Part 11

Princes, peers[1], soldiers, and statesmen were all sneaking[2] in hiding places whilst the capital was[3] made over to the mercy of a few dozen incendiaries. The daughter-in-law, seeing (S. 55, N. 1) the King depart[4], carries[5] her child to the Chamber of Deputies[6], and[7] there, with womanly courage and queenly dignity, vindicates his rights. Her friends entreat her to withdraw. Firm[8] in her purpose, she does not move[9] an inch. She attempts to speak, but is interrupted; and[10] he who interrupts is himself silenced by an armed mob that pours[11] into the hall[12]. The Duchess is forced away[13], and in that terrible extremity _is_ separated from her son. The child is seized by (S. 106, N. 23) a rough hand, which[14] is strong enough to strike[15], but[16] generous enough to save. The boy is brought[17] to his mother, and mother and son pass[18] from asylum to asylum, chased[19] by scythes, sabres, muskets, and, worse[20] than all, the[21] bloody passions of an infuriated “canaille”. For[22] four days they[23] creep into hiding places; on the fifth day they are beyond the frontier.

[1] The Peers of France were called ‘Pairs’, which term is used in German, the final +s+ being pronounced.

[2] to sneak into hiding places, +in den Winkel kriechen+.

[3] was made over = was left (+überlas´sen+), with the dat. Construe the sentence after the following model:—+Die Festung wurde einer kleinen Anzahl Soldaten auf Gnade oder Ungnade überlassen.+

[4] +davon´reisen.+ Comp. App. § 19.

[5] +führen+, before which the subjective pronoun ‘she’ must be supplied.

[6] +Deputiertenkammer+, f.

[7] and — rights = where she vindicates his rights with, etc.

[8] +Fest ihren Zweck verfolgend.+

[9] +zurück´weichen.+

[10] and — himself, +und der sie Unterbrechende selbst wird+.

[11] to pour = to rush.

[12] +Saal+, m.

[13] +gewaltsam hinweg´drängen+.

[14] After the rel. pron. insert the adverb +zwar+ (certainly, it is true, indeed), which will give more force to the clause.

[15] +darein´zuschlagen.+

[16] ‘but’, here +doch+, or +aber auch+.

[17] ‘to bring’, here = to bring back.

[18] ‘to pass’, here = to flee.

[19] chased = pursued; by, +von+.

[20] what is still worse.

[21] +von dem blutgierigen Zorn eines rasenden Pöbels.+

[22] +Vier Tage lang+.

[23] they — places = they try to conceal themselves.

_Section 106._

THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.

VI.

Everybody is escaping at[1] the same moment. There is the King’s eldest son, pale and half-naked, throwing[2] aside his tinsel and putting on fustian, looking[3] less than a man in his fear, trembling with[4] emotion, and finally running[5] like a madman for[6] his life. There are your[7] ministers, of[8] European reputation and wisdom unapproachable, bounding[9] like antelopes, northwards[10], southwards, “anywhere, anywhere[11] out of the city”, which they and all the rest give up[12] to indiscriminate riot. And[13] now the crowning point of our first “tableau” is near. The (S. 107, N. 13) mob, masters[14] of Paris, are sacking the Tuileries. The choicest moveables[15] are broken to atoms; a group[16] takes[17] the places which Royalty filled a moment ago at the breakfast table; others are in the wine cellar drinking[18] themselves ten times drunk; others, again[19], are in the Queen’s apartments, defiling[20] that[21] domestic sanctuary. Outside the palace and on the top[22] of it a flag is waved[23] by[24] a dozen men, whose[25] shouts and shrieks invite hundreds, whom[26] you see crawling up with no earthly object but immediately to (S. 19, N. 7) slide down again.

[1] at — moment = with them.

[2] ‘throwing — life’. The rendering of this passage according to the rule of S. 16, N. 4 would be inelegant, since there are a number of Present Participles following one another. I propose, therefore, to begin a new period here, saying: He throws aside his tinsel (here +Flitterstaat+, m.), puts on fustian, etc.; to put on fustian, +sich in Barchent kleiden+.

[3] to look less than a man, +kaum einem Manne ähnlich sehen+.

[4] +vor+; emotion = excitement.

[5] +davon´laufen.+

[6] +um sein Leben zu retten.+

[7] your = the.

[8] of — unapproachable = incomparable in (+an+) European fame and wisdom.

[9] Since a relative clause follows immediately, it would be bad taste to render this clause, beginning with a Present Participle, in the same form. It will be best to commence a new period. Comp. N. 2.

[10] +nach Nord und Süd.+

[11] The second ‘anywhere’ is best turned by +nur hinweg+.

[12] +dem allgemeinen Aufruhr preisgeben.+

[13] And — near = And now we approach (+sich nähern+, with Dat.) the end (+Schluß+, m.) of our first tableau. The French ‘tableau’ is used with French pronunciation in the same sense in German. It is of the neuter gender and takes the inflection of an +s+ in the Gen. Sing.

[14] masters of Paris = which rules _in_ Paris; to rule, +beherrschen+ (v. tr.).

[15] moveables = objects; atoms = pieces.

[16] Insert the noun ‘men’.

[17] +ein´nehmen+; Royalty = the Royal family; filled = occupied (+inne haben+, treated like a comp. sep. v.). The adverbial clause ‘at the breakfast table’ is best placed after the verb ‘takes’.

[18] drinking themselves drunk = and drink themselves drunk (+sich betrinken+).

[19] +wiederum andere.+

[20] and defile (+besudeln+).

[21] +diese geheiligte Stätte der Häuslichkeit.+

[22] top = roof; of it = of the same.

[23] +hin und her schwenken.+

[24] =The preposition ‘by’ in connection with the passive voice and establishing a relation with the noun or pronoun that denotes the doer of the action expressed by the verb, is rendered by +von+.=

[25] To avoid a succession of relative clauses, which should always be avoided, begin again a new period here and say: The shouts and shrieks of these men invite (+herbei´locken+), etc.

[26] whom — but = who seem only to climb up (+erklettern+) the roof. The adv. ‘immediately’ comes after the conjunction ‘to’.

_Section 107._

THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.

VII.

There[1] is sentiment in all things. The apartments of the poor daughter-in-law are reached (S. 4, N. 4, +man+), but, strange[2] to say, are respected[3] in the midst of the work[4] of general destruction. Her children’s toys are[5] not even touched; the hat and (S. 10, N. 9) whip of her dead[6] husband are[7] still sacred; the books (S. 16, N. 10) she had been reading lie still open[8]. It[9] is an incident that cannot fail to[10] elicit rounds of applause. And whilst[11] anarchy and destruction prevail here, there[12] is equal confusion and danger in the Chamber of Deputies. We have seen the[13] mob forcing their way into (+zu+) that deliberative assembly. Everybody[14] is now rushing to the tribune. Three[15] speakers become marked from the rest; their[16] names are Lamartine[23], Crémieux[23], and Ledru Rollin[23]; they[17] gain the popular ear, and undertake (S. 51, N. 13) to establish[18] order—a superhuman responsibility! A Provisional Government is announced, named[19], and approved on the spot. “To (S. 72, N. 4) the Hôtel de Ville!” exclaims one[20]. “To the Hôtel de Ville!” respond _a_ hundred; and amidst[21] yells and hootings, cries[22] of “Vive la République!” “Vive Lamartine!” “A bas tout le monde!” _Monsieur_ Lamartine[23] sets out for that celebrated building, followed by a train made[24] up of the dregs of a seething metropolis. In the middle[25] of the shouting the curtain falls, and[26] the first act terminates. Search[27] the dramatic annals of the world for such another.—ESSAYS FROM “THE TIMES”.

[1] +Es findet sich jedoch überall noch eine Spur von Gefühl.+

[2] strange to say, +sonderbarerweise+.

[3] are respected, +werden dieselben ... verschont+.

[4] work — destruction, +allgemeines Zerstörungswerk+.

[5] +bleiben+; not touched = untouched.

[6] +verstorben.+

[7] +sind dem Andenken noch heilig.+

[8] Supply here the adverb +da+, which will make the sentence more emphatic.

[9] It is, +Es ist dies+. Comp. S. 104, N. 19.

[10] to — applause, +den allgemeinsten Beifall hervorzurufen.—Dieser Vorfall erklärt sich durch die große Popularität des verstorbenen Herzogs und seiner Gemahlin, der Herzogin Helene von Orléans.+

[11] Place the adv. ‘here’ after whilst, and use the adverb +noch+ with it.

[12] ‘there is’, here +findet man+, after which place ‘in — Deputies’.

[13] the — way = how the mob forces its way (+sich einen Weg bahnen+). =In German the verb agrees in the Singular with a collective substantive in the Singular.=

[14] +Alles+; to, +auf+.

[15] +Drei Redner hört man über die andern hinaus.+

[16] +sie heißen.+

[17] they = these; to gain the popular ear, +sich beim Volke Gehör verschaffen+.

[18] +wieder her´stellen.+

[19] +mit Namen benannt.+

[20] Say ‘one voice’, and afterwards ‘hundred other voices’.

[21] +unter.+

[22] +und unter wiederholten Ausrufen von ...+

[23] ‘to set out’, here +die Prozession an´treten+; for, +nach+. The verb must of course appear before the Subject Lamartine. +~Louis Alphonse Lamartine~ erregte zunächst durch seine zarten Jugenddichtungen in den zwanziger Jahren allgemeine Aufmerksamkeit. Nachdem er durch den Tod eines Oheims ein bedeutendes Vermögen ererbt hatte, bereiste er 1832 den Orient, worauf er die politische Laufbahn betrat und einer der glänzendsten Redner der Deputiertenkammer wurde. Nach der Februarrevolution von 1848 wurde er Mitglied der provisorischen Regierung und Minister des Auswärtigen, zog sich jedoch 1851 unzufrieden zurück und † am 1. März 1869 zu Passy, wo er in dürftigen Verhältnissen gelebt hatte. ~Isaac Adolphe Crémieux~, Israelit, wurde 1830 Advokat am Kassationshofe zu Paris, bekämpfte, seit 1842 Mitglied der Kammer, heftig das Ministerium Guizot und förderte die Reformbewegung. Nach der Februarrevolution von 1848 ward er Mitglied der provisorischen Regierung, in der er kurze Zeit das Justizministerium bekleidete. Nach der Wahl des Prinzen Louis Napoléon zum Präsidenten trat er zur Opposition über, ward beim Staatsstreich am 2. Dez. 1851 verhaftet, jedoch bald wieder freigelassen, worauf er sich auf seine Praxis beschränkte. Im Jahre 1870, nach dem Sturze des Kaiserreichs, nochmals zum Mitglied der provisorischen Regierung gewählt, hielt er sich zu Gambetta und ward später Mitglied der Nationalversammlung. ~Alexandre Auguste Ledru Rollin~ ward Advokat, und trat 1844 in die Kammer der Deputierten, nachdem er als Advokat in vielen politischen Prozessen plaidiert hatte. Er beteiligte sich lebhaft bei der Reformagitation von 1847, ward 1848 Mitglied der provisorischen Regierung und Minister des Innern, trat jedoch schon im Juni desselben Jahres von der Regierung zurück. Im Juni 1849 mußte er wegen politischer Intriguen nach England fliehen, ward abwesend zur Deportation verurteilt und lebte seitdem als Mitglied des dortigen Revolutionskomitees in London. Im Jahre 1857 wurde er mit Mazzini eines Komplots gegen Napoleon III. eingeklagt und abermals verurteilt, und kehrte endlich am 26. März 1870 infolge der Erklärung der Republik und der Amnestie nach Paris zurück, ohne sich aber an den dortigen Ereignissen hervorragend zu beteiligen.+

[24] made up of, +welcher sich aus ... gebildet hat+; seething, +gährend+.

[25] +Inmitten+, followed by the Gen.

[26] After ‘and’ supply the adv. +so+, which requires the constr. to be inverted.

[27] search — another. This passage would not read well in a literal version, which may be altered thus:—Where can we find in the dramatic annals of the history of the world (comp. n.) a similar _one_ (+einen gleichen+).

_Section 108._

EXPERIENCE IS THE BEST TEACHER[1].

A French student of (S. 3, N. 2) medicine lodged[2] in the same house in London with a man in a fever. This poor man was constantly plagued by the nurse to drink, though[3] he nauseated the insipid liquids that were presented to him. At last, when she[4] grew more and more importunate, he whispered in her (S. 43, N. 9, _B_) ear:—“For[5] God’s sake bring me a salt herring, and I will drink as much _as_ you please[6]!”

The woman indulged[7] him in his request; he devoured the herring, drank plentifully, underwent[8] a copious perspiration, and recovered[9].

The French student inserted this aphorism[10] in his journal[11]:—“A salt herring cures[12] an Englishman in a fever.”

On[13] his return to (S. 72, N. 4) France he prescribed the same remedy to the first patient in a fever[2] to whom he was called.

The patient died; on which[14] the student inserted[15] in his journal _the_ following note:—“N.B. Though a salt herring cures an Englishman, it[16] kills a Frenchman.”—W. C. HAZLITT, ANECDOTES.

[1] +Lehrerin+, to agree with ‘experience’, which is feminine in German.

[2] Here place the words ‘in London — fever’; a man in a fever, +ein Fieberkranker+.

[3] Construe the sentence ‘though — him’ after the following model: +Die mir gereichten geschmacklosen Getränke widern mich an.+

[4] Here place the adv. ‘at last’; more and more importunate, +immer zudringlicher+.

[5] +Um Gotteswillen.+

[6] +wollen.+

[7] to indulge a request, +einer Bitte willfahren+.

[8] to undergo a copious perspiration, +in tüchtigen Schweiß geraten+ (str. v.).

[9] +genesen+, str. v.

[10] +Lehrsatz+.

[11] Form a comp. n. of ‘day’ and ‘book’ according to S. 76, N. 22, _C_.

[12] +kurieren+; in a, +vom+.

[13] Say ‘When he had returned to France’.

[14] on which = whereupon.

[15] +schreiben+, after which place ‘following note’.

[16] +so stirbt ein Franzose daran.+

_Section 109._

ON[1] SELF CULTURE.

(From[2] an address delivered to an assemblage of young men at Edinburgh.)

I[3] stand before you a self-educated man. My education was[4] that which was supplied at the humble parish schools of Scotland; and _it was_ only[5] when I[6] went to Edinburgh, a poor boy, _that_ I devoted my evenings, after the labours of the day, to the cultivation of[7] that intellect which the Almighty has given me. From seven or eight in the morning till nine or ten at night[8], was I at[9] _my_ business as _a_ bookseller’s apprentice[10], and[11] _it was_ only during hours after these, stolen from sleep, _that_ I could devote myself to study. I assure you that I did not read novels[12]; my attention was devoted[13] to physical science and other useful matters[14]. During[15] that period I taught myself French. I look back[16] to that time with great pleasure, and am almost sorry I have not to go[17] through the same troubles again. I[18] reaped more pleasure when I had not a sixpence in my pocket, studying in a garret in Edinburgh, than I now find when sitting amidst all the elegancies and comforts of a parlour.—WILLIAM CHAMBERS.

[1] +Über Selbstbildung.+

[2] +Aus+; to deliver an address to an assemblage, +vor einer Versammlung eine Rede halten+; young men, +junge Leute+.

[3] I — man. This sentence does not allow of a literal rendering; say ‘You see before you a man who has educated himself’ (+sich selbst bilden or aus´bilden+).

[4] was — Scotland = was such as (it) (+eine solche, wie sie+) is given (+erteilen+) at (_in_) a simple Scottish village-school.

[5] =The adverb ‘only’, when used in reference to time, is turned by ‘+erst+’, but in references to number by ‘+nur+’=; as—

This man has _only_ (but) one coat.

+Dieser Mann hat ~nur~ einen Rock.+

It is _only_ one o’clock.

+Es ist ~erst~ ein Uhr.+

[6] when — boy = when I, a poor boy, came to (S. 72, N. 4) Ed.

[7] Construe the clause ‘of — me’ according to S. 48, N. 6; intellect, +Geist+.

[8] ‘at night’, here +abends+, since +Nacht+ applies only to the hours between 11 P.M. and 5 A.M.

[9] at = in, contracted with the Dat. of the def. art.

[10] Supply here +thätig+ (engaged).

[11] Say ‘and only during the later (+später+) hours, which I stole from sleep (+dem Schlafe ab´stehlen+), could I’, etc.

[12] +Roman+, m.

[13] +auf naturwissenschaftliche Studien ... gerichtet.+

[14] +Gegenstand+, m.

[15] ‘During that period’ may be briefly rendered by +damals+; to teach oneself German, +ohne Lehrer Deutsch studieren+.

[16] +zurück´blicken.+

[17] to go through troubles, +Beschwerden durch´machen+; again, +noch einmal+. For the constr. see App. § 19.

[18] Say ‘When (S. 4, N. 2) I had no sixpence (+Sechspfennigstück+, n.) in my pocket and studied in a garret in E., I felt (+sich fühlen+) happier than now, when (+da+) I sit in an elegant and comfortable (+behaglich+) parlour’.

_Section 110._

GOETHE’S[1] DEATH.

I.

The[2] following morning—it was the 22nd March 1832—he tried to[3] walk a little up and down the room, but[4] after a turn, he found[5] himself too feeble to continue. Reseating[6] himself in the easy chair, he chatted cheerfully with Ottilie [(S. 53, N. 9) his daughter-in-law] on[7] the approaching spring, which would[8] be sure to restore him. He[9] had no idea of his end being so near. The name _of_ Ottilie was frequently on his lips. She sat beside him, holding[10] his hand in both of hers. It was now observed that his thoughts began to wander[11] incoherently. “See,” he exclaimed, “the lovely woman’s head, with black curls, in splendid colours—a[12] dark background!” Presently[13] he saw a piece of paper on the floor, and asked _them_ how[14] they could leave Schiller’s letters so carelessly lying about. Then[15] he slept softly, and, on[16] awakening, asked[17] for the sketches[18] (S. 16, N. 10) he had just seen—the[19] sketches of his dream.

[1] +~Johann Wolfgang von Göthe~, geboren den 22. August 1749 zu Frankfurt a/M., gestorben den 22. März 1832 zu Weimar, kann wohl mit Recht der universalste Genius seiner Zeit genannt werden, deren Litteratur er unbestritten beherrschte. Er war Dichter, Biograph, Naturforscher, Altertumsforscher, Kritiker, Ästhetiker und Staatsmann. In fast allen poetischen Gattungen zeigte er sich als vollendeter Künstler, am bedeutendsten aber war er als Lyriker. Er hinterließ einen einzigen Sohn, dessen Frau (Ottilie) unten erwähnt wird.+

[2] +Am nächsten Morgen.+

[3] +im Zimmer auf- und ab´gehen.+

[4] but — turn = but already after _a_ few steps.

[5] +sich fühlen+; ‘to continue’ may be briefly rendered by +dazu+.

[6] After he had seated himself again, etc.

[7] +über+.

[8] would be sure = would surely (see App. §§ 28 and 30).

[9] He — near = He had no idea of it (+davon+), that his end was so near.

[10] +und hielt seine Hand mit beiden Händen umschlossen+.

[11] +umher´irren+.

[12] a = upon a.

[13] Then.

[14] +warum man Schillers Briefe so sorglos herumliegen lasse.+

[15] Hereupon.

[16] +beim Erwachen+.

[17] +forderte er.+

[18] +Bilder.+

[19] the — dream, +seine Traumbilder+.

_Section 111._

GOETHE’S DEATH.

II.

In silent anguish they[1] now awaited the close now so surely approaching (S. 48, N. 6). His speech was becoming less and less distinct. The last words audible[2] were: “More Light!” The final[3] darkness[4] grew apace, and he[5] whose eternal longings had been for more light, gave a parting cry for it as he was passing under the shadow of death.

He continued to express himself by signs, drawing[6] letters[7] with his forefinger in the air, while he[8] had strength, and finally, as life (S. 3, N. 2) ebbed[9], drawing[10] figures slowly on the shawl which covered his legs. At[11] half-past twelve he composed[12] himself in the corner of the easy chair. His faithful watcher[13] placed a finger on her lips to intimate that he was asleep[14]. It was a sleep in which a life glided[15] from the world. He[16] woke no more.—G. H. LEWES, LIFE OF GOETHE.

[1] they = his friends, +die Seinen+.

[2] In ordinary prose adjectives qualifying a noun should precede it.

[3] final = last.

[4] +Dunkel+ (n.) +stieg hernieder+.

[5] he — death = he who had always longed (+sich sehnen+) for (+nach+) more light, cried still parting for it (+danach+) when the night of death overshadowed him.

[6] =The conjunction +indem+ with a finite verb is frequently employed for rendering the English Participle in -ing used in adverbial clauses of manner=; as—

_Supporting_ himself on her arm he slowly ascended the stairs.

+~Indem~ er sich auf ihren Arm ~stützte~, stieg er langsam die Treppe hinauf.+

[7] +Buchstaben+, which place after ‘forefinger’.

[8] After ‘he’ insert the adverb +noch+.

[9] +dahin´fluten+.

[10] drew he slowly figures (+Zahlen+), etc.

[11] +Um halb eins.+

[12] to compose oneself in the corner, +sich ruhig in die Ecke zurück´legen+.

[13] +Wärterin.+

[14] Use the Present of the Subj. App. § 28 and § 30.

[15] +scheiden+; from, +aus+.

[16] Say ‘Goethe’ instead of ‘he’; woke = awoke; no more, +nicht wieder+.

_Section 112._

ON TRAVELLING (S. 3, N. 2).

I[1] wish folks[2] in general would keep their eyes a little more open when they travel by rail[3]. When I see young people rolling along in a luxurious[4] carriage, absorbed (S. 102, N. 3) in a trashy[5] shilling novel[6], and[7] never lifting up their eyes to look out of the window, unconscious[8] of all that[9] they are passing;—of[10] the reverend antiquities, the admirable[11] agriculture, the rich _and_ peaceful scenery[12], the[13] like of which no other country upon earth can show (App. § 18); unconscious[14], too, _of_ how much they might[15] learn _of_ botany _and_ geology, by[16] simply watching the flowers along the railway banks, and the sections[17] in the cuttings[18];—then it grieves me to see what[19] little use people make of the eyes and the understanding which God has given them. They complain of[20] a dull[21] journey: but[22] it is not the journey which is dull; it[23] is they who are dull. Eyes[24] have they, and see not; ears have they, and hear not; mere[25] dolls in smart clothes, too many of them, like the idols of the heathen.—CHARLES KINGSLEY, TOWN GEOLOGY.

[1] +Ich möchte wohl.+

[2] Say ‘(the) people (+die Leute+) would use (Imperf. Subj. of +brauchen+, App. § 32) in general the eyes a little more’, etc.

[3] +mit der Eisenbahn reisen.+

[4] luxurious = splendid; for the rendering of the verbs in this passage consult S. 78, N. 14, and for their position, App. § 19; to roll along, +dahin´rollen+.

[5] +schlecht.+

[6] Form comp. n. according to S. 76, N. 22, _B_.

[7] and — eyes = so that they never lift up their eyes. This constr. is necessary to avoid a repetition of participles.

[8] +nichts ahnend.+

[9] +woran sie vorüberfahren.+

[10] Say ‘nothing of’.

[11] excellent.

[12] landscape.

[13] the — which = as, +wie sie+ (grammatical object); comp. S. 51, N. 13.

[14] +auch nicht einmal ahnend.+

[15] I might learn much of botany, +ich könnte viel Botanik lernen+. The subject ‘they’ place after ‘geology’ and before the two verbs.

[16] by — watching = if they would only watch (+beobachten+); along — banks = on (+an+) the sides of the railway.

[17] +Bahnprofil+, n.

[18] +Durchstich+, m. The two verbs must, of course, stand at the end of the whole passage.

[19] +wie wenig+, little (denoting quantity).

[20] +über+, with Acc.

[21] dull = wearisome, +langweilig+.

[22] but — dull = but not the journey is dull.

[23] +sie selbst sind es+ (Comp. S. 104, N. 19).

[24] The inverted constr. would not read well here; use therefore the ordinary constr.

[25] are nothing but (+als+) dolls in fine clothes, and like (+gleich+, with Dat.) the idols (+Götzenbilder+) of the heathens are _there_ too many of them (+sind ihrer zu viele+).

_Section 113._

THE MANAGEMENT[1] OF THE BODY.