CHAPTER XX.

1. The Gerundive: 113, d.; H. 234. 2. Dative of Apparent Agent: 232; H. 388. 3. Ablative of Agent with +ā+ or +ab+: 246; H. 415, I.

1. The soldiers are directed[1] by Cæsar.

2. The soldiers must be directed by Cæsar.

3. The flag was displayed by the soldiers.

4. The flag had to be displayed by the soldiers.

5. Experience is often helpful[2] to soldiers.

6. The work is hindered by[3] the near approach[4] of the enemy.

[NOTES.-- 1. are directed: use +doceo+. 2. helpful: turn by a noun. 3. by the near approach: why not +ā+ or +ab+? 4. near approach: one word.]