A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia (Volume 2 of 2) The Balanidæ, (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidæ, etc., etc.

Obvious misprints have been fixed. Archaic and unusual words, spellings and styling have been maintained. Details of the changes are in the Detailed Transcriber's Notes at the e...

In nomenclature, I have endeavoured rigorously to follow the rules of the British Association, and have never, at least intentionally, broken through the great law of priority....

Both the first and second pairs of antennæ are absent in the mature animal; for the three terminal segments of the antennæ of the pupa, which may always be found cemented under...

Cirripedes are commonly bisexual or hermaphrodite, but in Ibla, Scalpellum, and Alcippe, members of the Lepadidæ in the order Thoracica, and in Cryptophialus in the order Abdomi...

Structure of shell 34 " of the individual compartments 43 " of the radii 45 " of the alæ 47 " of the sheath 48 " of the basis 49 " of the opercular valves (scuta and terga) 51 G...

If the basal margin of a compartment, for instance, of _Balanus tintinnabulum_, be examined, it appears sufficiently complicated, being composed of an outer and inner lamina, se...

The scutum and tergum, with the few exceptions above stated, are articulated together at a large or open angle. The articulation (see Pl. 11, fig. 5 _b_, _c_, _d_, and fig. 6 _b...

In the Balaninæ, a pair of Branchiæ is always present: they lie on each side, in a somewhat curved position, in the angle between the sides of the shell and the basis. In Pl. 25...

When a Cirripede is alive, the action of the cirri is really beautiful: from the position of the thoracic segments, the posterior cirri (three pairs in the Balaninæ and four pai...

Though the structure of the cirri is very uniform, yet we meet with some peculiarities. In Chelonobia, the segments of the posterior cirri bear only two pairs of main spines; wh...

The optic nerve (_i_), running from the plexus to the eye, is of considerable size; it runs nearly parallel to the main antennular nerve, diverging from it a little. It retains...

The larvæ in this stage are known, amongst the Balanidæ, in Balanus, Pyrgoma, Coronula, Platylepas, and Chthamalus; and these genera include all the principal forms. Amongst the...

Before commencing on details, I may premise that I have examined the pupa of _Lepas australis_, _pectinata_, _fascicularis_, and _anatifera_, of _Conchoderma virgata_, partially...

_Mouth_, _thorax_, _limbs_, _abdomen_.--I have nothing to add regarding the mouth, except to confirm my former account; viz., that it is functionless, consisting merely of crest...

In the pupa, the carapace is produced, not only posteriorly, but anteriorly, so as to cover the entire animal, with the exception of a narrow sternal surface (Pl. 30, fig. 4): i...

The cement-glands, the trunk, and the ducts, except the two, three, or even four last-formed ones, are all filled with an apparently solid thread of transparent, brownish cement...

I have as yet only alluded to the _circumferential duct_ (_i_, _i_, Pl. 28, fig. 4 _a_): we have not hitherto met with this duct, but I suspect that the branches which in Chelon...

With respect to range, the results arrived at have no particular interest, for the species are not sufficiently numerous; and, what is still more adverse, the genera, with unimp...

Balanus tintinnabulum north and south of the equator (1 to 5). psittacus* south. vinaceus* " trigonus north and south (4 and 5). lævis* " concavus " (4 and 5). pœcilus* south. i...

_Compartments._--The external appearance of the shell has already been described. In the most typical species, the parietes consist of an outer and inner lamina, separated by st...

Notwithstanding the difficulties now enumerated, I hope that, owing to having examined a vast number of specimens of the most varying species, I have not fallen into very many e...

The _Tergum_ (Pl. 2, figs. 1 _i_ to 1 _o_) is broad, with a generally closed longitudinal furrow; this furrow is open in young specimens, and it is often, but not always, open i...

_Mouth._--Labrum with the teeth either absent or very small: mandibles with the fourth and fifth teeth rudimentary: maxillæ with a small notch under the two upper spines; near t...

The _Parietes_, though moderately thick, yet are light and fragile; the denticuli at the bases of the longitudinal septa are prominent, and those on the adjoining septa are unit...

_General Appearance._--Shell, sometimes with the rostrum, and sometimes with the carina, and corresponding portions of the basal cup, elongated; but not, apparently, to so great...

_Var. nitidus_: with respect to this variety I have little to add to my preliminary remarks on its peculiar appearance, owing to its smooth, naked condition, and pure white or p...

_Scuta_: these in young and moderately-sized specimens are striated, sometimes very faintly, but generally plainly, causing the lines of growth to be beaded; but often, in large...

With respect to _var._ 1, _communis_, I have nothing further to remark, except that I have seen specimens identically similar from the Mediterranean, Natal, the Philippine Archi...

_General Appearance._--Shell conical, rugged, sometimes furnished with sharp longitudinal ribs; dirty white. Orifice not large, oval, toothed. Radii rather narrow, with their su...

_Dimensions._--The largest British specimen which I have seen was only .55 of an inch in basal diameter: specimens from Greenland and the northern United States frequently attai...

Of the varieties having much elongated, club-shaped, hour-glass shaped, and depressed shells, there is no necessity to say anything in particular. With respect to the remarkable...

_Scuta_, elongated, flat, feebly striated longitudinally: internally, articular ridge short, moderately prominent: adductor ridge, confluent in the upper part with the articular...

_General Appearance._--Shape conical, often steeply conical; orifice small; radii not developed, represented by mere fissures. The walls are smooth, or slightly, or strongly rib...

_Terga_ (6 _b_), broad, flat, with a slight narrow prominent rim along the scutal margin, which margin is slightly bowed. The basal margin on the carinal side of the spur slopes...

This sub-genus, in one sense, is a very natural one, inasmuch as all the species are closely allied in essential structure, in general appearance, and in habit. On the other han...

_Diagnosis._--Finally, this species, if it be, as I believe, distinct, differs from _A. spongites_ only in the internal surface of the parietes being more strongly ribbed and br...

_Animal's body_ unknown to me: from Mr. Dana's drawing the three posterior pairs of cirri seem to have been much elongated: and the rami of the first pair, as usual, unequal in...

_Size._--_Tetraclita porosa_ is the largest species of the genus; I have seen specimens attached to a large pebble of granite in the British Museum, which measured two inches in...

_General Appearance._--Shell generally much depressed, in a few cases rather steeply conical, in one single instance cylindrical, but not much elongated. Colour, when alive, pal...

_Affinities._--This species is rather more closely allied to the last than to any other. There is a close analogy in the peculiar manner in which the scuta and terga are articul...

_Affinities._--It is certain that this species is most closely allied to _E. plicatus_; but as I have seen many specimens of the latter brought by different persons from New Zea...

[117] Dr. Gray thinks this is the _Pyrgoma stellata_, of Chenu, ('Illust. Conch.'); it may be so; but the figure given of the shell will do equally well or rather better for the...

_Terga_ (fig. 4 _b_): these are of so irregular a shape that they can hardly be described; they may, however, be said to consist of two portions joined together, of which the lo...

_Var._ (7), fig. 6 _r_.--_Hab._ Probably Philippine Archipelago, associated with _Balanus quadrivittatus_.--There can be hardly any question of this being specifically identical...

_Opercular Valves._--These are elongated; they do not fill the orifice of the shell; they are attached by a strong opercular membrane a little way down the sheath. The opercular...

This genus and the three following, namely, Platylepas, Tubicinella, and Xenobalanus, have very considerable claims to be separated as a sub-family, as has been proposed by Drs....

_Opercular Valves._--In the sessile cirripedes hitherto examined, the four opercular valves are inclined towards each other, and nearly fill up the orifice of the shell, being u...

_Mouth._--The palpi are furnished with a row, extending along the whole basal exterior margin, of very long upwardly pointing spines; on their upper edges there is a brush of sm...

The _Basis_ is membranous, and more or less convex. This convexity is rendered possible by the support afforded by the basal edges of the six midribs. The so-called epidermis or...

The _Opercular Membrane_, connecting the valves and the top of the shell, is thick and tough, and deeply folded in concentric wrinkles. As in Coronula, it consists of two or thr...

The internal cavity of the shell is small: it approaches a hexagon in shape, with the rostral side very short, and the lateral sides curved inwards. It is lined by a rather thic...

_Structure of Parietes._--The parietes are solid, and composed of successive layers of shell; the inner surface varies in condition in the same species, being either smooth or m...

_Varieties._--It will have been observed, that the shell, in the specimens from several distant quarters of the world over which this species, as I believe, ranges, differs cons...

_Opercular valves._--The scuta and terga, in all the specimens which I have seen, were firmly calcified together; in some, a trace of a suture could be seen externally, but hard...

With respect to _Pachylasma aurantiacum_, I have no doubt that at an early age it would possess a perfectly distinct rostrum with alæ; for in the one specimen which I have seen,...

_Scuta_ broad, with the lines of growth few in number, but extremely prominent, so as to form folds: basal margin with a very slight angular bend: articular ridge not very promi...

_B. costatus_ of Montagu, a synonym of _B. sulcatus_ of Bruguière, and of _B. porcatus_ of this work; found fossil and recent. This species was originally described by Linnæus u...

_Fixed Scutum and Tergum._--The fixed scutum is larger than the fixed tergum, and therefore has the same proportions as the homologous valves in ordinary cirripedia, but reverse...

In the first place, an epidermis, as just stated, perfectly preserves the shells of the various species of mollusca and certain cirripedes, to which I have seen Verruca attached...

The _rostrum_ (A, fig. 5) is patelliformed, with the umbo of growth sub-central, but rather above the middle point; hence this valve, differently from the carina, and differentl...

_Horny disc._--The general shape of the disc, its irregularity and position, have been already described. It never extends, as remarked by Mr. Hancock, to the extreme lower poin...

The _fifth_ and _sixth pairs_ of cirri (fig. 13, _n′_, _o′_) are almost exactly alike: they are of very small size: each cirrus consists of four segments: the lower or basal seg...

The fissure leading into the cavity is required to be broad at the posterior end, in order that the cirri may be there freely exserted out of the sack; and narrow in other parts...

I have, in my former volume, expressed my astonishment at the extent to which abortion had been carried in the male Ibla; but it has been carried much further in the male Alcipp...

The mandibles, palpi, and maxillæ, all project more than is usual. The _Palpi_ (_f_, fig. 9, 5) are narrow, flattened, and taper a little; they support a few long bristles on th...

The whole course of the metamorphosis is very peculiar. The gradual changes in the egg-like larvæ (for I suppose they must be called larvæ) from a simple oval egg, to pointed ov...

_Body._--This, as already stated, consists of eleven segments, of which the three posterior (abdominal) smaller segments can hardly be distinguished, without dissection, as sepa...

[155] This may be partially seen in the section, fig. 1, of Balanus, on the same plate (25) with the figure of Proteolepas; here (bearing in mind that Balanus is a much modified...

B. testâ sordidâ, pallidè-purpureâ aut albâ aut cinereâ, lævi aut propter corrosionem longitudinaliter tenuiter costatâ; vaginâ purpureâ; orificio plerumque parvo: radiis plerum...

Ch. testâ obscurè rubro-purpureâ; suturis aut obliteratis aut dentibus inter se concurrentibus formatis; basi interdum per parietum inflectionem calcareâ factâ; scuto, sulcis du...

P. capitulo valvarum uno aut pluribus sub rostro verticillis instructo: laterum pari superiore vix inferioribus longiore: membranâ valvas tegente (post desiccationem) fusco rufe...

Fig. 1 _a_, Tetraclita porosa, _var._ communis. 1 _b_, " " " rubescens. 1 _c_, " " " nigrescens. 1 _d_, " " " elegans. 1 _e_, " " " communis, young, with radii developed. 1 _f_,...

Fig. 1 _a_, Chthamalus intertextus, shell; 1 _b_, scutum and tergum, calcified together, with the suture obliterated in the upper part, internal view of. 2 _a_, Chthamalus scabr...

Fig. 10, Lower enlarged end of œsophagus, where entering the stomach, viewed from one of the sides bearing the discs of teeth; _a_, upper cut off end of œsophagus; _b_, the lowe...

Fig. 1 _a_, Basal membrane, with the cementing apparatus, of _Coronula balænaris_; a small portion of the parietal membrane, _p p p_, which coats the folded shelly walls, is lef...

Balanus, genus, 177. shell of, immediately after the metamorphosis, 41. supposed male of, 271. Ajax, 214. allium, 281. amaryllis, 279. _amphimorphus_, 494. amphitrite, 240. _ang...

This book was published in two volumes, of which this is the second. The first volume was released as Project Gutenberg ebook #31558, available at https://www.gutenberg.org/eboo...

Pages 664-6, Plate 26. The original book enclosed all the letters of reference in parentheses for this Plate and Plate 29 only. The parentheses have been removed for consistency...