Chapter 16

THE MOVEMENTS OF 1830.

France before 1830--Reign of Charles X.--Ministry of Martignac--Ministry of Polignac--The Duke of Orleans--War in Algiers--The July Ordinances-- Revolution of July--Louis Philippe King--Nature and effects of the July Revolution--Affairs in Belgium--The Belgian Revolution--The Great Powers--Intervention, and establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium--Affairs of Poland--Insurrection at Warsaw--War between Russia and Poland--Overthrow of the Poles: End of the Polish Constitution--Affairs of Italy-- Insurrection in the Papal States--France and Austria--Austrian Intervention--Ancona occupied by the French--Affairs of Germany--Prussia; the Zollverein--Brunswick, Hanover, Saxony--The Palatinate--Reaction in Germany--The exiles in Switzerland: Incursion into Savoy--Dispersion of the Exiles--France under Louis Philippe: Successive risings--Period of Parliamentary activity--England after 1830: The Reform Bill