+verdanken+, govern. the Dat.) to the defective organisation of its companion.
_Section 114._
THE SOURCES[1] OF WATER.
There[2] are many sources of water. The first great source[3] is the ocean, which collects all _the_ water from[4] the earth; this water contains so large a quantity _of_ salt, that none[5] of us can drink it. The sun, however, bears[6] down upon the ocean’s surface, and its heating[7] rays penetrating[8] the water, combine, as[9] it were, with it (S. 4, N. 5, _B_), and[10] raise it up. The atmosphere (S. 5, N. 2), like[11] a sponge, absorbs the[12] vaporous water, carrying[13] it from the Equator to[14] the Arctic and the Antarctic regions; thus[15] distributing it north and south. It then condenses in the form of rain and _of_ snow. When it sinks into the earth and pours down the[16] mountain sides, it forms springs and rivulets, entering[17] (S. 16, N. 4) the ocean again in[18] the form of rivers. Man catches[19] it in tubs and cisterns, draws[20] it from[21] the rivers, or digs down[22] into the earth, and catches[23] it as it passes[24] along beneath his feet. Thus[25] we have rain water, river water, and spring or well water.—DR. LANKESTER.
[1] Here +Urquellen+.
[2] The water has many sources.
[3] great = chief; form a comp. n.
[4] To render ‘from the’ use the Gen. of the def. art.
[5] none of us = nobody.
[6] bears down upon = shines.
[7] +erwärmend.+
[8] penetrating = penetrate, +durchdrin´gen+, insep. comp. str. v.
[9] as it were, +gleichsam+.
[10] and draw it upward.
[11] +wie.+
[12] +das verdunstete Wasser.+
[13] carries it.
[14] +nach den nördlichen und südlichen Polargegenden.+
[15] and distributes it north and southward. Comp. S. 71, N. 2, the principle stated there applying likewise to other compound expressions besides nouns.
[16] the = on (+an+) the.
[17] to enter again the ocean, +dem Ozean wieder zuströmen+.
[18] in the form of = as, which place after the rel. pron.
[19] +auf´fangen+, sep. c. str. v.
[20] to draw water, +Wasser schöpfen+.
[21] +aus.+
[22] down = deep.
[23] +sammeln.+
[24] ‘to pass along’, here +dahin´fließen+.
[25] +Auf diese Weise.+
_Section 115._
THE ART OF ORATORY.
I[1] owe my success in life to one single fact[2], namely:—At[3] the age of twenty-seven[4] I commenced, and continued for years, the process of daily speaking (S. 34, N. 10) upon the contents of some historical or scientific book. These efforts[5] were made sometimes in a corn-field[6], at others[7] in the forest, and not unfrequently in some distant[8] barn, with[9] _the_ horse and ox for my auditors. It[10] is this early practice in the _great_ art of all arts that I am indebted for the primary and leading impulses that stimulated me forward, and shaped and moulded my entire subsequent[11] destiny. Improve[12], then, the superior advantages (S. 16, N. 10) you here enjoy[13]. Let not[14] a day pass[15] without exercising (S. 34, N. 10) your powers[16] of speech. There is (S. 82, N. 7) no power like[17] that of oratory. Cæsar controlled[18] men by[19] exciting their fears; Cicero[20] by[21] captivating their affection and swaying their passions. The influence of the one perished[22] with its author; that of the other continues[23] to this day.—HENRY CLAY[24].
[1] To avoid beginning with the pronoun ‘=I=’, which seldom looks well in German, and is considered bad style in letters, place the object first, and construe according to App. § 14.
[2] =fact = deed or action = +That+=, f.; =fact = event= (as in this instance) = +=Thatsache=+, f.; =the Latin +Factum+=, pl. =+Facta+ or +Facten+ is, however, used in both significations=.
[3] At the, +Im+.
[4] Supply ‘years’, and construe thus: I began the process (+Verfahren+, n.), which I continued for years (+jahrelang+) to speak daily about (+über+, with Acc.), etc.; some = a.
[5] efforts = exercises.
[6] Here place the verb.
[7] +zuweilen.+
[8] +entlegen.+
[9] whereby horse and ox formed my audience (+Zuhörer+).
[10] It — forward = To this early practice ... I owe the first and leading impulses (+Triebfedern+) which urged me forward (+vor´wärtstreiben+, sep. comp. str. v.).
[11] subsequent = later.
[12] Improve = Use, which use in the 2nd pers. pl.; then = therefore; superior = great.
[13] +genießen.+
[14] ‘Not’ in connection with the indef. art. must generally be rendered by ‘no’.
[15] +vorü´bergehen.+
[16] +Redetalent+, n.
[17] +welche der der Beredsamkeit gleichkommt.+
[18] +beherrschen.+
[19] +durch Erregung+; render ‘their’ by the Gen. of the def. art.
[20] Supply here ‘controlled them’ (+beherrschte sie dadurch, daß er+ ...). Comp. and read carefully S. 87, N. 6, and also S. 1, N. 3. The verb +beherrschen+ requires the preposition +durch+.
[21] by — passions = that he gained (+sich gewinnen+) their love and guided (+lenken+) their passions.
[22] +erstarb+; its author = the author of the same (to agree with ‘influence’).
[23] +fort´dauern+, sep. c. w. v.; to this day, +bis auf den heutigen Tag+.
[24] +~Henry Clay~ (geb. 1777 in Virginien, † 1852 in Washington) war ein amerikanischer Staatsmann, welcher sich als Sohn eines einfachen Landmannes bis zu den höchsten Ämtern des Staats heraufarbeitete; 1824 ward er zum Staatssekretär des Auswärtigen ernannt und 1829 war er unter Jacksons Präsidentschaft im Kongreß Führer der Opposition, als welcher er die Schutzzölle und die Nationalbank verteidigte. Im Jahre 1849 brachte er den Kompromiß zustande, wonach dem Süden das Recht der Verfolgung flüchtiger Sklaven durch das Gebiet der Union eingeräumt ward.+
_Section 116._
EARLY PRIVATIONS[1].
Admiral Jervis, Earl of St. Vincent, tells us the[1] story of his early struggles, and, among[2] other things, of his determination (S. 1, N. 2) to[3] keep out of debt. “My father had a very large family,” said he, “with limited means. He gave me twenty pounds (S. 58, N. 3) at[4] starting, and that was all (S. 3, N. 7) he ever[5] gave me. After I had been a considerable time at[6] the station at sea I[7] drew for twenty more, but the bill came[8] back protested. I[9] was mortified[10] at this rebuke, and made[11] a promise, which I have ever[12] kept, that[13] I would never draw another bill without[14] a certainty of its being paid. I immediately changed my mode of living, quitted[15] my mess[16], lived[17] alone, and[18] took up the ship’s allowance, which I found quite sufficient; washed and mended[19] my own clothes; made a pair _of_ trousers out _of_ the ticking of my bed[20], and, having (S. 55, N. 1) by[21] these means saved as much money as[22] would redeem my honour, I took[23] up my bill. From (S. 102, N. 4) that time to this I[24] have taken care to[25] keep within my means.”
Jervis (S. 5, N. 2) for six years endured pinching[26] privation, but preserved his integrity, studied his profession with success, and gradually rose[27] by merit and bravery to the highest rank.—S. SMILES, SELF-HELP.
[1] Early Privations, +Jugendentbehrungen+; the story — struggles. This passage, literally rendered, is not clear in German, and should be turned thus: of (+von+) the struggles with privations, which he had to go through (+bestehen+), when he was a youth (+als Jüngling+, which place after the subject ‘he’).
[2] among other things = +unter anderem+.
[3] +sich von Schulden freihalten.+
[4] at starting, +beim Beginn meiner Laufbahn+; see App. § 9.
[5] +je+; for the position of the pronoun ‘me’ see App. § 9, and use the verb in the Perfect, omitting, however, the auxiliary according to App. § 22.
[6] +auf meinem Posten zur See.+
[7] I — more = I drew another (+noch ein+) bill of twenty pounds. To draw a bill, +einen Wechsel ziehen+.
[8] to come back protested, +mit Protest wieder zurück´kommen+.
[9] I felt (+sich fühlen+).
[10] mortified = humbled, +gedemütigt+; at, +durch+.
[11] ‘to make a promise’, here +ein Gelübde ablegen+.
[12] ever = always, +stets+.
[13] that — bill. This clause is best changed into a shortened subordinate clause in form of a supine: never to draw a bill again. Place ‘again’ after ‘never’.
[14] without — paid, +ohne auch sicher zu sein, daß man ihn honorieren würde+.
[15] ‘To quit’, here to give up.
[16] +Offizierstisch.+
[17] To live, equivalent to _reside_ or _dwell_, is generally rendered by +=wohnen=+; but equivalent to _exist_ is rendered by +=leben=+.
[18] +und hielt mich an die Schiffsrationen+; quite, +durchaus+.
[19] here +flicken+.
[20] bed = bed-covering; Comp. n. S. 36, N. 7, _A_.
[21] by these means = in (+auf+) this manner.
[22] as — honour = in order to redeem (+wieder ein´lösen+) my honour.
[23] to take up one’s bill, +seinen Wechsel bezahlen+.
[24] Say ‘I have always endeavoured’.
[25] to keep within one’s means, +nicht über seine Mittel hinaus leben+; for six years, +sechs Jahre lang+.
[26] We would use the superlative here; pinching, +drückend+.
[27] ‘to rise’, here +empor´steigen+; to, +bis zu+, contracted with the Dat. of the def. art.
_Section 117._
THE BLESSEDNESS[1] OF FRIENDSHIP.
I.
A[2] blessed thing it is for any[3] man or (S. 10, N. 9) woman to have a friend; one human soul whom we can trust utterly; a friend who knows the best and the worst[4] of us, and who loves us, in spite of all our faults; who will[5] speak the honest[6] truth to us, while the world flatters us to[7] our face, and laughs _at us_ behind our backs; who will give[8] us counsel and reproof in the days of (S. 3, N. 2) prosperity and self-conceit; but[9] who, again, will comfort and encourage us in the days of difficulty[10], and sorrow, when the world leaves[11] us alone to[12] fight our _own_ battle as we can.
If we have had the _good_ fortune to win such a friend, let us do anything[13] rather[14] than lose him. We must give and forgive; live and let live. If our friend have[15] faults, we must bear[16] with them (S. 4, N. 5, _B_). We must hope all _things_, believe all _things_, endure all _things_, rather[17] than lose that most precious of all earthly possessions—a trusty[18] friend.
[1] +Segen+, m.
[2] It is a blessing.
[3] every.
[4] Superlative of +schlimm+.
[5] will speak = always speaks. Use the Present likewise with the following verbs in this passage.
[6] +aufrichtig.+
[7] +ins Gesicht.+
[8] to give counsel and reproof to a person, +einem mit Rat und Tadel zur Seite stehen+; self-conceit, +Selbsttäuschung+, f.—The adverbial clause ‘in the days — conceit’ stands after the rel. pron. and the Dat. ‘us’ (App. § 9).
[9] but — again, +der uns aber auch+.
[10] +Prüfung.+
[11] ‘to leave a person alone’, here +einen imstich lassen+.
[12] +und wir unsern Kampf, so gut wir können, allein auszufechten haben.+
[13] all.
[14] +um ihn nur nicht zu verlieren.+
[15] has.
[16] to bear a thing, +Geduld mit etwas haben+.
[17] +lieber+, which place before the last ‘all’.
[18] +zuverlässig.+
_Section 118._
THE BLESSEDNESS OF FRIENDSHIP.
II.
_And_ a friend once won (S. 7, N. 3, _A_) need[1] never be lost, if we will only be trusty and true ourselves. Friends may[2] part, not merely in body, but in spirit, for a while. In the bustle of (S. 3, N. 2) business and the accidents of life, they may lose[3] sight of each other for years (S. 115, N. 4); and[4] more—they[5] may begin to differ in their success in life, in their opinions, in their habits, and _there_ may be, for a time[6], coldness and estrangement between them: but not for ever, if each will be but trusty and true.
For then[7], according to[8] the beautiful figure of the poet, they will be like two ships which set sail[9] at morning from the same port, _and_ ere[10] nightfall lose sight of each other, and[11] go each on its own course, and at its own pace, for many days, through many storms and seas; and[12] yet meet again, and[13] find themselves lying side by side in the same haven, when the long voyage is past.—CHARLES KINGSLEY, “THE WATER OF LIFE.”
[1] need — lost = we need (+brauchen+) never to lose.
[2] may = can, after which place the adverbial clause ‘for a while’, +auf kurze Zeit+; the verb ‘part’, which is equivalent to ‘be separated’ should stand at the end of the whole passage; ‘in body’, +körperlich+; ‘in spirit’, +geistig+.
[3] to lose sight of each other, +sich aus dem Gesicht verlieren+.
[4] +ja noch mehr.+
[5] Say ‘it is possible that their success in life, their opinions, their habits begin to differ (+differieren+)’.
[6] for a time, +eine Zeit lang+, which place after ‘and’; ‘may’, here +mag+; ‘be’, here = exist, +bestehen+.
[7] Here follow copula and subject according to App. § 14.
[8] according to, +nach+; figure, +Bild+, n.; to be like, +gleichen+, which governs the Dat.
[9] to set sail, +aus´segeln+.
[10] ere nightfall, +vor Dunkelwerden+.
[11] Say ‘and of which each through many storms and upon many seas (+Meer+, n.) for days pursues its own course (+Richtung+, f.) and its own pace (+Lauf+, m.)’.
[12] and — again, +welche aber dennoch wieder zusam´mentreffen+.
[13] Say ‘and find that they lie after the long voyage (+Seefahrt+, f.) side by side (+neben einander+) in the same haven’.
_Section 119._
DO GOOD IN YOUR OWN SPHERE OF ACTION[1].
I.
“I want to be at work[2] in the world,” said Tom, “and not dawdling away[3] three years at Oxford.”
“What do you mean[4] by ‘at work in the world?’” said the master, with[5] his lips close to his saucerful of tea, and peering at Tom over it.
“Well, I mean real work; one’s[6] profession, whatever[7] one will really have to do, and make one’s living by. I want to be doing some real good, feeling (S. 30, N. 4) that I am not only at play[8] in the world,” answered Tom, rather[9] puzzled to find out himself what he really did mean.
“You are mixing up two very different things in your head, I[10] think, Brown,” said the master, putting down[11] (S. 111, N. 6) the empty saucer, “and you ought to get clear[12] about them (S. 4, N. 5, _B_). You[13] talk of ‘working to get your living’ and ‘doing some real good in the world’ in the same breath.”
[1] +Wirkungskreis+, m.; your = thy.
[2] to be at work = to do something.
[3] to dawdle away, +vergeuden+.
[4] mean = understand; by, +unter+; use the 2nd pers. sing.
[5] +Die Lippen an den Rand der vollen Untertasse setzend+; to peer at a person, +auf einen blicken+; over it, +darüber weg+.
[6] +jemandes.+
[7] whatever (+das was+) one must really do to make one’s living (+seinen Unterhalt verdienen+).
[8] at play = for play (+zum Spielen+).
[9] Say ‘somewhat puzzled (+verlegen+) at (+über+) the meaning (+Sinn+, m.) of his words’.
[10] The words ‘I think, Brown’ are best placed at the head of the passage; Comp. S. 64, N. 11; to mix up, +vermengen+.
[11] +auf den Tisch stellen+.
[12] to get clear about a thing, +sich über etwas klar werden+. I cannot get clear about that, +ich kann mir darüber nicht klar werden+;—ought = should.
[13] Use the 2nd pers. sing., and read carefully S. 1, N. 3, and S. 87, N. 6, which will enable you to construe this passage. The adverbial clause ‘in the same breath’ (= in one breath) must be placed after the predicate ‘talk’; to talk of a thing, +von etwas sprechen+.
_Section 120._
DO GOOD IN YOUR OWN SPHERE OF ACTION.
II.
Now[1], you may be getting a good living in a profession, and yet doing no good _at all_ in the world, but (S. 6, N. 10) quite[2] the contrary. Keep[3] the latter before you as your one object, and you[4] will be right whether you make a living[5] or not; but[6] if you dwell on the other, you’ll very likely drop[7] into mere money-making, and let[8] the world take care of itself, for good or evil. Don’t be in a hurry[9] about finding your work in the world _for yourself_; you are not old enough to (S. 19, N. 7) judge for yourself yet, but just[10] look about you in the place you find yourself in, and try (S. 51, N. 13) to make things[11] a little better and honester there. You’ll[12] find plenty to keep your hand in at Oxford, or wherever else you [may] go. And[13] don’t be led away to think this part of the world important, and that unimportant. Every corner of the world is important. No man knows whether this _part_ or that part is[14] most so, but every man may[15] do some honest work in his own corner.—THOMAS HUGHES, “TOM BROWN’S SCHOOL DAYS.”
[1] Now — getting, +Du kannst dir nun aber vielleicht ... verdienen+.
[2] quite = just, +gerade+.
[3] Say ‘Keep the last part of your sentence as your principal aim (+Hauptzweck+, m.) before your eyes (+vor Augen+)’.
[4] Say ‘you will do right’.
[5] Insert +dabei+ after ‘living’.
[6] Say ‘but if you have only the other (to agree with ‘part’) before your eyes’.
[7] to drop into mere money-making, +in bloße Geldmacherei verfallen+.
[8] to let the world take care of itself for good or evil, +die Welt im Guten und im Bösen sich selbst überlassen+.
[9] to be in a hurry, +sich beeilen+; about finding = to find (S. 1, N. 3).
[10] ‘just’, here nur, which place after verb and pronoun; in the place, +an der Stelle+; to find oneself, +sich befinden+.
[11] ‘things’, here = life, with def. art., after which place the adv. ‘there’; honester = more virtuous.
[12] The clause ‘at Oxford — go’ is best placed at the head of the whole passage; to keep your hand in = to do.
[13] And — away, +Laß dich auch nicht dazu verleiten+; to think a thing important, +eine Sache für wichtig halten+.
[14] is most so = is most important.—=When the superlative is used as a predicate, it is generally preceded by +am+= (the preposition +an+ contracted with the definite article, dative case singular, masculine), =and takes the dative termination +en+=; as—This matter is not important, but that is _most important_, +diese Sache ist nicht wichtig, aber jene ist ~am wichtigsten~+.
[15] may — corner = can in his own corner do _something_ good.
_Section 121._
THE STATE[1] OF IRELAND.
(Conclusion of a Speech delivered[2] in the House of Commons in March 1868.)
I.
We must all endeavour to get[3] rid of passion in[4] discussing this church question, which[5], I am sorry to say, is, of all others, the most calculated to create passion. We are[6] all, I believe, of one religion. I do not know (S. 51, N. 13), but I suppose there[7] will come a time in the history of the world, when men will be astonished[8] that Catholic[9] and Protestant, Churchman[10] and Nonconformist[11], had[12] so much animosity and suspicion against each other.
I[13] _accept and_ believe in a very grand passage which I once met[14] with in the writings of the illustrious founder of the colony and (S. 10, N. 9) state _of_ Pennsylvania, that[15] “the humble[16], meek, merciful, just, pious, and devout souls are[6] everywhere of[6] one religion; and when death[17] (S. 3, N. 2) has taken off the mask, they will know[18] one another, though the diverse liveries[19] they wear make[20] them strangers.”
[1] +Zustand+, m.
[2] to deliver a speech, +eine Rede halten+. Construe according to S. 7, N. 3, _A_; the House of Commons, +das Haus der Gemeinen+.
[3] to get rid of passion, +sich der Leidenschaftlichkeit enthalten+.
[4] in discussion = when we discuss (+besprechen+).
[5] +welche leider mehr als jede andere dazu angethan ist, die Leidenschaften zu erregen.+
[6] are = have; of one = the same. Commence the passage with ‘I believe’.
[7] there — time, +es wird einst ... eine Zeit kommen+.
[8] to be astonished at a thing, +sich über etwas wundern+. Comp. S. 87, N. 6.
[9] Use the pl. with this and the three following nouns.
[10] = members of the English Church.
[11] +Nonkonformisten.+
[12] to have animosity, +Feindschaft hegen+.
[13] Say ‘I believe in (+an+, with Acc.) _the_ following sublime utterance (+Äußerung+, f.)’.
[14] met with = read.
[15] The passage ‘that — religion’ will be much improved by substituting the adverb ‘+nämlich+:’ (viz.) for the conjunction ‘that’.
[16] +die Bescheidenen.+
[17] After ‘death’ insert the pron. ‘+ihnen+’, which will make the reading much clearer; auxiliary ‘has’ may be omitted according to App. § 22.
[18] +sich einander erkennen.+
[19] Use the pl. of +Gewand+, n.
[20] make them strangers, +sie hienieden unter einander entfremden+.
_Section 122._
THE STATE OF IRELAND.
II.
Let us act in this spirit, and our work is[1] easy. The noble lord (S. 5, N. 2), towards[2] the conclusion of his speech, spoke of the cloud which is at present hanging[3] over Ireland. It is a dark and heavy cloud, and its darkness expands[4] over the feelings of men in all parts of the British Empire. But[5] there is a consolation that we may all take to ourselves. An inspired king, bard, and prophet has left[6] us words which[7] are not only the expression of a fact, but we may take them as the utterance of a prophecy. He says: “To[8] the upright there arises light in the darkness.”
Let us try in this matter to be upright[9]. Let us try to be just, and that cloud will[10] be dispelled; the dangers which we see will vanish; and we[11] may have the happiness of leaving[6] (S. 1, N. 3) to our children the heritage of an honourable citizenship in a united and prosperous[12] empire.—THE RIGHT HON. JOHN BRIGHT.
[1] is easy = will be easy for us (Dat. of persn. pron.).
[2] +an+, contr. with the dat. of the def. art.
[3] +schweben.+
[4] +sich erstre´cken.+
[5] Say ‘But one consolation we can all gather from it’. To gather, +entnehmen+; from, aus. Read S. 4, N. 5, _B_.
[6] +hinterlassen+, insep. comp. str. v.
[7] Say ‘which not merely designate (+bezeichnen+) a fact (S. 115, N. 2), but (S. 6, N. 10) which we may (= can) also take (+hin´nehmen+) as a prophecy (read App. § 18)’.
[8] “+Für den Gerechten erhebt sich ein Licht in der Finsternis+”.
[9] I think there is but the adj. ‘+gerecht+’ to render both ‘upright’ and ‘just’ in the underlying sense.
[10] +wird sich verteilen.+
[11] we may have = we shall perhaps have; happiness = joy.
[12] prosperous, +glücklich+; empire = state.
_Section 123._
DR. GUTHRIE ON RAGGED SCHOOLS[1].
I.