Part 3

_Naples._ Italian: Napoli. Former kingdom of Italy, one of the Two Sicilies. Province of Italy and its capital, the largest city of Italy, the Neapolis of the ancients. Long a Greek city.

_Navarre._ Former kingdom, chiefly in present France, also extending into Spain.

_Nazareth._ Modern name: Al-Nasira. Town of Galilee, Palestine, where Jesus is said to have spent his youth.

_Nepal._ Nominally independent country in the Himalayas, under British control.

_Netherlands._ Dutch: Nederland. Popularly called Holland. Kingdom of western Europe. The Netherlands formerly included Belgium.

_Neukölln_ of _Rixdorf_. City of Brandenburg Prussia, suburban to Berlin and an important industrial center.

_Newark._ City of New Jersey, suburban to New York, important manufacturing and insurance center.

_Newcastle_ or _N.-on-Tyne_. City of Northumberland, England, located in the midst of coal fields.

_New England._ The states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

_Newfoundland._ Island off eastern coast of Canada, British colony.

_New Haven._ City of Connecticut, seat of Yale University.

_New Orleans._ City and port of Louisiana, founded by the French. Of historical, educational, commercial importance.

_New York._ State of the United States and its chief city, also the leading city of the United States and, in many respects, of the world. Founded by the Dutch, who called it Nieuw Amsterdam. Now divided into the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond.

_Nicaragua._ Republic of Central America.

_Nile._ River of Africa, of which the most important part runs through Egypt.

_Nineveh_ or _Ninus_. Ancient city on the Tigris, capital of Assyria. Was a place of importance as early as B. C. 2500. Fell when the Assyrian Empire was broken up, B. C. 606.

_Ningpo._ City of Chekiang, China. Treaty port.

_Nippon._ See Japan.

_Normandy._ Old duchy and province of France. The Normans were Scandinavians (“Northmen”) who settled in the northern part of the country.

_North._ River, the part of the Hudson that flows by New York City.

_North._ Sea, also known as the German Ocean. It is the part of the Atlantic east of Great Britain.

_Northwest Territories._ Franklin, Keewatin, and Mackenzie, in the Dominion of Canada.

_Norway._ Scandinavian kingdom of Europe. Has been subject to or united with Sweden and Denmark.

_Nottingham._ City of Nottinghamshire, England.

_Numidia._ Ancient country of northern Africa, then a Roman province. Roughly corresponded to modern Algeria.

_Nuremberg._ German: Nürnberg. City of Middle Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. Of great historical interest.

_Oberammergau._ Small city of Upper Bavaria, Germany. Here the famous Passion Play is performed every ten years.

_Odessa._ City of Kherson, Ukraine, Soviet Republics. Port on the Black Sea.

_Ohio._ Important river of U. S., flowing into the Mississippi.

_Olympia._ Small plain in Elis, Greece, containing a sacred grove of Zeus. Scene of the Olympic games of antiquity.

_Olympus._ Mountain range between Macedonia and Thessaly, where the Greek gods were supposed to live.

_Oman._ Nominally independent state in southeastern Arabia.

_Orange River Colony._ Formerly Orange River Free State, now part of the Union of South Africa.

_Oslo._ Formerly: Christiania. Capital of Norway.

_Ottawa._ Capital of the Dominion of Canada.

_Ottoman Empire._ The Mohammedan empire of the Turks, broken up by the World War. See Turkey.

_Oxford._ City of Oxfordshire, England. University of great antiquity.

_Oxus._ Modern: Amu Darya. River of central Asia, the usual boundary between the great empires of southwestern Asia and wandering hordes.

_Oxyrhyncus._ Place in Egypt where many Greek manuscripts have been discovered.

_Pacific._ Ocean, between North and South America and Asia and Australia. Sometimes divided into two oceans, North and South P.

_Palestine._ Country of western Asia, part of Syria, of great historical and religious significance. Now under British control. The “Land of Israel” or “Holy Land” is at present inhabitated chiefly by Arabs, but the Jewish Zionists would like to make it the cultural center of Israel.

_Palmyra._ Ancient city of Syria, where the unfortunate Zenobia reigned. Her desire to be “Queen of the East” cost her her kingdom.

_Panama._ Republic of Central America. Revolted from Colombia in 1903. Under the control of the U. S., to which a strip of territory called the Panama Canal Zone belongs. The capital, a seaport and terminus of the canal, is also called P.

_Paphos_ or _Paphus_. Name of two towns in ancient Cyprus. Old Paphos was the chief seat of the worship of Aphrodite, therefore called the Paphian goddess.

_Paraguay._ River and republic of South America.

_Paris._ Capital and chief city of France. One of the great cities of the world. Located on the Seine.

_Parnassus._ Range of mountains in Greece or, more usually, a particular mountain where Apollo and the Muses were supposed to dwell.

_Paros._ Island in the Aegean Sea where the marble used by ancient sculptors was quarried.

_Parthia._ Ancient country of Asia, southeast of the Caspian Sea. The Parthians were a warlike people whose empire was for a time of considerable size.

_Peking._ City of Chihle or Chihli, China, and capital of the country.

_Peloponnesus._ The southern part of Greece, a peninsula. Modern: Morea. Divided anciently into Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Corinthia, and Arcadia.

_Pergamum_ or _Pergamus_. Ancient kingdom, afterward Roman province, of Asia Minor, and its capital.

_Persia._ Persian: Iran. Great ancient empire, usually known as Persis. Modern monarchy of Asia.

_Persian._ Gulf between Persia and Arabia.

_Peru._ Republic of South America.

_Petrograd._ Leningrad was called P. during World War, its name having been changed from St. Petersburg.

_Pharsalia._ District near Pharsalus, Thessaly, where Julius Caesar defeated Pompey.

_Philadelphia._ Chief city of Pennsylvania. Located on Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. Founded by William Penn in 1682. Port, manufacturing and educational center. Of considerable historical interest.

_Philippi._ Ancient city of Macedonia where Octavianus and Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius and where St. Paul first preached the good news about Jesus in Europe.

_Philistia._ Old country of Syria whose inhabitants were hostile to the Hebrews. A Philistine, in modern usage, is one who has no interest in culture.

_Phocis._ Ancient country of northern Greece, within which were the mountain of Parnassus and the oracle of Delphi.

_Phoenicia, Phenicia_, or _Sidonia_. Ancient country on the Syrian coast. The Phoenicians were navigators and traders.

_Phrygia._ Ancient country of Asia Minor, later a Roman province.

_Po._ River of Italy.

_Poland._ Polish: Polska. Republic of Europe, formed after the World War. The old kingdom was divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

_Pompeii._ Ancient city of Campania, Italy, at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius. Overwhelmed by an eruption in A. D. 79 and covered with volcanic soil. Much of it has been preserved and is now exposed to view.

_Pontus Euxinus_ or _Pontus_. Ancient name for the Black Sea. A kingdom, later a Roman province, on its coast was called Pontus.

_Port-au-Prince._ Capital of Haiti.

_Portland._ City and port of entry of Oregon. City and port of Maine.

_Porto Rico._ Spanish: Puerto Rico. Island of West Indies, colony of U. S.

_Port Said._ City of Lower Egypt on the Mediterranean. Terminus of Suez Canal.

_Portsmouth._ City of Hampshire, England. Important naval station.

_Portugal._ Republic of western Europe.

_Posen._ Province of Poland and its capital, once a Hanse town.

_Prague._ Bohemian: Praha. Capital of Czecho-Slovakia. Founded about 1100. Important commercial and educational center. Located on the Moldau.

_Provence._ Old province of France. The language, Provençal, is of great importance in literary history. Some attempts have been made to revive it.

_Providence._ Capital of Rhode Island, port. Seat of Brown University.

_Prussia._ German: Preussen. Former kingdom of Europe, now an important part of the German Republic.

_Pyrenees._ Mountains between Spain and France.

_Quebec._ Province of Canada and its capital, founded in 1608.

_Queenstown._ Gaelic: Cobh. Irish port.

_Rangoon._ City of Pegu Division, Burma, capital and chief port of the country.

_Red._ Sea between Arabia and Egypt, through which Suez Canal traffic passes.

_Reno._ City of Nevada, divorce center.

_Rheims_ or _Reims_. City of Marne Department, France. An old city with a celebrated cathedral, badly damaged in the World War.

_Rhine._ Celebrated river of Europe. Part of the river runs between France and Germany.

_Rhone._ River of Switzerland and France.

_Richmond._ City of Virginia, its capital and for a time the seat of government of the Confederate States of America.

_Riga._ Capital of Latvia. Founded in 1201, was once a Hanse Town.

_Rio de Janeiro._ Capital of Brazil, in many ways the most important city of South America.

_Riviera._ Coastal district on Mediterranean, in France and Italy.

_Rochester._ Important manufacturing city of New York State.

_Rome._ Italian and Latin: Roma. Province of Italy and its capital, also the capital of the kingdom. Center of the western branch of the Catholic Church. Perhaps Rome was originally formed from a group of villages founded by people from Alba Longa, the most ancient town in Latium. It became the center of a great empire.

_Rosario._ City of Santa Fe, Argentina.

_Rotterdam._ Old city, great commercial center of the Netherlands.

_Rouen._ City of France, on the Seine. Of considerable historical interest.

_Roumania_ or _Rumania_. Kingdom of Europe. Includes the former principalities of Wallachia and Moldovia, also Transylvania and Bessarabia.

_Russia._ Country of Europe. Officially, it is the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic. Mail is addressed to U. S. S. R., the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, which includes also Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and White Russia, as well as various other districts. The U. S. S. R. includes a great deal of territory inhabited by non-Russians, although less than the old Russian Empire.

_Sahara._ Desert of northern Africa.

_Saint Helena._ British island in the Atlantic where Napoleon spent the last years of his life.

_Saint Lawrence._ River of southeastern Canada, flowing into Gulf of St. Lawrence.

_Saint Louis._ City of Missouri, on the west bank of the Mississippi. Important manufacturing and commercial center.

_Saint Paul._ Capital of Minnesota. One of the “Twin Cities,” with Minneapolis.

_Saint Petersburg._ City founded by Peter the Great, now called Leningrad, q. v.

_Salamanca._ Province of Spain and its capital, of historical interest.

_Salamis._ Island off the western coast of Attica, Greece. The Greeks defeated the Persian fleet of Xerxes nearby, B. C. 480.

_Salem._ Seaport of Massachusetts, of historical interest.

_Salerno._ Ancient name: Salernum. City of Italy, capital of the province of Salerno, and located on the gulf of the same name. Important in the middle ages.

_Salonica_ or _Saloniki_. Province of Greece and its capital. Center of operation of the Allied Macedonian forces in the Great War.

_Salt Lake City._ Capital of Utah, center of Mormon Church.

_Salvador._ Republic of Central America.

_Samaria._ City of ancient Palestine, capital of the kingdom of Israel, which became the Roman province of Samaria. The modern Samaritans belong to a small tribe called “Sons of Israel.”

_Samarkand._ City of Turkestan, Soviet Republics. According to tradition, founded between 3000 and 4000 B. C. Called Maracanda by the ancients. Was for a time a Mohammedan sacred city. Also spelled: Samarcand.

_Samnium._ Country of ancient Italy. The Samnites were, after hard resistance, conquered and enslaved by the Romans.

_Samos._ Greek island in the Aegean Sea. The ancient Samians founded many colonies. The capital, of the same name, was once a splendid city.

_Samothrace._ Modern Greek: Samothraki. Small island in the Aegean Sea, anciently celebrated for its religious mysteries.

_San Francisco._ City and port of California, first settled by the Spanish. The celebrated earthquake occurred in 1906.

_San Marino._ Tiny independent state surrounded by Italian territory, and its capital.

_Santo Domingo._ See Dominican Republic.

_Santos._ City of Brazil from which much coffee is shipped.

_Sarajevo._ Capital of Bosnia, Jugo-Slavia. Here took place the murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, the direct cause of the World War.

_Saratov._ Province of Russia and its capital.

_Sardinia._ Italian: Sardegna. Large island in the Mediterranean, part of Italy. It was the king of Sardinia (who had possessions also on the mainland) that became the first monarch of the kingdom of Italy.

_Sardis._ Ancient city of Asia Minor, capital of the Lydian Empire and then of the province of Lydia.

_Sarmatia._ Ancient name given to a district including eastern Poland and the southern part of European Russia. In modern poetic and rhetorical use, Poland.

_Savoy._ French: Savoie. Duchy ceded to France by Sardinia.

_Scamander._ River of the Trojan territory, frequently mentioned by Homer. The modern name of the Scamander, as of the old Maeander, is now Menderez.

_Scandinavia._ Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, with Iceland usually included. Finland is not, strictly speaking, a Scandinavian country, but it has shown an inclination to ally itself firmly with them. The Scandinavian Peninsula is divided between Norway and Sweden.

_Schleswig._ Province of Germany and its capital. Part of Schleswig is to be Danish. See also Schleswig-Holstein.

_Schleswig-Holstein._ Former Prussian province, taken from the control of the king of Denmark by Bismarck. The two duchies, and especially Holstein, were considered to be part of Germany, and the attempt to make them Danish soil was resented by Prussia and Austria.

_Scio._ Island of the Aegean Sea. As the ancient Chios, it was celebrated for wine and marble.

_Scotia._ Latinization of Scotland. The Romans called the northern part of Britain Caledonia.

_Scotland._ The northern part of Great Britain; long an independent kingdom, then united under one sovereign with England, finally merged with it.

_Scythia._ Ancient name for southeastern Europe, also for northern Asia. Both these regions are largely within the present Soviet Republics.

_Seattle._ City and port of entry of Washington.

_Sedan._ City of Ardennes Department, France. Here Napoleon III surrendered with his army in the Franco-Prussian War. Damaged in the World War.

_Seine._ River of France.

_Seleucia._ Name of several cities in Asia built by Seleucis I, King of Syria. One was near modern Bagdad, a second near Antioch, and there were at least four more.

_Senlac._ Low hill near Hastings, England, where William the Conqueror defeated King Harald of England. Harald was slain in this Battle of Senlac or Hastings, 1066, and Norman William became king of England.

_Serbia_ or _Servia_. Serbian: Srbija. Former Balkan kingdom, out of which Jugo-Slavia has grown.

_Sestus._ Ancient town in Thrace, celebrated for the love affair of Hero and Leander and for the bridge of boats Xerxes built here across the Hellespont (Dardanelles).

_Sevastopol._ Port of Crimea, Russia, besieged in Crimean War. Also spelled: Sebastopol.

_Seville._ Spanish: Sevilla. Province of Spain and its capital, which is on the Guadalquivir. The Hispalis of the Romans, important under Moorish rule.

_Shanghai._ City of Kiangsu, China. Treaty port, with large foreign settlement.

_Shantung._ Province of China, formerly dominated by Germany, now by Japan.

_Shaohingfu._ City of Chekiang, China.

_Sheba_ or _Saba_. Old Arabian country whose queen visited Solomon at Jerusalem.

_Shechem_ or _Sichem_ or _Sychem_ or _Sychar_. City of ancient Palestine, for a time the capital of Israel. The city was destroyed, and Vespasian built the city of Neapolis on its site.

_Sheffield._ City of Yorkshire, England. Has been celebrated for its cutlery for many centuries.

_Siam._ Monarchy of Asia, occupying the western part of Indo-China.

_Siangtan._ City of Hunan, China.

_Siberia._ Northern Russia in Asia. It is part of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic; i. e., Russia proper.

_Sicily._ Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea. Italian and Latin: Sicilia. Greek and Carthaginian cities here were rivals for a time, until the Romans conquered the whole island. With the kingdom of Naples, made up the monarchy of the Two Sicilies.

_Sicyonia._ District of northeastern Peloponnesus in ancient Greece. Its chief city, Sicyon, was an artistic center.

_Sidon._ Modern: Saida. Chief city of ancient Phoenicia.

_Siena._ Province of Italy and its capital, which has an old university and which was once an artistic center.

_Sinai._ Arabian peninsula and desert, also mountain where Jehovah, according to tradition, gave Moses the Ten Commandments.

_Singan_ or _Singanfoo_ or _Sianfu_. City of Shenshi, China, capital of the province and formerly of the country. Of considerable commercial importance, and has a population of about a million.

_Singapore._ British dependency of Straits Settlements and its capital, seaport and commercial center.

_Slavonia._ Former Hungarian crownland, now in Jugo-Slavia.

_Smyrna._ Seaport of Asia Minor, Turkey. Temporarily a Greek protectorate after World War.

_Sofia._ Bulgarian: Sredetz. Capital of Bulgaria.

_Soissons._ City of Aisne Department, France, around which there was much fighting during the World War.

_South Africa, Union of._ Autonomous British colony including Cape of Good Hope, Transvaal, Natal, and Orange Free State.

_Southampton._ Seaport of Hampshire, England, where many transatlantic passengers are landed.

_Spain._ Spanish: España. European kingdom, sharing the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal.

_Springfield._ Name of a number of cities in U.S., as the capital of Illinois, manufacturing center in Massachusetts, and places of more or less importance in Missouri, Ohio, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Vermont.

_Stamboul._ Name given, especially by the French, to Constantinople.

_Stockholm._ Province of Sweden and its capital, also the capital of the kingdom. Seaport.

_Strassburg._ City of Alsace, France. Founded by the Romans, who called it Argentoratum.

_Stratford-on-Avon._ Municipal borough of Warwickshire, England. Here William Shakespeare was born.

_Stuttgart._ Capital of Württemberg, Germany. Founded in the thirteenth century.

_Suchau_ or _Soochow_. City of Kiangsu, China. Treaty port.

_Suez._ City of Egypt, southern (Red Sea) terminus of Suez Canal, which goes north to the Mediterranean.

_Surabaya_ or _Soerabaya_. Dutch: Soerabaja. Dutch province of Java and its capital, a seaport.

_Susa_ or (Biblical) _Shusan_. Winter residence of the Persian kings of antiquity, in Elam.

_Sweden._ Scandinavian kingdom of Europe. Has been united with Denmark and Norway, with the latter of which it shares the Scandinavian Peninsula. The last Swedish-Norwegian union lasted from 1814 to 1905.

_Switzerland._ German: Schweiz. French: Suisse. Italian: Svizzera. Republic of Europe. The most important of the languages spoken are, in the order named, German, French, Italian, and Romansh. S. is a confederation of cantons, and the division of governmental powers between local divisions and the federal authorities somewhat resembles the U. S. system. The Swiss navy is not very important.

_Sybaris._ Ancient Greek town in Lucania. The wealthy inhabitants were experts in providing delight to their senses. This colony of southern Italy has left to us the word _sybarite_, a luxury-loving and usually effeminate person.

_Sydney._ Capital and important commercial center of New South Wales, Australia.

_Syracuse._ Italian: Siracusa. City of Sicily, the chief town in ancient times. Founded by Dorian Greeks. The Athenians were defeated here B. C. 413. Also, city of New York State.

_Syria_ or _Aram_. In the widest sense, the region in western Asia bounded by the Mediterranean, the Arabian Desert, the Tigris, and the mountains of Armenia, inhabited by Semitic peoples. Also the region north of Palestine now under French control.

_Tabriz._ Capital of Persian Azerbaijan. Important commercial center.

_Tagus._ Spanish: Tajo. Portuguese: Tejo. River of Spain and Portugal.

_Tanagra._ Ancient town of Boeotia, Greece. The Athenians were defeated nearby, B. C. 457.

_Tananarivo_ or _Antananarivo_. French: Tananarive. Capital of Madagascar.

_Tangier._ Seaport of Morocco, where Emperor William II made a speech in 1905 which helped to bring about the World War.

_Taranto._ Ancient: Tarentum. City of Lecce, Apulia, Italy. Was the leading Greek city in Italy, and under Roman rule it had a reputation for luxury.

_Tarshish._ Country mentioned in the Bible, connected with shipping. It is not known just where T. was. The Phoenician coast and Italy are possibilities.

_Tarsus._ City of Turkey. Was the capital of the Roman province of Cilicia. St. Paul was born here.

_Tartary_ or _Tatary_. Country of the Tartars or Tatars. Parts of Russia and central and eastern Asia.

_Tasmania._ Island near Australia, part of the Australian Commonwealth.

_Taurus._ Mountain chain of Asia Minor.

_Teheran._ Capital of Persia and important commercial center.

_Tempe._ Valley of ancient Thessaly, the beauty of which is much praised by ancient poets.

_Tenedos._ Turkish island in the Aegean Sea. The Greeks retired here, in Homer’s story, when they left the iron horse before Troy.

_Teos._ The ancient town in Asia Minor where Anacreon was born.

_Thames._ Celebrated river of England, also rivers in Connecticut and Ontario, Canada.

_Thasus._ Greek island in the Aegean Sea, at one time occupied by the Phoenicians.

_Thebes_ or _Thebae_. Two cities of antiquity. One was the capital of Egypt for a time, and was said to be the oldest city in the world. It is the No or No-Ammon of the Bible. The other was the chief city of Boeotia, important in Greek legend. It is the modern Thivai.

_Thermopylae._ Pass leading from Thessaly into Locris, Greece. Here Leonidas and his three hundred Spartans valiantly fought against the armies of Xerxes, B. C. 480. Also called: Pylae.

_Thessalonica_ and _Therma_. Ancient names for Salonica, q. v.

_Thessaly._ Ancient division of Greece. Also: Thessalia.

_Thrace_ or _Thracia_. Ancient country of eastern Europe, part of the Macedonian Empire, then a Roman province.

_Tiber._ Latin: Tiberis, Tybris, Tiberinus. Italian: Tevere. River of Italy, on which Rome stands.

_Tibet._ Asiatic country dependent on China. Also: Thibet.

_Tierra del Fuego._ Islands at the southern tip of South America, separated from mainland by the Strait of Magellan.

_Tiflis._ Province of Asiatic Russia and its capital.

_Tigris._ River of western Asia, joins Euphrates and falls into the Persian Gulf.

_Tokio_ or _Tokyo_. Capital and chief city of Japan.

_Toledo._ Province of Spain and its capital, a city of much historical importance. Has been capital of Visigoth and Mohammedan kingdoms and of the Christian kingdom of Castile. Ecclesiastical center of Spain. The swords of T. have been famous. Also, city of Ohio, manufacturing center and lake port.

_Toronto._ Capital of Ontario, Canada, located on Lake Ontario.

_Toulon._ French port and naval station on the Mediterranean.

_Toulouse._ Old city of Haute-Garonne, France, capital of the department. University.

_Trafalgar._ Spanish cape near which Nelson won a great naval victory but was himself slain.

_Transylvania._ District of Hungary transferred to Roumania after the World War.