Part 4

_hoc nihil ad sapientem pertinet_—a wise man is in no way affected by this.

_hoc in sapientem non cadit_—it is incompatible with the nature of a wise man; the wise are superior to such things.

_multum valere ad aliquid_—to contribute much towards...; to affect considerably; to be instrumental in...

_multum afferre ad aliquid_—to contribute much towards...; to affect considerably; to be instrumental in...

_magnam vim habere ad aliquid_—to have considerable influence on a question.

_positum, situm esse in aliqua re_—to depend upon a thing.

_contineri aliqua re_[2]—to depend upon a thing.

_consistere in aliqua re_—to depend upon a thing.

_pendēre ex aliqua re_—to depend upon a thing.

_in te omnia sunt_—everything depends on you.

_in ea re omnia vertuntur_—all depends on this; this is the decisive point.

_constare ex aliqua re_—to be composed of; to consist of.

_cernitur (in) aliqua re_ (not _ex aliqua re_)—it is evident from...

_in manu, in potestate alicuius situm, positum esse_—to be in a person's power.

_penes aliquem esse_—to be in a person's power.

_res integra_[3] _est_—the matter is still undecided; it is an open question.

_res mihi integra est_—I have not yet committed myself.

_mihi non est integrum, ut..._—it is no longer in my power.

_integrum (causam integram) sibi reservare_—to leave the question open; to refuse to commit oneself.

_penes te arbitrium huius rei est_—the decision of the question rests with you.

_arbitrio alicuius omnia permittere_—to put the matter entirely in some one's hands.

_omnium rerum arbitrium alicui permittere_—to put the matter entirely in some one's hands.

_arbitratu, arbitrio tuo_—just as you wish.

[1] But _respicere ad aliquid (aliquem)_ = to look round at an object.

[2] _contineri aliqua re_ also means (1) to be bounded by..., e.g. _oceano_; (2) to be limited, restricted to, e.g. _moenibus_.

[3] The proper meaning of _integer_ (_in-TAG, tango_) is untouched, unsullied.

5. Opportunity—Possibility—Occasion—Chance

_occasio datur, offertur_—a favourable[1] opportunity presents itself.

_occasione data, oblata_—when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs.

_per occasionem_—when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs.

_quotienscunque occasio oblata est; omnibus locis_—on every occasion; at every opportunity.

_occasionem alicui dare, praebere alicuius rei_ or _ad aliquid faciendum_—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing.

_facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei_ or _ut possit..._—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing.

_potestatem,_[2] _copiam alicui dare, facere_ with Gen. gerund.—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing.

_occasionem nancisci_—to get, meet with, a favourable opportunity.

_occasione uti_—to make use of, avail oneself of an opportunity.

_occasionem praetermittere, amittere_ (through carelessness), _omittere_ (deliberately), _dimittere_ (through indifference)—to lose, let slip an opportunity.

_occasioni deesse_[3]—to neglect an opportunity.

_occasionem arripere_—to seize an opportunity.

_facultatem, potestatem alicui eripere, adimere_—to deprive a man of the chance of doing a thing.

_nulla est facultas alicuius rei_—no opportunity of carrying out an object presents itself.

_locum dare suspicioni_—to give ground for suspicion.

_ansas dare ad reprehendum, reprehensionis_—to give occasion for blame; to challenge criticism.

_ansam habere reprehensionis_—to contain, afford matter for criticism.

_adduci aliqua re_ (_ad aliquid_ or _ut..._)—to be induced by a consideration.

_nescio quo casu_ (with Indic.)—by some chance or other.

_temere et fortuito; forte (et) temere_—quite accidentally, fortuitously.

[1] Not _occasio opportuna, bona, pulchra_, the notion "favourable" being contained in the word itself. We find, however, _occasio praeclara, ampla, tanta_, not unfrequently.

[2] Notice _potestatem alicui pugnandi facere_, to offer battle, and _potestatem sui facere alicui_, (1) to give opportunity of battle, and also (2) to grant an audience to (cf. _sui conveniendi potestatem facere_).

[3] In the same way _deesse officio_, to leave one's duties undone; _d. muneri_, to neglect the claims of one's vocation; _d. rei publicae_, to be careless of state interests, to be unpatriotic; _d. sibi_, not to do one's best.

6. Success—Good Fortune

_fortuna secunda uti_—to be fortunate, lucky.

_fortunae favore_ or _prospero flatu fortunae uti_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 8., note _uti..._)—to be favoured by Fortune; to bask in Fortune's smiles.

_fortunam fautricem nancisci_—to be favoured by Fortune; to bask in Fortune's smiles.

_fortuna caecos homines efficit, animos occaecat_—Fortune makes men shortsighted, infatuates them.

_fortunam tentare, experiri_—to try one's luck.

_fortunam periclitari (periculum facere)_—to run a risk; to tempt Providence.

_fortunae se committere_—to trust to luck.

_fortunam in manibus habere_—to have success in one's grasp.

_fortunam ex manibus dimittere_—to let success slip through one's fingers.

_fortuna commutatur, se inclinat_—luck is changing, waning.

_ludibrium fortunae_—the plaything of Fortune.

_is, quem fortuna complexa est_—Fortune's favourite.

_a fortuna desertum, derelictum esse_—to be abandoned by good luck.

_fortuna aliquem effert_—Fortune exalts a man, makes him conspicuous.

_rebus secundis efferri_—to be puffed up by success; to be made arrogant by prosperity.

_ad felicitatem (magnus) cumulus accedit ex aliqua re_—his crowning happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is...

_aliquid felicitatis cumulum affert_—his crowning happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is...

_aliquid felicitatem magno cumulo auget_—his crowning happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is...

_in rebus prosperis et ad voluntatem fluentibus_—when life runs smoothly.

_beata vita, beate vivere, beatum esse_[1]—happiness, bliss.

_ad bene beateque vivendum_—for a life of perfect happiness.

_peropportune accidit, quod_—it is most fortunate that...

[1] _beatitas_ and _beatitudo_ are used by Cicero in one passage only (De Nat. Deorum, 1. 34. 95), but merely as a linguistic experiment.

7. Misfortune—Fate—Ruin

_fortuna adversa_—misfortune, adversity.

_res adversae, afflictae, perditae_—misfortune, adversity.

_in calamitatem incidere_—to be overtaken by calamity.

_calamitatem accipere, subire_—to suffer mishap.

_nihil calamitatis (in vita) videre_—to live a life free from all misfortune.

_calamitatem haurire_—to drain the cup of sorrow.[1]

_omnes labores exanclare_—to drain the cup of sorrow.

_calamitatem, pestem inferre alicui_—to bring mishap, ruin on a person.

_calamitatibus affligi_—to be the victim of misfortune.

_calamitatibus obrui_—to be overwhelmed with misfortune.

_calamitatibus defungi_—to come to the end of one's troubles.

_calamitate doctus_—schooled by adversity.

_conflictari (cum) adversa fortuna_—to struggle with adversity.

_in malis iacere_—to be broken down by misfortune.

_malis urgeri_—to be hard pressed by misfortune.

_fortunae vicissitudines_—the vicissitudes of fortune.

_ancipites et varii casus_—the changes and chances of this life.

_sub varios incertosque casus subiectum esse_—to have to submit to the uncertainties of fortune; to be subject to Fortune's caprice.

_multis casibus iactari_—to experience the ups and downs of life.

_ad omnes casus subsidia comparare_—to be prepared for all that may come.

_varia fortuna uti_—to experience the vicissitudes of fortune; to have a chequered career.

_multis iniquitatibus exerceri_[2]—to be severely tried by misfortune.

_fortunae telis propositum esse_—to be exposed to the assaults of fate.

_fortunae obiectum esse_—to be abandoned to fate.

_ad iniurias fortunae expositum esse_—to be a victim of the malice of Fortune.

_fortunae cedere_—to acquiesce in one's fate.

_aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare_—to bring a man to ruin; to destroy.

_praecipitem agi, ire_—to be ruined, undone.

_ad exitium vocari_—to be ruined, undone.

_ad interitum ruere_—to be ruined, undone.

_in perniciem incurrere_—to be ruined, undone.

_pestem alicui (in aliquem) machinari_—to compass, devise a man's overthrow, ruin.

_perniciem (exitium) alicui afferre, moliri, parare_—to compass, devise a man's overthrow, ruin.

_ab exitio, ab interitu aliquem vindicare_—to rescue from destruction.

[1] In Latin metaphor the verb only, as a rule, is sufficient to express the metaphorical meaning—e.g. _amicitiam iungere cum aliquo_, to be bound by the bands of affection to any one; _religionem labefactare_, to undermine the very foundations of belief; _bellum exstinguere_, to extinguish the torch of war; _cuncta bello ardent_, the fires of war are raging all around; _libido consedit_, the storm of passion has ceased; _animum pellere_, to strike the heart-strings; _vetustas monumenta exederat_, the tooth of time had eaten away the monuments.

[2] The first meaning of _exercere_ is to keep in motion, give no rest to. Then, metaphorically, to keep busy, to harass—e.g. _fortuna aliquem vehementer exercet_. Lastly, _exercere_ is used to express the main activity in any branch of industry, thus, _exercere agros_, to farm; _metalla_, to carry on a mining industry; _navem_, to fit out ships, be a shipowner; _vectigalia_, to levy, collect taxes, used specially of the _publicani_; _qui exercet iudicium_, the presiding judge (_praetor_).

8. Danger—Risk—Safety

_in periculo esse_ or _versari_—to be in danger.

_res in summo discrimine versatur_—the position is very critical.

_in vitae discrimine versari_—to be in peril of one's life.

_in pericula incidere, incurrere_—to find oneself in a hazardous position.

_pericula alicui impendent, imminent_—dangers threaten a man.

_pericula in_ or _ad aliquem redundant_—many dangers hem a person in; one meets new risks at every turn.

_pericula subire, adire, suscipere_—to incur danger, risk.

_periculis se offerre_—to expose oneself to peril.

_salutem, vitam suam in discrimen offerre_ (not _exponere_)—to risk one's life.

_aliquem, aliquid in periculum (discrimen) adducere, vocare_[1]—to endanger, imperil a person or thing.

_alicui periculum creare, conflare_—to endanger, imperil a person or thing.

_in periculum capitis, in discrimen vitae se inferre_—to recklessly hazard one's life.

_salus, caput, vita alicuius agitur, periclitatur, in discrimine est_ or _versatur_—a man's life is at stake, is in very great danger.

_in ipso periculi discrimine_—at the critical moment.

_aliquem ex periculo eripere, servare_—to rescue from peril.

_nullum periculum recusare pro_—to avoid no risk in order to...

_periculis perfungi_—to surmount dangers.

_periculum facere alicuius rei_—to make trial of; to risk.

_periculum hostis facere_—to try one's strength with the enemy; to try issue of battle.

_res ad extremum casum perducta est_—affairs are desperate; we are reduced to extremeties.

_ad extrema perventum est_—affairs are desperate; we are reduced to extremeties.

_in tuto esse_—to be in a position of safety.

_in tuto collocare aliquid_—to ensure the safety of a thing.

[1] _vocare_ helps to form several phrases—e.g. _in invidiam, in suspicionem, in dubium, ad exitium, in periculum vocare_. It is used in the passive to express periphrastically the passive of verbs which have only an active voice—e.g. _in invidiam vocari_, to become unpopular, be hated, _invideor_ not being used. Cf. _in invidiam venire_.

9. Assistance—Deliverance—Consolation

_auxilium, opem, salutem ferre alicui_—to bring aid to; to rescue.

_auxilio alicui venire_—to come to assist any one.

_alicuius opem implorare_—to implore a person's help.

_confugere ad aliquem_ or _ad opem, ad fidem alicuius_—to fly to some one for refuge.

_ad extremum auxilium descendere_[1]—to be reduced to one's last resource.

_auxilium praesens_[2]—prompt assistance.

_adesse alicui_ or _alicuius rebus_ (opp. _deesse_)—to assist, stand by a person.

_salutem alicui afferre_—to deliver, rescue a person.

_saluti suae consulere, prospicere_—to take measures for one's safety; to look after one's own interests.

_suis rebus_ or _sibi consulere_—to take measures for one's safety; to look after one's own interests.

_salutem expedire_—to effect a person's deliverance.

_solacium praebere_—to comfort.

_nihil habere consolationis_—to afford no consolation.

_hoc solacio frui, uti_—to solace oneself with the thought...

_consolari aliquem de aliqua re_—to comfort a man in a matter; to condole with him.

_consolari dolorem alicuius_—to soothe grief.

_consolari aliquem in miseriis_—to comfort in misfortune.

_hoc (illo) solacio me consōlor_—I console myself with...

_haec (illa) res me consolatur_—I console myself with...

[1] Similarly _descendere_ is frequently used of consenting unwillingly to a thing, condescending. Cf. vi. 9 ad fin. and xvi. 9.

[2] Notice too _poena praesens_, instant punishment; _pecunia praesens_, ready money; _medicina praesens_, efficacious remedy; _deus praesens_, a propitious deity; _in rem praesentem venire_, to go to the very spot to make a closer examination.

10. Riches—Want—Poverty

_divitiis, copiis abundare_—to be rich, wealthy.

_magnas opes habere_—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence.

_opibus maxime florere_—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence.

_omnibus opibus circumfluere_—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence.

_fortunis maximis ornatum esse_—to be in the enjoyment of a large fortune.

_in omnium rerum abundantia vivere_—to live in great affluence.

_aliquem ex paupere divitem facere_—to raise a man from poverty to wealth.

_inopia alicuius rei laborare, premi_—to suffer from want of a thing.

_ad egestatem, ad inopiam (summam omnium rerum) redigi_—to be reduced to (abject) poverty.

_vitam inopem sustentare, tolerare_—to earn a precarious livelihood.

_in egestate esse, versari_—to live in poverty, destitution.

_vitam in egestate degere_—to live in poverty, destitution.

_in summa egestate_ or _mendicitate esse_—to be entirely destitute; to be a beggar.

_stipem colligere_—to beg alms.

_stipem (pecuniam) conferre_—to contribute alms.

11. Utility—Advantage—Harm—Disadvantage

_usui_ or _ex usu esse_—to be of use.

_utilitatem afferre, praebere_—to be serviceable.

_multum (nihil) ad communem utilitatem afferre_—to considerably (in no way) further the common good.

_aliquid in usum suum conferre_—to employ in the furtherance of one's interests.

_omnia ad suam utilitatem referre_—to consider one's own advantage in everything.

_rationibus alicuius prospicere_ or _consulere_ (opp. _officere, obstare, adversari_)—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare.

_commodis alicuius servire_—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare.

_commoda alicuius tueri_—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare.

_meae rationes ita tulerunt_—my interests demanded it.

_fructum (uberrimum) capere, percipere, consequi ex aliqua re_[1]—to derive (great) profit , advantage from a thing.

_fructus ex hac re redundant in_ or _ad me_—(great) advantage accrues to me from this.

_aliquid ad meum fructum redundat_—I am benefited by a thing.

_quid attinet?_ with Infin.—what is the use of?

_cui bono?_—who gets the advantage from this? who is the interested party?

_damnum_ (opp. _lucrum_) _facere_—to suffer loss, harm, damage.[2]

_damno affici_—to suffer loss, harm, damage.

_detrimentum capere, accipere, facere_—to suffer loss, harm, damage.

_iacturam_[3] _alicuius rei facere_—to throw away, sacrifice.

_damnum inferre, afferre alicui_—to do harm to, injure any one.

_damnum ferre_—to know how to endure calamity.

_incommodo afficere aliquem_—to inconvenience, injure a person.

_incommodis mederi_—to relieve a difficulty.

_damnum_ or _detrimentum sarcire_ (not _reparare_)—to make good, repair a loss or injury.

_damnum compensare cum aliqua re_—to balance a loss by anything.

_res repetere_—to demand restitution, satisfaction.

_res restituere_—to give restitution, satisfaction.

[1] Also _fructum alicuius rei capere, percipere, ferre, consequi ex aliqua re_—e.g. _virtutis fructus ex re publica (magnos, laetos, uberes) capere_ = to be handsomely rewarded by the state for one's high character.

[2] Notice too _calamitatem, cladem, incommodum accipere_, to suffer mishap, reverse, inconvenience; _naufragium facere_, to be shipwrecked.

[3] _damnum_ (opp. _lucrum_) = loss, especially of worldly possessions; _detrimentum_ (opp. _emolumentum_) = harm inflicted by others; _fraus_ = deceitful injury; _iactura_ (properly "throwing overboard") = the intentional sacrifice of something valuable in order either to avert injury or to gain some greater advantage. "Harmful" = _inutilis, qui nocet_, etc., not _noxius_, which is only used absolutely—e.g. _homo noxius_, the offender, evildoer.

12. Goodwill—Kindness—Inclination—Favour

_benevolo animo esse in aliquem_—to be well-disposed towards...

_benevolentiam habere erga aliquem_—to be well-disposed towards...

_benevolentiam, favorem, voluntatem alicuius sibi conciliare_ or _colligere (ex aliqua re)_—to find favour with some one; to get into their good graces.

_benevolentiam alicui praestare, in aliquem conferre_—to show kindness to...

_benevolentia aliquem complecti_ or _prosequi_—to show kindness to...

_gratiosum esse alicui_ or _apud aliquem_—to be popular with; to stand well with a person.

_in gratia esse apud aliquem_—to be popular with; to stand well with a person.

_multum valere gratia apud aliquem_—to be highly favoured by; to be influential with...

_florere gratia alicuius_—to be highly favoured by; to be influential with...

_gratiam inire ab aliquo_or _apud aliquem_—to gain a person's esteem, friendship.

_in gratiam alicuius venire_—to gain a person's esteem, friendship.

_gratiam alicuius sibi quaerere, sequi_, more strongly _aucupari_—to court a person's favour; to ingratiate oneself with...

_studere, favere alicui_—to look favourably upon; to support.

_studiosum esse alicuius_—to look favourably upon; to support.

_propenso animo, studio esse_ or _propensa voluntate esse in aliquem_ (opp. _averso animo esse ab aliquo_)—to look favourably upon; to support.

_alicui morem gerere, obsequi_—to comply with a person's wishes; to humour.

_alicuius causa_[1] _velle_ or _cupere_—to be favourably disposed towards.

_gratum (gratissimum) alicui facere_—to do any one a (great) favour.

_se conformare, se accommodare ad alicuius voluntatem_—to accomodate oneself to another's wishes.

_alicuius voluntati morem gerere_—to accomodate oneself to another's wishes.

_se convertere, converti ad alicuius nutum_[2]—to take one's directions from another; to obey him in everything.

_totum se fingere et accommodare ad alicuius arbitrium et nutum_—to be at the beck and call of another; to be his creature.

_voluntatem_or _animum alicuius a se abalienare, aliquem a se abalienare_ or _alienare_—to become estranged, alienated from some one.

[1] Probably originally _omnia alicuius causa velle_ = to wish everything (favourable) in some one's behalf.

[2] But _se convertere ad aliquem_ = either (1) to approach with hostile intention, or (2) to turn to some one for sympathy or assistance.

13. Benefit—Gratitude—Recompense

_beneficium alicui dare, tribuere_—to do any one a service or kindness.

_beneficio aliquem afficere, ornare_—to do any one a service or kindness.

_beneficia in aliquem conferre_—to heap benefits upon...

_beneficiis aliquem obstringere, obligare, devincire_—to lay any one under an obligation by kind treatment.

_beneficium remunerari_ or _reddere (cumulate)_—to (richly) recompense a kindness or service.

_gratus_ (opp. _ingratus_) _animus_[1]—gratitude.

_gratiam alicui debere_—to owe gratitude to; to be under an obligation to a person.

_gratiam alicui habere_—to feel gratitude (in one's heart).

_gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam) pro aliqua re_—to show gratitude (in one's acts).

_gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re_—to thank a person (in words).

_grates agere (dis immortalibus)_—to give thanks to heaven.

_gratiam mereri_—to merit thanks; to do a thankworthy action.

_par pari referre_—to return like for like.

_paria paribus respondere_—to return like for like.

_bonam (praeclaram) gratiam referre_—to reward amply; to give manifold recompense for.

_benefacta maleficiis pensare_—to return evil for good.

_maleficia benefactis remunerari_—to return good for evil.

_pro maleficiis beneficia reddere_—to return good for evil.

[1] _animus_ is used similarly in several periphrases to express abstract qualities—e.g. _animus inexorabilis_ = inflexibility, severity; _animus implacabilis_ = implacability; _animus (fides) venalis_ = venality. Cf. _simplices mores, simplex natura, ratio, genus_ = simplicity (_simplicitas_ is post-Augustan and usually = frankness, candour). _immemor ingenium_ = forgetfulness (_oblivio_ in this sense is not classical).

14. Merit—Value—Reward

_bene, praeclare (melius, optime) mereri_[1] _de aliquo_—to deserve well at some one's hands; to do a service to...

_male mereri de aliquo_—to deserve ill of a person; to treat badly.

_meritum alicuius in_ or _erga aliquem_—what a man merits at another's hands.

_nullo meo merito_—I had not deserved it.

_ex, pro merito_—according to a man's deserts.

_multum (aliquid) alicui rei tribuere_—to consider of importance; to set much (some) store by a thing.

_multum alicui tribuere_—to value, esteem a person.

_praemiis (amplissimis, maximis) aliquem afficere_[2]—to remunerate (handsomely).

_meritum praemium alicui persolvere_—to reward a man according to his deserts.

_praemium exponere_ or _proponere_—(to encourage) by offering a reward.

_praemium ponere_—to offer a prize (for the winner).

_palmam deferre, dare alicui_—to award the prize to...

_palmam ferre, auferre_—to win the prize.

_pacta merces alicuius rei_—the stipulated reward for anything.

_mercede conductum esse_—to be hired, suborned.

[1] _mereri_ is a middle verb, and consequently always has an adverb with it.

[2] Notice the numerous phrases of which _afficere_ is a part—e.g. _afficere aliquem admiratione, beneficio, exilio, honore, iniuria, laude, poena, supplicio_. Especially important is its passive use—e.g. _affici admiratione_, to admire; _gaudio, voluptate_, to rejoice, be pleased; _dolore_, to be pained, vexed; _poena_, to suffer punishment.

15. Requests—Wishes—Commissions—Orders

_orare et obsecrare aliquem_—to entreat earnestly; to make urgent requests.

_magno opere, vehementer, etiam atque etiam rogare aliquem_—to entreat earnestly; to make urgent requests.

_precibus aliquem fatigare_—to importune with petitions.

_supplicibus verbis orare_—to crave humbly; to supplicate.

_precibus obsequi_—to grant a request.

_alicui petenti satisfacere, non deesse_—to accede to a man's petitions.

_magnis (infimis) precibus moveri_—to be influenced by, to yield to urgent (abject) entreaty.

_negare_, more strongly _denegare alicui aliquid_—to refuse, reject a request.

_petenti alicui negare aliquid_—to refuse, reject a request.

_repudiare, aspernari preces alicuius_—to refuse, reject a request.

_nihil tibi a me postulanti recusabo_—I will refuse you nothing.

_aliquid ab aliquo impetrare_—to gain one's point with any one.

_optata mihi contingunt_—my wishes are being fulfilled.

_voluntati alicuius satisfacere, obsequi_—to satisfy a person's wishes.

_ex sententia_—as one would wish; to one's mind.

_aliquid optimis ominibus prosequi_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 11., note _Prosequi..._)—to wish prosperity to an undertaking.

_bene id tibi vertat!_—I wish you all success in the matter.

_mandatum, negotium alicui dare_—to entrust a matter to a person; to commission.

_negotium ad aliquem deferre_—to entrust a matter to a person; to commission.

_mandatum exsequi, persequi, conficere_—to execute a commission.