Part 2

_Damascus._ One of the oldest cities of the world. Has been under Syrian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Turkish rule. This pleasant and commercially important Syrian city is now under French control.

_Danube._ Important river of Europe, flowing into Black Sea.

_Danzig_ or _Dantsic_. Free international city, formerly part of Prussia, Germany. Seaport, manufacturing center, with an interesting history.

_Dardanelles._ Strait between Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmora, now between Greek and Turkish (Asian) territory. The whole area of the Straits, waters connecting Black and Mediterranean Seas, with adjacent land, has been demilitarized.

_Dauphiné._ Former province of France. The heir to French throne was formerly called the Dauphin, that is, ruler of D.

_Dead._ Sea, salt lake in Palestine.

_Delhi._ Province of British India and its capital, also capital of Indian Empire. An ancient city.

_Delos._ Island in Aegean Sea, seat of worship of Apollo. Games were held here every five years in ancient times.

_Delphi._ Small town in Phocis, in old Greece, famous for oracle. In Homer: Pytho. Pythian games were celebrated at D.

_Denmark._ Danish: Danmark. Kingdom of northern Europe, one of the Scandinavian countries. Includes northern part of peninsula of Jutland and a group of islands.

_Denver._ Capital of Colorado, one of the chief cities of Mountain States.

_Detroit._ Chief city of Michigan, center of automobile industry.

_Dnieper._ Important river of Russia.

_Dniester._ European river, boundary between Roumania and Soviet Republics (Ukrainia).

_Dominican Republic_ or _Santo Domingo_. Republic, eastern part of the island of Haiti. Population largely colored.

_Douai_ or _Douay_. French city, damaged in World War. Here Bible translation of the English Catholics was published.

_Dresden._ Capital of Saxony, Germany; of great historical interest.

_Dublin._ Capital of Ireland. Part of its interesting history is an occupation by the Danes in the middle ages.

_Dvina._ River of Russia, also known as the Northern D., flowing into the Gulf of D., a branch of White Sea. Another river, no longer entirely Russian, known also as the Western D., or the Düna, flowing into the Gulf of Riga.

_East Indies._ Somewhat indefinite name, applied usually to Malay Archipelago, sometimes still inclusive of India and Indo-China. Formerly the Indies, without qualification; but the application of the name Indies to islands near the American mainland caused the differentiation.

_Eboracum._ Chief Roman town in Britain, now the English city of York.

_Ecuador._ Republic of South America.

_Edinburgh._ City of Scotland, long the capital and, historically, the most important place in the country. The university is old and celebrated.

_Egypt._ Country of northern Africa under English control. In effect, a British colony. Land of very ancient civilization and history both old and varied. E. fell under Turkish rule in 1517, and remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire until the World War. Arabic has been for some time the chief language.

_Elba._ Mediterranean island belonging to Italy. Napoleon was sent to Elba upon his first downfall.

_Elis._ Ancient country of Greece, considered sacred because of the games at Olympia.

_England._ A division of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Because of its dominance, its name is sometimes applied loosely to the whole country and its empire. The adjective especially is used in this way, and we say “English” or “British” of a colony without change in meaning.

_English Channel._ The channel that separates England from France and connects Straits of Dover (leading to North Sea) with the Atlantic.

_Ephesus._ Ancient Ionian city on the coast of Asia Minor. Here stood a famous temple to Artemis. E. fell under the successive control of Lydia, Persia, Macedonia, and Rome.

_Essen._ City of Rhenish Prussia, Germany. Here were located the Krupp munition works. Many medieval remains.

_Esthonia._ Republic of northwestern Europe formed as a result of the World War, made up of the old Russian government of E. and part of Livonia. Esthonian, a Finnish dialect, is spoken, as well as German, Russian, and other languages.

_Ethiopia._ Old country of Africa. The adjectives and nouns Ethiopic and Ethiopian may refer to a Semitic language or the race of dark-skinned peoples including the Negroes.

_Etruria_ or _Tuscia_ or (Greek) _Tyrrhenia_. Ancient country in central Italy. The Romans called the inhabitants Tuscans. Much of the Roman civilization was of Tuscan origin.

_Euphrates._ Important river of western Asia.

_Eurasia._ Europe and Asia. The two are customarily considered as separate continents, and probably it would be inconvenient to give up the old names, but the map shows that they are really one, the continent of Eurasia. It is not so much the mountains between as cultural differences which separate Europe and Asia. Russia was long, and in some ways still remains, an Asian country in this respect.

_Europe._ Continent, part of Eurasia (q. v.). Has been called a peninsula of Asia, to emphasize the fact that it is much smaller--the area is about 3,789,000 sq. mi. Nevertheless, the world has been and is being Europeanized. It is true, indeed, that much which we consider European arose in western Asia, and that New York is tending to become the great center of European civilization. For an American, the most important thing to realize is the great variety of languages and national institutions to be found within a small space.

_Everest._ Mountain, one of the Himalayas, believed to be the highest in the world.

_Fez._ One of the capitals of Morocco.

_Fiji._ British colony, islands in the Pacific.

_Finland._ Formerly a grand duchy ruled by Russian czars. Still earlier, occupied by Lapps, ruled by Sweden. Now a republic. The Finns and Lapps are not of the Aryan race, but of the Mongol group. The Finns call themselves Suomi. Culturally, Finland has been closer to Sweden than to Russia.

_Fiume._ Free city on the Adriatic, formerly belonging to Hungary, claimed by both Italy and Jugo-Slavia, now Italian.

_Flanders._ Country of Europe divided among Netherlands, Belgium, and France. The language of F., Flemish, is a dialect of Dutch. It has recently been revived for literary purposes.

_Flodden._ Hill in England. At the Battle of Flodden Field, 1513, King James IV of Scotland was defeated and killed.

_Florence._ Italian: Firenze. Capital of Tuscany, Italy. Celebrated for history and art.

_Foochow._ Capital of Fukien, China. Treaty port.

_Formosa._ Island north of Philippines, belonging to Japan. Also called Taiwan.

_Fort Sumter._ Fortress in harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, where the Civil War began.

_France._ Republic of western Europe.

_Franche-Comté._ Former French province.

_Franconia._ Former duchy of Germany.

_Frankfurt-am-Main._ English: Frankfurt-on-the-Main. City of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, Germany. Was capital of the German Confederation.

_Galatia._ Ancient country of Asia Minor, settled by Gauls.

_Galicia._ Old kingdom of Spain. Also former (Polish) crownland of Austria.

_Galilee._ In the Greek period, the name for northwestern Palestine. A Roman province. A Galilean means a Christian, as the word is now most used.

_Gallipoli._ Peninsula north of Dardanelles. The Entente Allies tried unsuccessfully during the World War to capture Constantinople, landing troops here. See also Chersonesus.

_Ganges._ Important river of India, flowing into Bay of Bengal.

_Gascony._ French: Gascogne. Former province of France. The Gascons were supposed to be boastful swaggerers.

_Gaul_ or _Gallia_. In Roman times, the country occupied by the Galli or Celtae. Gaul was divided into three parts: Aquitania, Celtica, and Belgica. It consisted of the present France and some neighboring sections. Gallia Cisalpina was a Roman province in the north of Italy.

_Geneva._ German: Genf. Canton of Switzerland and its capital, which is of interest in many ways. Associated with Rousseau and Calvin. Now the seat of the League of Nations. French: Genève.

_Genoa._ Italian: Genova. Important Italian commercial city and port. Of great historical significance.

_German Ocean._ Name sometimes applied to North Sea.

_Germany._ Republic of Europe, formerly an Empire. In German: Deutschland. The Germania of the Romans did not occupy precisely the same territory as modern Germany, extending to the Baltic and the Carpathian Mountains. The medieval organization was feudal, with the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation including many non-German districts. Bismarck organized the German Empire (Reich) with the king of Prussia at the head. Many German districts are now outside the republic. The treaties which followed the World War forbade Germany and Austria to unite.

_Ghent._ French: Gand. Capital of East Flanders, Belgium. Of great historical interest.

_Gibraltar._ Fortified rock and town, a British possession commanding Strait of G., entrance to Mediterranean Sea. On Iberian (Spanish-Portuguese) Peninsula.

_Glasgow._ A Scottish city on the Clyde. Said to have been founded in the sixth century. The greatest manufacturing and commercial center of Scotland.

_Göteborg_ or _Gothenburg_. Important city of Sweden. Port.

_Great Britain._ England, Scotland, and Wales, as an island, or, before the addition of Ireland, as a kingdom. Used often instead of the more cumbersome title of “the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.” Only a part of Ireland remains united, incidentally.

_Greece._ Greek: Hellas. Republic of Europe, also a memory of ancient glory. The modern Greeks are not pure descendants of the ancient people who occupied the country.

_Greenland._ Danish: Grönland. Large island northeast of North America, part of which is under Danish control. Much of it is always covered with ice.

_Greenwich._ Borough of London where an important observatory is located.

_Greenwich Village._ Former village, but long in the most thickly-settled part of the city of New York. Center of “Bohemian” and artistic life, not to mention bootleggers and cellar dance-halls where the smoke can be cut with knife and fork.

_Guatemala._ Republic of Central America and its capital, also called G. la Nueva.

_Guiana._ Region on Atlantic coast of South America, including British, French, and Dutch G., which are colonies, and parts of Brazil and Venezuela. The name is sometimes confined to the three colonies.

_Guinea._ Region on Atlantic coast of Africa.

_Hague, The._ Dutch: ’s Gravenhage. Capital of the Netherlands and seat of the World Court.

_Haiti_ or _Hayti_. Island of West Indies, formerly a French colony, and a republic occupying the western part of the island. Strongly influenced by U. S.

_Halle-an-der-Saale._ City of Prussian Saxony, Germany. Was a member of the Hanseatic League. Has a celebrated university.

_Hamburg._ Free city of Germany, of great commercial importance. Was a member of the Hanseatic League.

_Hangchow._ City of Chekiang, China.

_Hankow._ City of Yangtse, China. Treaty port.

_Hanover._ German: Hannover. Province of Prussia, Germany, and its capital.

_Hanseatic League._ Commercial and defensive union of mostly German cities in the middle ages. The members were called Hanse or Hansa Towns.

_Havana._ Spanish: Habana. Province of Cuba and its capital, also the capital of the republic. Important commercial city and port.

_Hawaiian_ or _Sandwich Islands_. Colony of U. S. in Pacific.

_Hebrides._ Islands west of Scotland.

_Heidelberg._ University city of Baden, Germany.

_Hejaz_ or _Hedjaz_. One of the new states which arose from the World War. In Arabia, formerly a Turkish administrative unit.

_Helicon._ Range of mountains in Boeotia, Greece, which was sacred to Apollo and the Muses in ancient times. Here Aganippe and Hippocrene, fountains of the Muses, poured forth their waters.

_Hellas._ Greek name, also poetic term, for Greece.

_Helsingfors._ Finnish: Helsinki. Capital of Finland.

_Herat._ City in Afghanistan, of military importance.

_Herculaneum._ Ancient city in Campania, Italy, destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A. D. 79.

_Herzegovina._ Former Turkish province, then under Austrian rule with Bosnia, now part of Jugo-Slavia.

_Himalayan._ Mountains, also called the Himalayas, north of India.

_Hindustan._ India; specifically, a large region in the north.

_Hispania._ Latin name for Iberian peninsula.

_Holland._ Popular name for the Netherlands, on account of the dominating position of the province so called. H. proper is now divided into two provinces, North and South H.

_Holstein._ Former duchy of Denmark, later part of Prussia with Schleswig. See Schleswig-Holstein.

_Honduras._ Republic of Central America.

_Hongkong._ Island on Chinese coast, British colony, and its capital, also known as Victoria, a free port and important commercial center.

_Honolulu._ Capital of territory of Hawaii.

_Honshu_ or _Hondo_. Principal island of Japan.

_Hungary._ The country of the Magyars, formerly a kingdom bound to the Austrian Empire chiefly through a common monarch. Lost much territory during World War.

_Iberia._ Greek name for the peninsula where Spain and Portugal now are, called the Iberian Peninsula in modern times also. Also the ancient name for a region in Asia north of Armenia.

_Iceland._ Danish island in the Atlantic.

_Ilium._ Troy, the ancient city.

_Illyria._ Ancient country, including regions now known as Albania, Croatia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia. Part of Illyria was formed into the Roman province of Illyricum.

_India._ Country or region of Asia. The Indian Empire, which does not include all of India, is British. The native states are included in the empire, but not French and Portuguese India.

_Indianapolis._ Capital and chief city of Indiana.

_Indian Ocean._ Body of water south of India, east of Africa, west of Australia.

_Indo-China._ Asian peninsula south and west of China.

_Indus._ Great river of India.

_Ionia._ Ancient region on the western coast of Asia Minor, settled by Ionian Greeks.

_Irak_ or _Iraq_. Mesopotamia. Nominally independent, but under British control.

_Iran._ Persian name for Persia, q. v.

_Ireland._ An island, one of the British Isles. Now divided between the (Catholic, nationalistic) Irish Free State, where an attempt has been made to revive the old language, Gaelic, and Northern I., still closely bound to Great Britain.

_Irish Sea._ Part of the Atlantic, between Ireland and northern England.

_Ispahan._ City of Persia, former capital, of historic importance.

_Istria._ Former Austrian crownland, now Italian.

_Italy._ Italian: Italia. This is also the form used by the Romans beginning in the time of Augustus. Kingdom of Europe.

_Ithaca._ Island in the Ionian Sea and ancient city where Homer’s Odysseus reigned.

_Jaffa._ In ancient times: Joppa. Port of Palestine.

_Jamaica._ British island of the West Indies.

_Japan._ Japanese: Nippon. Asiatic empire, the “great power” of the Orient.

_Java._ Dutch island in the East Indies.

_Jena._ City of Saxe-Weimar, Germany. University. Napoleon routed the Prussians at J. in 1806.

_Jerusalem._ Capital of Palestine. Of immense historical and religious importance. Holy to Jews, Mohammedans, and Christians.

_Johannesburg._ City of Transvaal, Union of South Africa

_Jordan._ Most important river of Palestine. Here, according to the Bible, many miracles took place.

_Judah._ Kingdom of southern Palestine, ruled by “the house of David” from Jerusalem.

_Judea._ Roman province in Palestine. Also a name for Israel, Jewry, in general.

_Jugo-Slavia._ Also spelled: Yugo-Slavia. The country of the southern Slavs, made up of Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, and Montenegro. Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.

_Kabul._ Capital of Afghanistan.

_Kansas City._ Important packing and commercial center on the Missouri River, chiefly in Missouri, also in Kansas (two separate cities).

_Khartum._ Capital of Sudan, Africa.

_Kiaochow._ City and district of Shantung, China, taken from Germany by Japan.

_Kiel._ City of Holstein, Prussia, Germany. Formerly a great German naval station. University. Eastern terminus of K. or Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, connecting Baltic and North Seas.

_Kiev._ Also _Kief_ or _Kieff_. Important city of Ukrania, Soviet Republics, of great antiquity.

_Kingston-on-Hull_ or _Hull_. City and port of Yorkshire, England.

_Kishinev._ Capital of Bessarabia, now in Roumania. Scene of Jewish massacres under Russian rule.

_Königsberg._ Capital of East Prussia, Germany.

_Korea._ Also _Corea_ or _Chosen_. Formerly independent country of Asia, since 1910 ruled by Japan.

_Kovno._ Capital of Lithuania. Lithuanian: Kaunas.

_Kurland_ or _Courland_. Former duchy and Russian province, now in Latvia.

_Laconica_ or _Laconia_. A country of Greece, ruled from Sparta (Lacedaemon).

_Lahore._ Capital of Punjab, India.

_Lanchow_ or _Lanchowfu_. Capital of Kansu, China.

_Languedoc._ Former province of France.

_Latium._ Country of ancient Italy, occupied by Latini. Rome struggled long against L., finally dissolving Latin League.

_Latvia._ Republic formed out of Russian territory after World War.

_Leicester._ Capital of Leicestershire, England.

_Leipzig_ or _Leipsic_. City of Saxony, Germany. Publishing center. At Battle of L. or of the Nations, 1813, Napoleon was badly defeated.

_Lemberg._ Polish: Lwów. City of East Galicia, Poland. Formerly ruled by Austria-Hungary. There was hard fighting around L. during World War.

_Leningrad._ Formerly St. Petersburg, Petersburg, Petrograd. Great city, formerly capital, of Russia. Founded by Peter the Great as a window opening out on Western Europe.

_Lesbos._ Island in the Aegean Sea. Birthplace of Sappho. _Lesbian_ sometimes means pertaining to homosexuality between females.

_Levant._ The eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, its islands and coastal districts.

_Liberia._ Negro republic in Africa.

_Liechtenstein._ Petty principality between Austria and Switzerland.

_Lille._ City of northern France, around which there was much fighting in the World War.

_Lisbon._ Portuguese: Lisboa. Capital and important city of Portugal. The earthquake of 1755 caused great destruction.

_Lithuania._ One of the states formed in Europe after the World War. The Lithuanian Republic claims the Vilna district, now held by Poland.

_Liverpool._ City of Lancashire, England, second port of Great Britain, of educational and commercial importance.

_Lodz._ City of Piotrkow, Poland, formerly Russian.

_Loire._ River of France.

_London._ Capital and most important city of the United Kingdom. One of the great world cities; in population inferior to New York (including suburbs in each case).

_Lorraine._ An old duchy of Germany, incorporated in France, part of which came into German Alsace-Lorraine. Now all French.

_Los Angeles._ City of southern California, center of motion picture production.

_Louisville._ City of Kentucky, on Ohio River.

_Low Countries._ The old Netherlands; the present Belgium, Luxemburg, and Netherlands.

_Luxemburg._ Independent grand duchy of Europe, now in economic union with Belgium.

_Lydia._ Ancient division of Asia Minor, early seat of civilization.

_Lyons._ French: Lyon. Important city of France, silk manufacturing center.

_Macedonia._ Ancient country north of Greece, whose rulers, Philip and Alexander, built up an empire which was finally overthrown by the Romans. Most of M. belongs now to Greece and Jugo-Slavia.

_Madagascar._ Large island, French colony, off the east coast of Africa.

_Madras._ Presidency of British India and its capital.

_Madrid._ Province of Spain and its capital, also the capital and principal city of the kingdom.

_Maeander_ or _Meander_. River of Asia Minor noted for its wandering course, now called the Menderez.

_Magdeburg._ Capital of Prussian Saxony, Germany. Scene of a massacre in the Thirty Years’ War.

_Magellan._ Strait between Tierra del Fuego and South American mainland.

_Mainz_ or _Mayence_. City of Hesse, Germany, of historical and ecclesiastical importance. Located on the Rhine.

_Majorca._ Largest of Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean.

_Malta._ Island and British colony in the Mediterranean Sea.

_Manchester._ City of Lancashire, most important industrial center of England.

_Manchuria._ Country of Asia, a Chinese dependency.

_Mandalay._ Capital of British Upper Burma.

_Manhattan._ Borough of New York City, also island. Here are located the most important offices and many of the factories of the city. M. is the original New York, and still the heart of the city.

_Manila._ Capital of Luzon and of Philippine Islands, on Pasig River and Manila Bay. Great hemp market.

_Marathon._ Village of ancient Attica, where the Athenians and the Persians fought an important battle, B. C. 490.

_Marmora._ Sea between Bosporus and Dardanelles, called Propontis by the ancients. All these waters have been of immense political importance.

_Marne._ River of France, scene of two important battles in World War.

_Marseilles._ French: Marseille. Second city of France, leading port. Located on Gulf of Lyons.

_Masurian._ Lakes and canals in East Prussia. Region where Russian armies were badly beaten during World War.

_Mauritius._ Island in the Indian Ocean, British colony.

_Mecca._ City of Hedjaz, Arabia. Holy city of Islam, birthplace of Mohammed.

_Medicine Hat._ Small city of Alberta, Canada, often mentioned in weather reports.

_Medina._ City of Hedjaz, Arabia. Holy city of Islam.

_Mediterranean._ Important sea, almost entirely enclosed by Europe, Asia, and Africa.

_Melbourne._ Capital of Victoria, Australia. Important commercially.

_Memphis._ Great city and for a time the capital of ancient Egypt. Modern city of southwestern Tennessee.

_Mesopotamia._ Region between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. See Irak.

_Mexico._ Spanish: Méjico. Mexican Spanish: México. Republic of North America, south of the United States.

_Mexico._ Gulf, north and east of Mexican Republic.

_Milan._ Italian: Milano. Province of Italy and its capital, second city of the kingdom. Great manufacturing center.

_Miletus._ Ancient city of Asia Minor, of philosophical interest.

_Milwaukee._ Chief city of Wisconsin, on Lake Michigan.

_Minneapolis._ City of Minneapolis, flour center. With St. Paul, one of the “Twin Cities.” On the Mississippi.

_Mississippi._ Important river of the United States. The M.-Missouri is considered by geographers the longest river of the world.

_Monaco._ Petty independent principality on the Mediterranean, surrounded on land sides by French territory.

_Mongolia._ Country of Asia dependent on China.

_Monte Carlo._ Gambling resort of Monaco.

_Montenegro._ Former Balkan kingdom, now part of Jugo-Slavia.

_Montevideo._ Capital of Uruguay.

_Montreal._ City of Quebec, Canada, on the St. Lawrence River. Most important place in Canada.

_Moravia._ Former crownland of Austria, now in Czecho-Slovakia.

_Morea._ Southern peninsula of Greece. Peloponnesus.

_Morocco._ Country of northern Africa, controlled chiefly by France and in part by Spain.

_Moscow._ Province of Russia and its capital, also the capital of the country. Founded in the twelfth century.

_Munich._ German: München. Capital of Bavaria, Germany. The art collections, university, and breweries are all important.

_Mycenae._ Ancient town in Argolis, Greece. Important in Homeric times.

_Mysia._ Ancient district of Asia Minor, at one time part of the kingdom of Pergamus.

_Mytilene._ Modern name for Lesbos, q. v. Chief city of Lesbos.

_Nanking._ Capital of Kiangsu, China, and literary center of the country. Treaty port.

_Nantes._ City of France, on the Loire, of considerable historical importance.