Part 16
=Page 95.=--1.{95-1} =Traga-santos=; a play on the double meaning of the word _tragar_, 'to swallow' and 'to believe implicitly in'. See in the Vocab. _Animalejos_ and other proper nouns.
=Page 96.=--1.{96-1} =es para ... referida=, _must be imagined; it cannot be told_.
=Page 97.=--1.{97-1} =El alma ... Traga-santos=, _poor Traga-santos' heart sank into his shoes_.
2.{97-2} =víctimas=; this paragraph is a sarcastic allusion to the irreligious way in which the holiday of San Isidro is observed at Madrid.
3.{97-3} =y más=, _the more so_.
4.{97-4} =¿cuál no ... asombro=, _imagine the amazement_.
=Page 98.=--1.{98-1} =para que ... lloviese=, _in order that he should see to it that it did not rain_.
2.{98-2} It is said that in the rural districts of both Spain and Spanish America the images of saints have been beaten or stoned because prayers were not granted. The scene that is given here is, probably, purely imaginary.
3.{98-3} =¡Lo que ... lluvia!=, _the fact is that the rain ceased!_ (lit., _flew away immediately_)
=Page 99.=--1.{99-1} =en ... ser=, _valued so little the fact that it was_.
=Page 100.=--1.{100-1} =é hizo ... escultor=, _and had a good sculptor make him...._
2.{100-2} =lo mucho que=, _how much_.
3.{100-3} =ni al Santo ... Dios=. = _ni Dios le niega nada al Santo_.
4.{100-4} =lo santo que=, _so saintly as_.
=Page 101.=--1.{101-1} =era de muerte=, _was to be killed_. _Dar la muerte,_ i.e. the killing of the bull, is the crowning and most dangerous feat of the bull-fighter.
2.{101-2} =¡qué quiere ... rezar!=, _what do you expect me to do but pray_, or _what can I do but pray!_
=Page 103.=--1.{103-1} =arrégleselas=, _manage it_. Note again the fem. personal pronoun, with the force of an indefinite pronoun.
=Page 104.=--1.{104-1} =¿Si nos irán=, _I wonder whether they are going_.
2.{104-2} =nos doblan ... medio=, _they will close us up entirely_ (_like a jack-knife_).
=Page 105.=--1.{105-1} =¿Qué va á= = _¿qué va á apostar usted?_
2.{105-2} =Buena ... hacen=, _we are badly in need of them_ (_the rains_).
=Page 106.=--1.{106-1} =hasta ... noche=, _until night was well advanced_.
2.{106-2} =¡Qué lástima de fuego en ella=, _what a pity that fire does not strike it_.
3.{106-3} =ha llovido=; in Spanish the present perfect is sometimes used instead of the preterite to express an act that occurred recently.
4.{106-4} =Con un ... dar porque=, _we might be happy to-day, if_. This is a vulgar paraphrase of the expression: _darse con un canto en los pechos_.
=Page 107.=--1.{107-1} =por lo ... nosotros=, _for having acted so kindly towards us_.
2.{107-2} =si al ... quisiera=, _if heaven had been left to do as it pleased_.
3.{107-3} =que llueva ... llover=, _that it might rain or fail to rain_.
4.{107-4} =habrá quien=, _can there be any one who_. Here, as often, _quien_ includes its antecedent.
=Page 108.=--1.{108-1} The irony of this mock-heroic proclamation and of the lines that follow is characteristic of Trueba's later and riper work.
2.{108-2} =cuanto ... parte=, _my part_, or _all that was in my power_.
3.{108-3} =si Dios tenia que=; this may be translated freely, _as much as it could_.
=Page 109.=--1.{109-1} =una=; cf. _hacer una con_ = 'to play a trick on.' Here una has the force of an indefinite pronoun; cf. page 19, note 3.
=Page 110.=--1.{110-1} =el que=, _the fact that_. Here the def. art. introduces a subordinate clause. Cf. also page 16, note 4.
2.{110-2} See page ix of the _Introduction_.
=Page 111.=--1.{111-1} =echaba=; note here the use of the imp. ind. for the cond. in a condition contrary to fact.
2.{111-2} =de=, _if_.
3.{111-3} Trueba takes this opportunity to offer good advice to budding authors.
4.{111-4} =esto ó ... allá=, _this or that or the other_.
=Page 114.=--1.{114-1} For the life and works of Narciso Campillo, see page xiii of the _Introduction_. The text of _Vino y frailes_ is taken from _Una docena de cuentos, por D. Narciso Campillo, Madrid, 1878_.
2.{114-2} =grave y lentamente= = _gravemente y lentamente_.
3.{114-3} =admirábase=; note how frequently Campillo places the personal pronoun-object after an indicative verb. This usage is not uncommon, but it is generally considered incorrect except when the verb comes first in a sentence or clause.
=Page 115.=--1.{115-1} =aplaste= and =perdone=; subjunctive with force of imperative.
2.{115-2} =hubiese=, _whether there was_.
=Page 116.=--1.{116-1} =Padre había=, _there was a father or two_. Note the indefinite use of =Padre=.
=Page 117.=--1.{117-1} =en cuyo dia=; the 24th of June is consecrated to St. John.
=Page 120.=--1.{120-1} =resaltaba causante ... vino ...=, _it resulted that the ... wine was the cause..._
2.{120-2} =¿Habría nadie=, _had anyone_.
=Page 121.=--1.{121-1} =caiga ... caiga=, _let him die who will_ (lit., _let him fall who may fall_).
2.{121-2} =á poco más se ve=, _a little more and he would have been_.
=Page 125.=--1.{125-1} =mas ... encargo=, _but he was not so simple-minded that he did not recognize how arduous and annoying was the commission_.
=Page 128.=--1.{128-1} =estruja=; cf. page 21, note 1.
2.{128-2} --=¡En mi vida me ha sucedido otra!= Here =otra= is an indefinite pronoun: translate,--_never before in my life has such a thing happened to me_. Cf. page 90, note 3; cf. also page 109, note 1.
3.{128-3} =Yo se los iría sacando ... por muy agarrados que estuvieran=, _I should drive them out ..., however firmly they held on to him_.
=Page 129.=--1.{129-1} =tendría=; cf. page 2, note 3.
2.{129-2} =Más ... amenazando= (lit, _a lifted hat obtains more than do six threatening swords_), _humility will accomplish more than arrogance_.
3.{129-3} =no tan calvo que se le vean los sesos=, _do not overdo it_. What is the literal meaning?
4.{129-4} =y sí=, _but is_.
=Page 130.=--1.{130-1}=--Alabado y bendito sea= (_Dios por siempre_), a greeting used among the friars.
2.{130-2} =como que=, _acted as if_.
=Page 131.=--1.{131-1} =¡Dos mil ... usted!= _the devil take you!_
=Page 132.=--1.{132-1} For the life and works of Larra, see page ix of the _Introduction_. The text of _El castellano viejo_ is taken from the _Obras completas de D. Mariano José de Larra (Fígaro), Barcelona, 1886_.
2.{132-2} =á que ... el negarse=, _to refuse which..._
3.{132-3} =di con quien ... las doblaba=, _I had with some who were turning them_ ...
=Page 133.=--1.{133-1} =no se ... tintero=, _will not leave anything undone_ (lit., _will leave no_ [_ink_] _in the inkstand_).
2.{133-2} =el pan ... vino=, _I call a spade a spade_.
=Page 134.=--1.{134-1} =Vete á paseo= (an expression of contempt at what has just been said), _come now!_
2.{134-2} =á la española=; in the larger Spanish towns it is now customary to dine at 7 or 8; but it was formerly the custom to dine much earlier, as is still done in the country.
3.{134-3} =de lo lindo=; note here a partitive expression similar to that which is so common in French. Transl., _something fine_.
4.{134-4} =un día malo ... cualquiera lo pasa= = _cualquiera pasa un día malo_.
5.{134-5} =Vile= = _le vi_.
6.{134-6} In southern Europe, where much damage is done by hail, a black cloud is greatly feared.
7.{134-7} =cuarenta mil reales de renta=; how many _pesetas_, and how many American dollars, is this? The salaries of government employes in Spain are popularly reckoned in _reales_. It should be borne in mind that a _peseta_ would probably buy as much in Spain when this story was written, as a dollar will buy to-day in the United States.
=Page 135.=--1.{135-1} =plantarle ... alba=, _to give a piece of his mind to Lucifer himself_.
2.{135-2} =se le espeta ... cara=, _he says so to his face_.
3.{135-3} =cumplo=, _I fulfill_; =miento=, _I lie_.
=Page 136.=--1.{136-1} Note this popular saying which would imply that, although a Spaniard should live up to an agreement made with another Spaniard, he need not do so with a Frenchman.
=Page 137.=--1.{137-1} Cf. page 15, note 1.
2.{137-2} =se le ... palabra=, _they should understand a word she said_.
3.{137-3} =estamos ... comer=, _we who are to dine are here_.
4.{137-4} =Fígaro=, the pen-name of Mariano José de Larra, author of _El castellano viejo_.
=Page 138.=--1.{138-1} If the text is correct, this is a curious case of agreement, or rather of disagreement, of adjective and noun. Apparently Larra had in mind, not =gentes=, but Braulio and his wife. Cf. the somewhat similar use of _gens_ in French.
2.{138-2} This repetition of =entre= is unusual, but it makes clear the meaning of the sentence.
=Page 139.=--1.{139-1} =que Dios maldiga=, _which is an abomination_, or _curse it_.
=Page 143.=--1.{143-1} =Cerrar=, an infinitive with the force of an imperative.
=Page 145.=--1.{145-1} For the life and works of Bécquer, see page viii of the _Introduction_. The text of _El beso_ is taken from the _Obras de Gustavo A. Bécquer, Tomo Segundo, Madrid, 1907_.
2.{145-2} =una parte ... siglo=. The French armies entered the Spanish peninsula in 1807, and were finally expelled by the combined Spanish, English and Portuguese forces in 1814. To this day the Spaniards are fond of telling in song and story the brave exploits of their forefathers who fought against Napoleon's men. The French devastated parts of the country, but they also brought with them many new ideas that helped to awaken Spain from its torpor. This war is known in England as the "Peninsular War", and in Spain as the "_Guerra de la Independencia_" (War of Independence).
3.{145-3} The =alcázar= (Arabic for _the castle_) stands on the highest ground in Toledo. Originally a citadel, it was converted into a palace which served as a royal residence. It was enlarged and embellished by Charles V.
4.{145-4} =la Puerta del Sol=, a handsome gateway in the Moorish style, built in the 12th century.
5.{145-5} =Zocodover=, a small three-cornered plaza in the northeastern quarters of Toledo. It is the focus of the city's life. The name =Zocodover= is of Moorish-Arabic origin. In Tangier, Morocco, there are a small _socco_ ('market') and a large _socco_.
=Page 146.=--1.{146-1} =cuanto más=, _much less_.
2.{146-2} =San Juan de los Reyes=, a convent founded in 1476 by the "Catholic Kings", Ferdinand and Isabella, and dedicated to their patron saint, John the Baptist. It was much damaged by the French in 1808.
=Page 148.=--1.{148-1} =las antes losas sepulcrales= = _las losas, antes losas sepulcrales_.
2.{148-2} =rey José=; Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon, whom the latter made king of Spain in June, 1808. Madrid was his capital.
=Page 149.=--1.{149-1} =de todo tenían menos de=, _were anything but_.
2.{149-2} =ciudad de los Césares=. Toledo was an important strategic point and trading center during the Roman domination of Spain, but it was not the capital city of the land.
=Page 151.=--1.{151-1} =llegar y besar el santo=, _to meet promptly with success_. The expression probably has its origin in the fact that at the time of a pilgrimage to a holy shrine one must usually wait a considerable while before being able to kiss the image of the saint, and fortunate is he who arrives and kisses without delay.
=Page 152.=--1.{152-1} =trece=, a slight discrepancy; according to the statement at the beginning of the story there were fourteen.
=Page 154.=--1.{154-1} =ya no vivo=, _I shall have no peace_.
=Page 158.=--1.{158-1} =Elvira de Castañeda= was doubtless the lady's maiden name, which in Spain a woman retains after marriage, and to which she joins, connected by _de_, her husband's name.
=Page 160.=--1.{160-1} =el emperador=, Napoleon Bonaparte.
=Page 161.=--1.{161-1} =5.º= = =quinto=, _the Fifth Regiment_.
2.{161-2} =Los guerreros ... pusieron= = _dicen que los guerreros del claustro pusieron_.
=Page 163.=--1.{163-1} For the life and works of Pereda, see page xi, of the _Introduction_. The text of _La leva_ is taken from the _Obras completas de D. José M. de Pereda, Tomo V, Escenas Montañesas, Madrid, 1901_. _La leva_ consists of several more or less detached incidents. Some of these incidents, in whole or in part, have been selected for this volume, the selections amounting in all to two-thirds of the entire story. For the complete story, the reader is referred to _Escenas Montañesas_. _La leva_ is a realistic description of the life of the fisher-folk of Santander in Northern Spain, and of the distress caused amongst these poor people by compulsory service in the Spanish navy.
It is written partly in dialect; but the dialect, for the most part, is not local, as most of the expressions occur in the speech of the lower classes wherever Spanish is spoken.
2.{163-2} =que no hay ... resista=, _that is irresistible_.
=Page 165.=--1.{165-1} =poeta ... Mancha=; Pereda believes that only an inhabitant of the interior provinces of Castile or la Mancha would be likely to idealize in poetic language the rough life of a seaman or a fisherman.
=Page 166.=--1.{166-1} =¿Qué se te pudre?= _what ails you?_
2.{166-2} =Salú= = _salud_. Both final _d_ and intervocalic _d_ are often dropped by the common people throughout the entire Spanish-speaking world. Cf. =usté= (_usted_), =quitao= (_quitado_), =arrastrao= (_arrastrado_), =na= (_nada_), =too= (_todo_), =lao= (_lado_), =salío= (_salido_), =sentío= (_sentido_), etc.
3.{166-3} Note the common use of the augmentative suffix, _-on_, _-ona_, in this story: =ingratona= (from _ingrata_); =chismosona= (from _chismosa_), =borrachona= (from _borracha_), =viciosona= (from _viciosa_), =flojón= (from _flojo_), etc. These augmentatives are here also depreciatives.
=Page 167.=--1.{167-1} =el mi hijo= = _mi hijo_ or _el hijo mío_. Thus one may hear _un mi amigo_ for _un amigo mío_, etc. The use of a possessive adjective before its noun, and preceded by another modifier, was once common, but it is now archaic or poetic.
2.{167-2} =angelucos=; note this use of the diminutive ending _-uco_ in the Montaña. Note also =san Pedruco= (from _Pedro_). These diminutives here express affection.
3.{167-3} =que poner=, _to put on_.
=Page 168.=--1.{168-1} =Mártiles= (= _Mártires_); jewels and candles are frequently offered to the pictures and images of saints and martyrs to secure their favor and assistance in enterprises, races, bull-fights, illness, etc.
2.{168-2} =Emeterio= and =Celedonio= were Roman soldiers. They became Christians and suffered martyrdom at Calahorra, Spain.
=Page 170.=--1.{170-1} =dos reales y medio= = approximately 21 _cuartos_, or 63 _céntimos_. See these words in Vocab.
2.{170-2} =la=; cf. page 19, note 3.
3.{170-3} =habrán=; cf. page 3, note 1.
4.{170-4} =dos reales en plata= = a silver 50-céntimos piece.
=Page 171.=--1.{171-1} =el demonio ... mujer=, _the devil himself cannot get rid of this woman_.
=Page 172.=--1.{172-1} Note the fall of initial _d_ in =é= (_de_), =icen= (_dicen_), etc. This is common.
2.{172-2} =la echara los Avangelios= (= _Evangelios_). This is by analogy with _echar maldiciones_ ('curses'), _echar suertes_ ('lots'), etc.
3.{172-3} =cogió ... lamber=, _she got frightfully drunk_. The lower classes sometimes use =cafetera= for _borrachera_, 'drunkenness'. _No poderse lamer_ = _estar tan privado de sí como el perro que no puede lamerse la herida_, 'to be as much overcome as a dog that can not lick its wound'.
4.{172-4} =paece=; note the fall of intervocalic _r_ in =pa= (_para_), =paece= (_parece_), etc. This is common.
=Page 173.=--1.{173-1} =se había trinca(d)o=; this may mean colloquially, _she had made fast to_, or _she had drunk_.
=Page 174.=--1.{174-1} =por hacerme ... gentes= = _porque estas pobres gentes me hacen partícipe_.
=Page 175.=--1.{175-1} =apuyááá=; perhaps = =apura(os)=.
2.{175-2} =sin que ... nadie=, _without anyone taking trouble in my behalf_.
=Page 176.=--1.{176-1} =traje=; his dress was evidence that he had been drafted into the king's navy.
2.{176-2} =sobre que ... pronto=, _what must be, the sooner the better_.
3.{176-3} =güelva=; the change of initial _vue-_ or _bue-_ to _güe-_ is common in the speech of the lower classes in Spain and in Spanish America. See _New-Mexican Spanish_, by E. C. Hills, in _Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 1906_, pages 706 +
=Page 180.=--1.{180-1} =San Martín=; beyond San Martín point is situated the main harbor, where lay at anchor the steamer that awaited the conscripts.
=Page 181.=--1.{181-1} =Cid=; see _Cid_ in the Vocab. Those in the =altas regiones= are the governing classes. Pereda fears that his account of the suffering caused by conscription will have no effect upon the rulers of Spain.
2.{181-2} =pintor de costumbres=; Pereda was, in the main, a realistic painter of customs and manners.
3.{181-3} =que pueden=, _who have the power_.
=Page 182.=--1.{182-1} For the life and works of Fernández Guardia, see page xviii of the _Introduction_. The text of _Un alma_ is taken from _Cuentos Ticos, por D. Ricardo Fernández Guardia, San José de Costa Rica, 1901_. The reader should note the purely classical Castilian used in this story, which suggests the English of Nathaniel Hawthorne or of Washington Irving.
=Page 185.=--1.{185-1} =¡fuego de ... armó=, _you should have seen the tempest that was aroused!_ Cf. page 19, note 3.
2.{185-2} =su= is well used here, since _una jerigonza suya salvajina_ would be awkward. Cf. page 167, note 1.
=Page 186.=--1.{186-1} =gu sos=; =sos= = _sois_; =gu= = _ó_ (the _g_ is here a soft spirant, as in _agua_).
=Page 188.=--1.{188-1} =se anonadaba ... deleitoso=, _she was lost in a rapturous absorption into the divine_.
2.{188-2} =que poder=, _that she could_.
=Page 190.=--1.{190-1} For the life of Díaz Garcés, see page xviii of the _Introduction_.
The text of _Juan Neira_ is taken from _Pájinas Chilenas, por D. Joaquín Díaz Garcés (Ánjel Pino), Santiago de Chile, 1907_.
_Juan Neira_ is a description of conditions that existed till recently in the rural districts of Chile. To-day the large estates are being divided into small farms, the towns are growing, and education is becoming general. Chile and Argentina are among the few Spanish-American countries in which the majority of the inhabitants are of European stock. This fact, together with their moderate climate, explains the relatively greater progress of these two states, as compared with the other Spanish-American countries. See also Chile in Vocab.
The student should note the difference of language and style in the two Spanish-American stories. _Un alma_ is written in classical Spanish, with only a few "Americanisms" that are used consciously and with due apologies; while the story of _Juan Neira_ is told in the current language of the upper classes of Chile, with many dialectic words and other "Americanisms." The Spanish of _Un alma_ resembles the English of Nathaniel Hawthorne, while that _Juan Neira_ is more like the language of much contemporaneous fiction in the United States.
_Juan Neira_ is given with the orthography that prevails in the South-American countries that face the Pacific. Note especially:
(1) _j_, before _e_, _i_, for _g_: _jente_ (_gente_), _jesto_ (_gesto_), _sarjento_ (_sargento_), _enérjico_ (_enérgico_);
(2) _i_ final for _y_: _mui_ (_muy_), _rei_ (_rey_);
(3) _es_, before consonant, for _ex_: _estenso_ (_extenso_), _sesto_ (_sexto_), _testo_ (_texto_), _esperiencia_ (_experiencia_);
(4) _os-_ for _obs-_: _oscuro_ (_obscuro_);
(5) in accentuation, _n_ and _s_ final have the same effect as other consonants, except in inflectional endings: _tambien_ (_también_); _dotacion_ (_dotación_); _oríjen_ (_origen_); _despues_ (_después_), _léjos_ (_lejos_);
(6) _-ia_, final, is not accented: _dia_ (_día_), _habian_ (_habían_).
(7) The diacritic accent is omitted in certain words that require it according to the present rules of the Royal Spanish Academy: _a_ (_á_), _mas_ (_más_), _tu_ (_tú_), _solo_ (_sólo_), _et al._
This system of accentuation, for the most part, had formerly the authority of the Academy. When the Academy changed to the present system, the Pacific states of South America refused to follow, although the other Spanish-American states did so.
This independence in orthography, under the leadership of Andres Bello (1781-1865) and other scholars, is similar to that of the United States, under the leadership of Noah Webster and others: cf. _favor_ (_favour_), _wagon_ (_waggon_), _meter_ (_metre_), etc.
2.{190-2} =del 51= = _del año 1851_. The reference is to one of several political revolutions that were determined by force of arms.
3.{190-3} =guerra del 79=, between Chile and the combined forces of Peru and Bolivia. Chile won, and took from Peru much territory, including the valuable nitrate deposits of Atacama.
=Page 191.=--1.{191-1} =la Andrea=; the article is thus used when speaking familiarly of a woman of the lower classes.
2.{191-2} =indignarles=; note the use of _les_ for _los_, the dir. obj. masc. pl. This occurs in the writings of Pérez Galdós and others.
3.{191-3} =Despues habia que ir=, _then we had to go_.
=Page 192.=--1.{192-1}=--¡Bien ... venido=, _it would have been welcome_.
=Page 193.=--1.{193-1} =dió ... de chicotazos=; this use of a partitive construction after _dar_ is common. Cf. _dar de comer_.
=Page 194.=--1.{194-1} =hoja de maíz=; in Spanish America the working classes use in making cigarettes dry corn-leaves instead of paper.
2.{194-2} =esperándolo=, _waiting for you_; _lo_, as the accusative case masculine of _usted_, is the rule in Spanish America, in colloquial language, and it is often heard in Spain also.
3.{194-3} =vos=; in South America _vos_ (with the sec. pers. plur. of the verb) is used as a more formal expression than _tú_, but less formal than _usted_, when addressing a single person. In Mexico and Cuba, on the other hand, neither _vos_ nor _vosotros_ is commonly used, and _ustedes_ serves as plural of both _tú_ and _usted_.
=Page 195.=--1.{195-1} =si estaban todos= = _si todos estaban allí_. Note also _¿está?_ = _¿está aquí?_; _no está_ = _no está aquí_ or _no está en casa_; etc.
2.{195-2} =llegao=; cf. page 166, note 2. Note the similarity between the language of the unlettered as given here and in _La leva_.
=Page 196.=--1.{196-1} =se sienta y se mire=, _they may hear or see_.
=Page 197.=--1.{197-1} =apretan= = _aprietan_.
=Page 200.=--1.{200-1} It is customary in Spanish countries to put up a cross wherever a murder is committed.
ABBREVIATIONS
_adj._ adjective _adv._ adverb _aug._ augmentative _b._ born _coll._ colloquial _comp._ comparative _cond._ conditional _d._ died _def. art._ definite article _depr._ depreciative _der._ derived _dim._ diminutive _et al._ and others _excl._ exclamatory _f._ feminine _fig._ figurative _fut._ future _i.e._ that is _imp._ imperfect _imper._ imperative _ind._ indicative _inf._ infinitive _interj._ interjection _interr._ interrogative _iron._ ironically _irr._ irregular _lit._ literally _m._ masculine _neut._ neuter _obs._ obsolete _p. p._ past participle _pers._ person _pl._ plural _pop._ population _pr._ present _pret._ preterite _pron._ pronoun _prop._ proper _prov._ provincialism _s._ substantive _sing._ singular _subj._ subjunctive _superl._ superlative + before
_ie_, _i_, or _ue_, in parenthesis, indicate that the verb is radical-changing.
_H. F. Gr._ = Hills and Ford's _Spanish Grammar_.