CHAPTER X. KANT 230

THE CONVERGENCE OF PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES IN GERMANY 230 THE THREE CHARACTERISTICS OF GERMAN PHILOSOPHY 231 THE TWO PERIODS OF GERMAN PHILOSOPHY 232 THE INFLUENCES UPON KANT 233 1. Pietism 233 2. The Leibnitz-Wolffian Philosophy 233 3. The Physics of Newton 234 4. The Humanitarianism of Rousseau 234 5. The Skepticism of Hume 235 THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF KANT (1724–1804) 235 THE PROBLEM OF KANT 238 THE METHOD OF KANT 239 THE THREEFOLD WORLD OF KANT――SUBJECTIVE STATES, THINGS-IN-THEMSELVES, AND PHENOMENA 240 THE WORLD OF KNOWLEDGE 243 THE PLACE OF SYNTHESIS IN KNOWLEDGE 245 THE JUDGMENTS INDISPENSABLE TO HUMAN KNOWLEDGE 248 THE PROOF OF THE VALIDITY OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE 252 1. In what does the Validity of Sense-♦Perception consist? 253 2. In what does the Validity of the Understanding consist? 255 HAS THE REASON BY ITSELF ANY VALIDITY? 260 THE IDEA OF THE SOUL 262 THE IDEA OF THE UNIVERSE 264 THE IDEA OF GOD 265 CONCLUSION 268 THE PROBLEM OF THE CRITIQUE OF PRACTICAL REASON: THE ETHICS OF KANT 269 THE MORAL LAW AND THE TWO QUESTIONS CONCERNING IT 271 1. The First Question concerning the Moral Law 272 2. The Second Question concerning the Moral Law 273 THE MORAL POSTULATES 275 1. The Postulate of Freedom 276 2. The Postulate of the Immortality of the Soul 276 3. The Postulate of the Existence of God 276