Part 7

(_b_) 1. Ring the bell and when they open the door ask for him. 2. Who can that man be? There is no one here who knows him. 3. We heard the coins ring as they fell on the table. 4. He speaks no language but English, but he reads Spanish and French. 5. I have no friend but you in the whole city. 6. Could it have been your father who telephoned you last night? 7. Where can my brother be? I hope he has not lost his way. 8. I was wondering if _he_ could have taken them. _She_ could not have lifted them. 9. We had nothing but bread and butter to eat, but it was enough as we were not hungry. 10. What can he be reading that seems to interest him so much? Generally he reads nothing but the daily paper.

LESSON XXXIX

_No necesitamos ser serios para ser buenos._[39]

--PÉREZ GALDÓS.

=119.= The verb _to put_ in its simplest meaning of _to place_, _lay_, _set_, is =poner=. It has a very large number of idiomatic uses that call for different translations. Many of these may be learned easily by paraphrasing _put_. So, _to put away_, _put by_ (save), =guardar=, =ahorrar=; _to put back_ (retard), =retardar=; (return a thing to where it was), =volver a poner una cosa en donde estaba=; _to put out_ (extend), =extender=; (extinguish), =apagar=; (expel), =expeler=, =echar=; (disturb, trouble, annoy), =estorbar=, =molestar=; _to put down_ (make a note of), =apuntar=, =poner por escrito=; (to suppress), =suprimir=.

_Don't scold me. Put yourself in my place._

=No me reprenda usted. Póngase en mi caso.=

--LOS QUINTERO.

_I picked up the money and put it in my pocket._

=Recogí el dinero y lo guardé en el bolsillo.=--JUAN VALERA.

_They say that he has a lot of money put away._

=Dicen que tiene ahorrado muchísimo dinero.=

_We will put down the names in this little book._

=Apuntaremos los nombres en este librito.=

_I shall not be satisfied until they have put it down in writing._

=No quedaré satisfecho hasta que lo hayan puesto por escrito.=

_Can it be the change of teachers that has put him back so much?_

=¿Será el cambio de maestros que le ha retardado tanto?=

(_a_) _To put on_ is translated by the reflexive =ponerse=.

_They are torn, I know, but I put them on fully aware of it._

=Estan rotas, sí, pero me las he puesto con todo conocimiento.=

--PALACIO VALDÉS.

_Note._--Cf. _to have on_, =tener puesto=, =-a=, =-os=, =-as=.

_They had their hats on._

=Tenían puestos los sombreros.=

(_b_) _To put in_ (add) is =añadir=; _to put in mind of_ is rendered =recordar=; _to put in time_ is =gastar= or =pasar tiempo=.

_This house puts me in mind of the house where I was born. I should like to put in a few weeks here._

=Esta casa me recuerda la casa en donde nací yo. Quisiera pasar unas semanas aquí.=

_The lemonade is not very sweet. Put in a little more sugar._

=No es muy dulce la limonada. Añada usted un poco de azúcar.=

=120.= =EXERCISES=

(_a_) 1. Apunte usted todo lo que yo le voy a decir pues ya sé que tiene Vd. corta memoria. 2. Vuelva Vd. a poner todas esas cosas en donde estaban. 3. Guarda tus libros en este cajón. 4. Ya van a apagar las luces. Salgamos antes de que nos echen a la calle. 5. Me olvidé de poner por escrito sus señas en cuanto me las dió. 6. Ponte este vestido. Te cae más bien que aquél. 7. La llegada inesperada de tantos amigos a la vez estorbó no poco a la señora. 8. Extendió la mano para recibir la limosna. 9. Apaga esa luz que aquí se puede ver bastante bien sin ella. 10. Si, fuera yo usted no me estorbaría por ellos.

(_b_) 1. I must put it down before I forget it. 2. The children have gone to bed without putting their toys away. 3. Put a little more water in (=a=) the tea. 4. There is much sickness in that family. They put it down (=atribuir=) to the water from that well. 5. We hoped to finish before night, but the rain has put us back. 6. Shall I put the lamp on this table? (_Use present tense of verb._) 7. If we don't let her know that we are coming, we may put her out. 8. He put the knife back into his pocket when he saw that we didn't need to cut the string. 9. The wind had put out all the lights, but it had not put out the fire. 10. Do you think they will be able to put down the revolution that has broken out in the southern provinces?

LESSON XL

_Do (donde) el honor muerto está no hay ya de vida esperanza._[40]

--GIL Y ZÁRATE.

=121.= _To strike_ in the sense of _to hit_ is =pegar=; _to strike against_ is =dar contra=; _to strike the hour_ is =dar la hora=; _to strike_ (cease work) is =declararse en huelga=.

_It was I who struck him the blow with the ax._

=Yo fuí quien le pegué el hachazo.=--JOSÉ MÁRMOL.

_Has it struck ten yet?_

=¿Han dado ya las diez?=

_He struck his head against the door and hurt himself cruelly._

=Dió con la cabeza contra la puerta y se lastimó cruelmente.=

_All the employes of the railroads have struck._

=Todos los empleados de las empresas ferroviarias se han declarado en huelga.=

=122.= Spanish =vez= meaning _time_ (see section 59) occurs in many adverbial phrases which in English do not always contain the word _time_. So, =otra vez=, _again_; =a la vez=, _at once_, _at the same time_, _together_; =de una vez y para siempre=, _once and for all_; =tal vez=, _perhaps_; =en vez de=, _instead of_; =rara vez=, _rarely_, _seldom_; =cada vez más=, _more and more_.

_That surprised me and at the same time amused me._

=Eso me sorprendió y a la vez me hacía gracía.=

--PALACIO VALDÉS.

_Of thirteen or fourteen stones all thrown together, wouldn't one hit him?_

=De trece o catorce piedras todas lanzadas a la vez, ¿no había de tocarle una?=--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.

_I will answer you once and for all._

=Yo os responderé de una vez y para siempre.=--ESCRICH.

_He rarely entered the Casino. He had no time to spare._

=Entró rara vez en el Casino. No le sobraba tiempo.=

--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.

_Instead of saying "I'm not going," I take my hat and go._

=En vez de decir--no voy--tomo el sombrero y me voy.=

--JUAN VALERA.

_And so once here he insisted that we should stay a few days._

=Con que una vez aquí, se empeñó en que quedásemos unos pocos días.=--ECHEGARAY.

=123.= The verb _to start_ is rendered =comenzar=, =empezar=, =principiar=, =ponerse a=, when the meaning is _to begin_. Meaning _to set in motion_ it is translated =poner en movimiento=. In the sense of _to leave_, _depart_, it is rendered =ponerse en marcha= or =en camino=, or =partir=. _To start from_ is rendered =arrancar de=.

_"With much pleasure," I said, and I started to unload._

=Con mucho gusto, dije, y me puse a descargar.=--ALARCÓN.

_Scarcely had he started the engine when it stopped again._

=No bien hubo puesto en movimiento la máquina cuando volvió a pararse.=

_The train starts from the north station._

=El tren arranca de la estación del norte.=

_The vehicle started at full speed._

=El vehículo se puso en marcha a toda velocidad.=

--BLASCO IBÁÑEZ.

=124.= =EXERCISES=

(_a_) 1. Es necesario que no salgamos a la vez. 2. En vez de marcharse por la noche se largó de madrugada. 3. No necesita usted hablarle otra vez. 4. Es algo que tal vez sea una alucinación, pero lo he notado. 5. Me pegó sin que yo le hubiera dicho nada. 6. En los últimos meses del año pasado se declararon en huelga más de siete mil obreros. 7. El tren estaba para ponerse en marcha. 8. Al oír lo que le dijimos nosotros se puso a correr hacia la aldea. 9. Antes arrancaba el tren de esta estación, pero ya no. 10. Al oír que daban las tres en el reloj del cabildo, todos se pusieron a caminar hacia el palacio.

(_b_) 1. It is not right for them to strike now. 2. Starting from (=a partir de=) to-day I must start for school at eight o'clock. 3. Half an hour later they succeeded in starting the machine. 4. Perhaps you will have more time next time. 5. She became more and more tired as she approached the end of her journey. 6. Do you remember the last time the coal miners struck? 7. It strikes me (=se me ocurre=) that it would be better to finish it now once and for all. 8. Instead of starting at half-past seven they waited until after it had struck eight. 9. They all called me at once, but I was more and more determined not to go with them. 10. He struck him a blow with a whip, but the horse would not start.

LESSON XLI

_Para los grandes intentos son los grandes corazones._[41]

--NUÑEZ DE ARCE.

=125.= The verb _to do_ is generally =hacer=. Used as an auxiliary in interrogative or negative sentences it is untranslated.

_Now that he is here let him see what he has to do._

=Ya que está aquí que vea lo que tiene que hacer.=

--BENAVENTE.

_Didn't I tell you? Do you think she is happy?_

=¿No te lo decía yo? ¿Crees que sea feliz?=--JOSÉ DE LARRA.

(_a_) In the sense of _to be enough_, _to do_ is rendered =bastar=. Meaning _to serve as_, _be good for_, it is translated =servir= (=de=).

_That will do. You have taken too much time already._

=Basta. Ya ha ocupado usted demasiado tiempo.=

_I have no letter paper. Will this postcard do?_

=No tengo papel de cartas. ¿Servirá esta tarjeta postal?=

_If it rains, this newspaper will do for an umbrella._

=Si llueve, este diario nos servirá de paraguas.=

=126.= In addition to the adverbial expressions given in the preceding lessons the following are important:

_by day_, =de día=

_by night_, =de noche=

_at daybreak_, =al amanecer=

_at nightfall_, =al anochecer=

_in the morning_, =por la mañana=

_in the afternoon_, =por la tarde=

_in the evening_ (or _at night_), =por la noche=

_day by day_, _from day to day_, =de día en día=

_a week from to-day_, =de hoy en ocho días=

_two weeks from to-day_, =de hoy en quince días=

_at six o'clock_, =a las seis=

_at six o'clock sharp_, =a las seis en punto=

_at a little after six_, =a eso de las seis=, or =a las seis y pico=

_about six o'clock_, =como a las seis=

_within a few minutes_, _in a few minutes_, =dentro de pocos minutos=, =a los pocos minutos=

_Note._--When the hour is mentioned, the phrases _in the morning_, _in the afternoon_, etc., are rendered =de la mañana=, =de la tarde=. So _at six in the morning_, =a las seis de la mañana=.

_At night there were banquets on board._

=Por la noche hubo banquetes abordo.=--BLASCO IBÁÑEZ.

_Within two months after entering the army he was a sergeant._

=A los dos meses de haber entrado en el ejército era sargento.=

--BLASCO IBÁÑEZ.

_One afternoon at a little after five the robbers returned._

=Una tarde a eso de las cinco los ladrones regresaron.=

--ALARCÓN.

_Day by day he feared that she would find him out._

=De día en día temía que le descubriese.=--BLASCO IBÁÑEZ.

=127.= =EXERCISES=

(_a_) 1. Todas las noches a eso de las once me dirigía hacia aquella calle. 2. A los pocos días supe que habían llegado. 3. ¿Qué te parece? ¿Servirá éste? 4. Por la mañana trabajo, por la tarde y por la noche me divierto. 5. Le dije que tendría mucho gusto en hacer lo que me acababa de pedir. 6. Al amanecer llegó uno de los soldados para decirnos que la compañía se pondría en marcha a las ocho en punto. 7. Como son malos de día y de noche no tienen más que malos pensamientos. 8. Los alimentos que tenemos son pocos y malos, pero creo que bastarán para los que tienen mucha hambre. 9. ¿Lo han comprado ellos? No quieren comprarlo? 10. Esta roca llana nos servirá de mesa. 11. Tenemos que hacerlo antes de hoy en quince días.

(_b_) 1. I want him to be here about eight o'clock. 2. I shall not have time to do all that I wanted to do. It is a little after one now. 3. I have only a small knife. Will that do? 4. It has struck four. Didn't they say that they would be here at four exactly? 5. This newspaper will do for a tablecloth. 6. At what time did the accident occur? At a little after six in the morning. 7. Day by day they had more to do. They worked more by day than by night. 8. He wants to wait until a week from Tuesday, but that will _never_ do (_never_ is here only an emphatic _not_). 9. This ink won't do. It's green. 10. They woke me a little bit after eight to ask me what they should do.

LESSON XLII

_La mentira es siempre cobarde._[42]

--LOS QUINTERO.

=REVIEW EXERCISES=

(_a_) 1. It is _the one_ who _told_ you a _little_ while ago that you had dropped something. 2. I don't _like_ children. They _turn_ everything upside down. 3. What _can_ he be doing that he doesn't come? 4. "_Can_ the dog be mad?" the man wondered. 5. Who _could_ have spilled the milk? 6. _Take_ this. It _takes up_ too much room in this drawer. 7. The boy _took off_ his hat when the old man spoke to him. 8. Don't you _ever pass_ my house on the _way_ to your office? 9. It is a pity that he will not _take advantage_ of your offer. 10. Why do you never _pay attention to_ what I say to you?

(_b_) 1. I advised him not _to pay_ for it, but he _paid no attention_ to my advice. 2. It _turned out_ that they _wanted_ to _start_ earlier. 3. They were small and _at the same time_ they cost too much. 4. _Perhaps_ if you _turn_ the glass _over_ you will find what you are _looking for_. 5. At that _very_ moment we saw him _turn_ the corner and come _toward_ us. 6. To whom shall I _turn_, now that my best friend has deserted me? 7. Has your purse _turned up_ yet? 8. He arrived at twelve-thirty _sharp_, and told us that he had _taken steps_ to prevent any accident. 9. It is a good rule to work _by day_ and rest _by night_. 10. Has it _struck_ one yet? Well, then, we need not _wait for_ them _any longer_.

(_c_) 1. This is the old man who used _to ring_ the church bell. 2. The workmen in that factory are not satisfied with their pay. It is feared that they will _strike_. 3. _But_ do you think it _could have been_ my book that was burned? 4. _Put_ the things here and don't _put yourself out_ any more _for_ me. 6. It's too bad that it is so cold. This will _put_ the crops _back_. 7. _Put_ your shoes _on_. It is too cold to wear slippers. 8. Are you going to _put on_ your white dress? I don't _like_ the one you _have on_. 9. That will _do_ for the present. But we shall _want_ a larger one later. 10. I don't _like_ to work _at night_ when _I am sleepy_.

=GENERAL REVIEW EXERCISES=

(_a_) 1. _Here's_ my card. And what is _your_ name? 2. _Does_ the noise _keep_ you from sleeping? 3. He hasn't any change, nor I _either_. 4. I don't _like_ velvet. It isn't stylish _any longer_. 5. If I _have made a mistake_, I _ask_ you to pardon me. 6. _There! Now_ everything is ready. 7. _Help yourself_ to vegetables. 8. We are taking this journey _just_ for pleasure. 9. I _think_ we shall _get there in time_ if we hurry. 10. She _gets up now_ and _goes out to take a walk_ in the garden when it _is_ not too cold. 11. _What is_ her husband's mother _like_? 12. I can't _stand_ the life in the city when it _is so_ hot.

(_b_) 1. I _miss all_ that we used to have _before_ we _left_ our country home. 2. At each step that we _took_ our shoes _got_ dirtier. 3. The rain beats _hard_ against the window panes. 4. Have you known them long? I have only known them a few months myself. 5. Listen! It's _striking_ twelve. We must _go now_. 6. My duties have _kept_ me from going to see him. 7. Have you a railroad guide? Yes. _Here_ it is. _But_ it is an old _one_. 8. Turn into the glass _all_ that the bottle won't _hold_. 9. We are _getting near_ the city _now_, aren't we? 10. _Will_ you _please_ come _this way_, gentlemen. The others are waiting for you. 11. _Now_ we _have only_ two things _left to ask for_.

(_c_) 1. _Since_ his son went to war he has _to take_ his morning walk alone. 2. They would never _make fun of_ a _poor_ young man who _wanted_ to _help_ them _because_ he _thought_ they were _poor_. _From day to day_ she _was_ afraid he would discover it and _go away_ from her. 4. _Two days after getting_ her letter he found out everything that had happened. 5. _Let_ them _think_ what they _will_, it doesn't matter to me. 6. He _wants_ me now more than _ever_. I _will_ spend my whole life _taking care of_ him. 7. You _needn't do_ that again. I will do it myself. 8. But I _do_ appreciate this young man! 9. _But even so_ he had _succeeded_ in _getting together_ the respectable sum of forty thousand francs. 10. He _got into_ the automobile hastily, anxious to _get away_. 11. The vehicle _started_ at full speed _because_ the driver _knew_ that he would _have to hurry_ if he _wanted_ to _get to_ the station _before_ the train _left_.

(_d_) 1. _Within_ a few days he felt great esteem for the new employe. 2. _Do_ what you _will_ but _don't_ talk to me _about_ them. 3. One day the oldest daughter _appeared_ at the farm and said she _wanted_ to see her mother. 4. One day when they saw him _alone_ they _went up_ to him and _asked_ him where he was going. 5. It was useless to _have_ teachers come _for_ him. Nobody could _get_ him to study. 6. He _told_ his relatives of the great fortune that he _had just_ inherited. 7. He wished to _appear before_ them _as_ a millionaire. 8. He couldn't _stand_ it that his _only_ daughter should _grow up like_ a boy. 9. If I _only_ had what my father gives me, I shouldn't have much. 10. And finally he _asked_ me the same _question_, _wondering_ that the idea had not occurred to him _before_. 11. _Can_ it be that this is the _last_ sentence that we are to write?

APPENDIX

TO BE

to be, =estar= _when location or temporary state is expressed, otherwise_ =ser=.

to be able to, =poder=.

to be about to, =estar para=.

to be accustomed to, =acostumbrarse a=, =soler= (_used only in the present and the imperfect, rd. ch._).

to be astonished, =pasmarse=.

to be at one's ease, =estar a sus anchas=.

to be back, =estar de vuelta=.

to be better to, =valer más=.

to be born, =nacer=.

to be composed of, =constar de=.

to be enough, =bastar=.

to be for (_used for_), =servir para=.

to be glad, =alegrarse=, =celebrar=.

to be ignorant of, =ignorar=.

to be out (_not at home_), =no estar en casa=.

to be out (_lights, fires_), =estar apagado=.

to be out of, without, =estar sin=.

to be sorry, =sentir=.

to be up (_in the morning_), =estar levantado=.

to be up (_not gone to bed_), =no haberse acostado=, =velar=.

TO DO

to do away with, =abolir=, =deshacerse de=.

to do for oneself (_earn one's living_), =ganar la vida=.

to do one's best, =esmerarse=, =hacer lo posible=.

to do well (_be prosperous_), =prosperar=.

to do without, =pasar sin=.

TO GO

to go astray, =extraviarse=, =descarriarse=.

to go beyond (_be more than_), =pasar más allá de=, =exceder=.

to go crazy, =volverse loco=.

to go hard with, =pasarle mal a uno=.

to go into (_be contained in_), =caber en=.

to go off well _or_ ill, =salir bien= _or_ =mal=.

to go on (_continue_), =hacer progresos=.

to go one's way, =seguir el camino=.

to go over (_review_), =repasar=.

to go to ruin, =echarse a perder=.

go on! =¡vaya!= =¡anda!= =¡quita!=

how goes it? =¿qué tal?=

TO GET

to get a lesson, =aprender= _or_ =estudiar una lección=.

to get at (_begin_), =ponerse a=, =meterse a=.

to get behind (_lose ground_), =perder terreno=, =quedar atras.=

to get hold of (_seize_), =asir=, =agarrar=, =apoderarse de=.

to get lost, =extraviarse=, =perderse=.

to get off (_start_), =partir=, =marcharse=, =irse=, =ponerse en marcha=.

to get off (_escape_), =escaparse=.

to get off (_be exonerated_), =lograr a exonerarse=.

to get on (_be successful_), =tener buena suerte=, =tener éxito=.

to get on with (_continue_), =seguir=, =continuar= (_see_ to get along with).

to get one's bearings, =orientarse=.

to get over (_recover from_), =recobrar de=, =restablecerse de= (_illnesses, losses_), =dejar= (_timidity, fear, modesty, etc._).

to get ready, =preparar=, =aparejarse= (_said of people getting themselves ready_).

to get time, =hallar el tiempo=.

to get tired, =cansarse=.

to get to be, =llegar a ser=.

to get wind of, =llegar a saber de=, =recibir informes de=.

get up! =¡arriba!= (_to people_), =¡arre!= (_to animals_).

TO GIVE

to give evidence, =atestiguar=.

to give notice _or_ warning, =avisar=, =advertir=, (_in sense of_ warn) =poner sobre aviso=.

to give one's mind to a thing, =aplicarse bien a una cosa=.

to give the slip to, =escapar=.

to give trouble, =incomodar=, =hacer que hacer a=.

TO GROW

to grow larger, =dilatarse=, =ponerse más grande=.

to grow longer, =extenderse=.

to grow richer, =enriquecer=, =hacerse rico=.

to grow young again, =remozarse=.

TO HOLD

to hold (_be of the opinion_), =juzgar=, =mantener la opinión=.

to hold (_possess_), =tener=, =poseer=.

to hold (_be valid_), =ser válido=.

to hold (_be strong enough not to give way_), =tener fuerza=, =tener solidez=.

to hold on (_not to let go of a thing seized_), =no dejar una cosa=.

to hold off (_delay an action_), =hesitar=, =diferir una acción=.

to hold one's tongue, =callarse=.

to hold up (_raise_), =alzar=, =levantar=.

TO KEEP

to keep accounts, =llevar cuentas=.

to keep at, =persistir en=, =perseverar en=.

to keep awake (_not to go to sleep_), =quedar despierto=.

to keep somebody awake, =impedir el dormir a alguien=.

to keep books (_commercial_), =tener libros=, =llevar libros=.

to keep down (_keep in subjection_), =sujetar=.

to keep down (_keep in moderation_), =moderar=.

to keep house, =manejar la casa=.

to keep hold of, =no dejar=.

to keep in sight, =tener a la vista=.

to keep in touch with, =no perder comunicación con=.

to keep out of sight, =no dejarse ver=.

to keep to, =adherir a=.

to keep watch, velar, =vigilar=.

to keep up, =no cesar=, =continuar=.

TO LET

to let (_houses, etc._), =arrendar=, =alquilar=.

to let a word fall, =soltar una palabra=.

to let go (_loosen hold on_), =soltar=.

to let off (_guns, etc._), =disparar=.

to let off (_excuse_), =excusar=, =exonerar=.

TO MAKE

to make a long story short, =para abreviar=.

to make amends, =compensar=, =indemnizar=.

to make a mistake, =equivocarse=.

to make angry, =enfadar=, =enojar=, =poner rabioso=, =dar rabia a=.

to make a point clear, =sacar en limpio un punto=.

to make believe, =fingir=, =pretender=.

to make for (_contribute toward_), =contribuir a=.

to make good (_be successful_), =tener buena suerta=, =tener buen éxito=.

to make good (_prove_), =probar=.

to make good a promise, =cumplir con una promesa=.

to make head or tail of, =llegar a comprender=.

to make known, =hacer saber=, =dar a conocer=, =enterar=.

to make light of, =no hacer caso de=, =menospreciar=.

to make no difference, =no importar=.

to make one's escape, =escaparse=, =salvarse huyendo=.

to make out (_come to understand_), =llegar a comprender=.

to make out (_be able to read_), =descifrar=.

to make sense of, =hallar sentido a=.

to make use of, =servirse de=, =emplear=.

TO MISS

to miss an opportunity, =perder una oportunidad=.

to miss the mark, =no dar en el blanco=, =errar el tiro=.

to miss the significance of, =no llegar a comprender=.

to miss the train, =perder el tren=.

TO PUT

to put forward (_one's best foot_), =hacer todo lo posible=.

to put oneself forward (_try to attract notice_), =tratar de atraer la atención=.

to put in (_insert_), =insertar=.

to put into words, =expresar en palabras=.

to put off (_postpone_), =posponer=, =diferir=, =dejar por otro tiempo=.

to put a person off (_make him wait_), =hacerle a una persona que espere=.

to put out of joint, =dislocar=.

to put to death, =matar=, =quitarle a uno la vida=.

to put to flight, =hacer huir=.

to put together, =juntar=, =acumular=.

to put up (_put away temporarily_), =guardar=, =dejar=.

to put up at (_stop at_), =pararse en=, =alojarse en=.

to put up fruits, =conservar frutas=, =hacer conservas=.

to put up money, =avanzar dinero=.

to put up to (_leave decision to_), =dejar a=.

to put up to (_incite to_), =incitar a=, =instigar a=.

to put up with (_bear, suffer_), =sufrir=, =aguantar=, =tolerar=.

TO RUN

to run, =correr=.

to run across (_find_), =dar con=, =tropezar con=.

to run a machine, =manejar una máquina=.

to run against (_bump into_), =dar contra=, =chocar con=.