Part 1
Transcriber's Note
Obvious misprints have been fixed. Archaic and unusual words, spellings and styling have been maintained. Details of the changes are in the Detailed Transcriber's Notes at the end of the book.
This book was published in two volumes, of which this is the second. The first volume was released as Project Gutenberg ebook #31558, available at https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31558.
Transcriber Added
Table of Contents.
Page
Dedication v Preface vii _Monograph on the Cirripedia_ 1 Introduction 1 On the Names given to the different parts of Cirripedes 3 Class Crustacea, Sub-Class Cirripedia 9 On the Sexual Relation of Cirripedes 23 Order I.--Thoracica 30 Family Balanidæ 33 Table of Contents 33 Structure of Shell 34 Structure of the Individual Compartments 43 Structure of the Radii 45 Structure of the Alæ 47 Structure of the Sheath 48 Structure of the Basis 49 Structure of the Opercular Valves (Scuta and Terga) 51 Growth of the Whole Shell, and Its Microscopical Structure 54 Muscles of Sack 61 Branchiæ 63 Thorax and Body 65 Muscular System 68 Movements and Muscles of the Cirri 71 Mouth 74 Cirri 81 Caudal Appendages 85 Alimentary Canal 85 Circulatory System 87 Nervous System 88 Eyes and Vision 93 Acoustic Organs 95 Olfactory Sacks 97 Male Organs of Generation 97 Female Organs of Generation 100 Metamorphoses and Homologies 102 Larva, First Stage 103 Larva, Second Stage 109 Larva in the Last or Pupal Stage 110 Act of Metamorphosis 126 On the Homologies of the Carapace and Shelly Valves 131 Cementing Apparatus 133 Affinities, Classification, Variation 152 Rate of Growth, Exuviation, Powers of Repairing Injuries 156 Geographical Range and Habits 159 Geological History 172 Sub-Family Balaninæ 175 1. Genus Balanus 177 Sections of the Genus 193 Section A 194 1. Balanus tintinnabulum 194 Var. communis, vesiculosus, validus, zebra, crispatus, spinosus, coccopoma, concinnus, intermedius, occator, d'Orbignii Varieties 201 2. Balanus tulipiformis 204 3. Balanus psittacus 206 4. Balanus Capensis 209 5. Balanus Nigrescens 210 6. Balanus decorus 212 7. Balanus vinaceus 213 8. Balanus Ajax 214 Section B 216 9. Balanus stultus 216 10. Balanus calceolus 218 11. Balanus galeatus 220 12. Balanus cymbiformis 221 13. Balanus navicula 221 Section C 223 14. Balanus trigonus 223 15. Balanus spongicola 225 16. Balanus lævis 227 Var. nitidus, Coquimbensis 17. Balanus perforatus 231 Var. angustus, Cranchii, fistulosus, mirabilis 18. Balanus concavus 235 19. Balanus amphitrite 240 Var. communis, venustus, pallidus, niveus, modestus, Stutsburi, obscurus, variegatus, cirratus Varieties 245 20. Balanus pœcilus 245 21. Balanus eburneus 248 22. Balanus improvisus 250 Var. assimilis 23. Balanus nubilus 253 24. Balanus corrugatus 254 Section D 256 25. Balanus porcatus 256 26. Balanus patellaris 259 27. Balanus crenatus 261 28. Balanus glandula 265 Section E 267 29. Balanus balanoides 267 Varieties 270 30. Balanus cariosus 273 31. Balanus declivis 275 Section F 277 32. Balanus Hameri 277 33. Balanus amaryllis 279 34. Balanus allium 281 35. Balanus cepa 283 36. Balanus quadrivittatus 284 37. Balanus terebratus 285 38. Balanus vestitus 286 39. Balanus Imperator 288 40. Balanus flosculus 290 Var. sordidus 41. Balanus bisulcatus 293 Var. plicatus 42. Balanus dolosus 295 43. Balanus unguiformis 296 Var. erisma 44. Balanus varians 298 45. Balanus inclusus 299 2. Sub-Genus Acasta 302 1. Acasta spongites 308 2. Acasta sulcata 310 3. Acasta cyathus 312 4. Acasta undulata 313 5. Acasta glans 314 6. Acasta lævigata 315 7. Acasta fenestrata 316 8. Acasta purpurata 318 9. Acasta sporillus 319 3. Genus Tetraclita 321 1. Tetraclita porosa 329 Var. communis, nigrescens, viridis, rubescens, elegans, communis (young), patellaris 2. Tetraclita serrata 334 3. Tetraclita rosea 335 4. Tetraclita purpurascens 337 5. Tetraclita costata 339 6. Tetraclita vitiata 340 7. Tetraclita cœrulescens 342 8. Tetraclita radiata 343 4. Genus Elminius 345 1. Elminius Kingii 348 2. Elminius modestus 350 3. Elminius plicatus 351 4. Elminius simplex 353 5. Genus Pyrgoma 355 1. Pyrgoma anglicum 360 2. Pyrgoma Stokesii 361 3. Pyrgoma cancellatum 362 4. Pyrgoma conjugatum 364 5. Pyrgoma grande 365 6. Pyrgoma milleporæ 367 7. Pyrgoma dentatum 369 8. Pyrgoma crenatum 370 9. Pyrgoma monticulariæ 372 Species dubiæ 374 6. Sub-Genus Creusia 375 1. Creusia spinulosa 376 Varieties with the Scuta and Terga calcified together 380 7. Genus Chelonobia 382 1. Chelonobia testudinaria 392 2. Chelonobia caretta 394 3. Chelonobia patula 396 Second Section of the Sub-Family of Balaninæ 397 8. Genus Coronula 397 1. Coronula balænaris 415 2. Coronula diadema 417 3. Coronula reginæ 419 4. Coronula barbara 421 Species Dubiæ 423 9. Genus Platylepas 424 1. Platylepas bissexlobata 428 2. Platylepas decorata 429 Species Dubiæ 430 10. Genus Tubicinella 430 1. Tubicinella trachealis 431 11. Genus Xenobalanus 438 1. Xenobalanus globicipitis 440 Sub-Family Chthamalinæ 446 12. Genus Chthamalus 447 1. Chthamalus stellatus 455 Var. communis, fragilis, depressus 2. Chthamalus antennatus 460 3. Chthamalus cirratus 461 4. Chthamalus fissus 462 5. Chthamalus dentatus 463 6. Chthamalus Hembeli 465 7. Chthamalus intertextus 467 8. Chthamalus scabrosus 468 13. Nov. Genus Chamæsipho 470 1. Chamæsipho columna 470 2. Chamæsipho scutelliformis 472 14. Nov. Genus Pachylasma 475 1. Pachylasma giganteum 477 2. Pachylasma aurantiacum 480 15. Genus Octomeris 482 1. Octomeris angulosa 483 2. Octomeris brunnea 484 16. Genus Catophragmus 485 1. Catophragmus polymerus 487 2. Catophragmus imbricatus 490 Remarks on Bronn's List of Fossil Balaninæ and Chthamalinæ 492 Family Verrucidæ 495 Genus Verruca 496 Powers of Excavation 512 1. Verruca Strömia 518 2. Verruca lævigata 520 3. Verruca Spengleri 521 4. Verruca nexa 522 5. Verruca prisca 525 Family Lepadidæ 526 Genus Alcippe 529 Alcippe lampas 530 Female 530 Male 555 Order II.--Abdominalia 563 Cryptophialus minutus 566 Female 566 Male 584 Order III.--Apoda 587 Proteolepas bivincta 589 Synopsis et Index Systematicus 606 Synopsis et Index Systematicus Specierum, et recentium, et fossilum 611 Description of plates 641 Plate 1. Balanus tintinnabulum 641 Plate 2. Genus Balanus 641 Plate 3. Genus Balanus 642 Plate 4. Genus Balanus 642 Plate 5. Genus Balanus 642 Plate 6. Genus Balanus 643 Plate 7. Genus Balanus 643 Plate 8. Genus Balanus 644 Plate 9. Sub-Genus Acasta 644 Plate 10. Genus Tetraclita 645 Plate 11. Genera Tetraclita and Elminius 645 Plate 12. Genera Elminius and Pyrgoma 646 Plate 13. Genera Pyrgoma and Creusia 646 Plate 14. Genera Creusia and Chelonobia 647 Plate 15. Genera Chelonobia and Coronula 648 Plate 16. Genus Coronula 649 Plate 17. Genera Platylepas, Tubicinella, and Xenobalanus 651 Plate 18. Genus Chthamalus 652 Plate 19. Genera Chthamalus, Chamæsipho, and Pachylasma 652 Plate 20. Genera Pachylasma, Octomeris, and Catophragmus 653 Plate 21. Genus Verruca 654 Plate 22. Alcippe lampas 655 Plate 23. Genera Alcippe and Cryptophialus 658 Plate 24. Genera Cryptophialus and Proteolepas 660 Plate 25. Genera Proteolepas and Balanus 662 Plate 26. Structure of the Mouth and Thorax 664 Plate 27. Nervous System and Senses 666 Plate 28. Cementing Apparatus 667 Plate 29. Cirri and Larvæ, first stages 669 Plate 30. Larvæ of Lepas: second and last stages of development 671 Errata 674 Index 675 Plates 685
THE
RAY SOCIETY.
INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.
LONDON.
MDCCCLIV.
A MONOGRAPH
ON THE SUB-CLASS
CIRRIPEDIA,
WITH
FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES.
BY
CHARLES DARWIN, F.R.S., F.G.S.
THE BALANIDÆ, (OR SESSILE CIRRIPEDES);
THE VERRUCIDÆ,
ETC., ETC., ETC.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.
MDCCCLIV.
Reprinted with the permission of the Ray Society
JOHNSON REPRINT CORPORATION 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10003
JOHNSON REPRINT COMPANY LTD. Berkeley Square House, London, W. 1
First reprinting, 1968, Johnson Reprint Corporation Printed in the United States of America
TO
PROFESSOR H. MILNE EDWARDS,
DEAN OF THE FACULTY OF SCIENCES OF PARIS; PROFESSOR AT THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY; MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE; FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, OF THE ACADEMIES OF BERLIN, STOCKHOLM, ST. PETERSBURG, VIENNA, KONIGSBERG, MOSCOW, BRUSSELS, HAARLEM, BOSTON, PHILADELPHIA, ETC.
THIS WORK IS DEDICATED,
WITH THE MOST SINCERE RESPECT,
AS THE ONLY, THOUGH VERY INADEQUATE ACKNOWLEDGMENT WHICH THE AUTHOR CAN MAKE OF HIS GREAT AND CONTINUED OBLIGATIONS TO THE
'HISTOIRE NATURELLE DES CRUSTACÉS,'
AND TO
THE OTHER MEMOIRS AND WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY PUBLISHED BY
THIS ILLUSTRIOUS NATURALIST.
PREFACE.
Having so lately, in my volumes on the Recent and Fossil Lepadidæ, expressed as strongly as I could, and with the utmost sincerity, the obligations under which I lie to very many naturalists, I will not here repeat my thanks, and will only say that the assistance formerly rendered me from so many quarters has been most kindly continued without intermission. The references under the Habitats, in which I may remark the names of Mr. Cuming and of Mr. Stutchbury, and of the British Museum, so often recur, show my deep obligations to these gentlemen and to Dr. Gray, and indeed to most of the British and several Foreign[1] collectors of recent and fossil shells. At the period when the Introduction to this volume was printed, I stated that I did not know whether the Palæontographical Society would publish the few British fossil Balanidæ; the Council has now honoured me by determining on this publication, so that these species will hereafter be more fully illustrated than they could be in the present volume. I cannot conclude this short preface, without again tendering my most grateful thanks to the Council of the Ray Society for the publication of my two volumes, and for the very kind manner in which they have acceded to all my requests.
DOWN, KENT; _July, 1854_.
[1] I feel under special obligation to Mr. Dana for several very interesting communications connected with the present subject, and for information derived from his magnificent work on the Crustacea, collected during the United States Exploring Expedition. Also to M. Bosquet, of Maestricht, for the loan and gift of several interesting fossils, described and illustrated with the utmost fidelity, in his beautiful "Monographie des Crustacés fossiles du terrain Crétacé du D. de Limbourg."
MONOGRAPH
ON
THE CIRRIPEDIA.
INTRODUCTION.
My former volume, published by the Ray Society, treated only of the Lepadidæ, one family of the Cirripedia: I was induced to print it from having the materials ready, though this partial publication has been in some respects inconvenient. The Palæontographical Society has done me the honour to publish, with ample illustrations, the fossil species of this same family of Lepadidæ. This present volume completes my work on the sub-class Cirripedia.[2] I had originally intended to have published a small volume on my anatomical observations; but the full abstract given in my former volume, which will be illustrated to a certain extent in the plates appended to this volume, together with the observations here given under the Balanidæ, appear to me sufficient, and I am unwilling to spend more time on the subject. In the volume on the Lepadidæ, I gave the specific or diagnostic characters in English and Latin: I have here left out the latter, inasmuch as I have appended at the end of this volume a Latin Synopsis of all the species, recent and fossil, of the whole class. To each species is added a reference to the pages and plates of my three volumes, so that the Synopsis will serve as a systematic index to the three: an alphabetical index to the present volume is also given. In the Lepadidæ, I gave an additional specific character, derived from the softer parts of the animal's body: in the Balanidæ, these parts are more alike in the different species, and I have found it impossible to give a diagnostic character thus derived. In those cases in which a Family contains but one genus, or a Genus but one species, I have assigned my reasons for the institution of such groups, but have given, as heretofore, only a single description in full: it would have been easy to have separated, by analogy, this description into one for the species, another for the genus or for the family; but as I believe such separation and subordination of the characters would have been largely conjectural, I have thought it best to act as I have done, and give, thus saving useless repetitions, only a single description, and leave it for my successors, when more genera or species are known, to separate, with such certainty as is ever possible, the generic from the specific characters.
[2] The number of the British fossil species of the Balanidæ and Verrucidæ in a recognisable state is so small, that I do not know whether it will be considered worth while to publish in the Palæontographical series more detailed illustrations than are given in this volume.