CHAPTER IX. THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN FRANCE AND GERMANY 203

THE SITUATION IN FRANCE IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT 203 THE ENGLISH INFLUENCE IN FRANCE 206 THE TWO PERIODS OF THE FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT 207 THE INTELLECTUAL ENLIGHTENMENT (1729–1762)――VOLTAIRE, MONTESQUIEU, AND THE ENCYCLOPÆDISTS 208 VOLTAIRE (1694–1778) 209 THE ENCYCLOPÆDISTS 211 THE SOCIAL ENLIGHTENMENT (1762–1789) 213 ROUSSEAU (1712–1778) 213 THE GERMAN ENLIGHTENMENT (1740–1781) 216 THE INTRODUCTORY PERIOD (1648–1740). ABSOLUTISM 217 1. The Rise of Prussia 218 2. The Early German Literature 219 3. The Pietistic Movement 219 4. The Transformation of Leibnitz’s Rationalism 220 SUMMARY OF THE LITERARY ENLIGHTENMENT OF GERMANY (1740–1781) 223 THE POLITICAL ENLIGHTENMENT OF GERMANY――FREDERICK THE GREAT 224 THE COURSE OF THE GERMAN ENLIGHTENMENT 226 LESSING 228