Part 6
=99.= In the conjunctive phrase _either ... or_, _either_ is translated =o=. As a pronoun it is translated =o el uno o el otro=. At the end of a negative sentence _either_ is rendered =tampoco=.
_Either I'm much mistaken or this is going to cause talk._
=O me engaño mucho o esto va a dar que hablar.=
--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
_Do you want this pen or the fountain pen? Either will do._
=¿Quiere Vd. esta pluma o la plumafuente?--O la una o la otra servirá.=
_And I don't think I'm a fool, either._
=Y creo que no soy tonto, tampoco.=--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
When _either_ at the end of a negative sentence is used merely for emphasis, it is expressed by repeating the negative =no=.
_I didn't do it, either!_
=¡No lo he hecho, no!=
=100.= _Neither_ is =ni= as a conjunction and equal to _and ... either_. As a pronoun it is =ni el uno ni el otro=. Standing as the first word in a sentence _neither_ is translated =tampoco=.
_I do not look into the mirror, neither to-day nor ever._
=No miro en el espejo, ni hoy ni nunca.=--ECHEGARAY.
_He wouldn't help him, neither would he help me._
=No quería ayudarle a él, tampoco quería ayudarme a mí.=
_I showed him the drawings. Neither of them pleased him._
=Le mostré los dibujos. Ni el uno ni el otro le ha contentado.=
=101.= The conjunction _because_ is =porque=. The prepositional phrase _because of_ is translated =a causa de=. =Por= with the infinitive is often used for =porque= with a clause, and may be used for =a causa de= when the object of the preposition is a participial phrase.
_I won't give you any more because you have enough already._
=No te daré más porque ya tienes bastante.=
_Because of the rain the country was flooded._
=A causa de la lluvia estaba inundado el campo.=
_That tribe obeyed him and respected him because he was_ (_because of his being_) _older._
=Aquella caterva le obedecía y respetaba por ser él mayor.=
--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
=102.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. No quiero que Vds. me ofrezcan dinero. 2. No le he devuelto el dinero que tuvo a bien prestarme.--Ni yo tampoco. 3. O se lo ha llevado él o el hermano de él, pero ni el uno ni el otro quiere confesarlo. 4. ¿Qué necesita usted?--Un martillo para arrancar estos clavos. 5. O el uno o el otro libro la contentará. 6. Por haber caído tanta nieve no quiero que salgan los chicos esta mañana. 7. A causa de la huelga de los empleados del tranvía tuvimos que ir a pie. 8. O los nuevos o los viejos debe usted mandarme. 9. Yo quisiera conocer a ese señor porque me dicen que es de gran talento. 10. Por ser tan tarde, no querían los padres partir sin los niños.
(_b_) 1. Well, how many more do you want and how much do you want to pay for them? 2. Do you want to see the picture that they were talking about? 3. Either the father or the mother must be ill. 4. Neither of my friends can speak Spanish. 5. I have to serve as (=de=) interpreter because I speak the language fluently. 6. Because of the illness of my father, neither my mother nor I were able to go. 7. Because I have a cold, I want you to read this letter aloud to the others. 8. These plants want water. Do you want to water them now? 9. Have you seen either of my sons to-day? Yes. I just saw the older one with three other boys. 10. I want you to tell _me_ what you want, either by telephone or by letter. 11. Neither her father nor her mother wanted her to go out, because it is so cold. She didn't want to go, either.
LESSON XXXIII
_Cuando hay alegría, todo se hace bien._[33]
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
=103.= The verb _to wonder_ is variously rendered. In the sense of _to be surprised_ it is generally =extrañar= or =admirarse=. As a synonym of _should_ or _would like to know_ it may be translated =quisiera saber=, or =tener curiosidad por saber=. In the sense of _to be thinking_ or _asking one's self_, the Spanish uses =preguntarse=.
_No one wondered at the girl's illness._
=Nadie extrañó la indisposición de la niña.=--JUAN VALERA.
_I don't wonder that they say certain things._
=No me admiro de que digan ciertas cosas.=
--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
_I was wondering if I should have time to go before they came._
=Yo me preguntaba si tendría el tiempo de ir antes que llegasen ellos.=
_I wonder who did this._
=Yo quisiera saber quién habrá hecho eso.=
The verb _to wonder_ is, however, often best translated by the future of probability, as illustrated in the following examples:
_Has he come yet, I wonder?_
=¿Habrá venido ya?=
_I wonder if it is time yet._
=¿Será ya la hora?=
_I wonder who that man is._
=¿Quién será ese hombre?=
_Cisneros_ (_observing them curiously_). _I wonder what's going on?_
=Cisneros= (=observándolos con curiosidad=). =¿Qué pasará?=
--NUÑEZ DE ARCE.
This form is used when the English sentence would make complete sense without _wonder_.
=104.= In English _the one_ has three translations. When used in contrast with _the other_, it is rendered =el uno=. Before the relative _who_ or _that_ it is =el=. In adjective phrases such as _the new one_, _the old one_, etc., the word _one_ is omitted.
_Both boys were busy. The one was helping his mother, the other, his father._
=Ambos muchachos estaban ocupados. El uno ayudaba a su madre, el otro a su padre.=
_You are not going from my house. They are the ones that are going._
=Tú no te vas de mi casa. Los que se van son ellos.=
--LOS QUINTERO.
_And the one that hurts most, is it above or below?_
=Y la que le duele más, ¿es de arriba o de abajo?=
--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
_You take the big ones. The little one is mine._
=Tome usted los grandes. El pequeño es mío.=
=105.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. No hay peor sordo que el que no quiere oír. 2. El hombre se extrañó el no hallar a su hijo. 3. Yo soy la que se va de aquí. 4. Los relojes andan desacordes, porque cuando el de la Puerta del Sol da las ocho el del Palacio suele dar las ocho y media. 5. ¿Qué hora será? 6. Envíeles a ellos los viejos y a mí los nuevos. 7. Se preguntaba si valía la pena de continuar. 8. Vió que el paisano tenía dos caballos, el uno muy gordo y el otro muy flaco, y se admiraba de la diferencia. 9. ¿Qué revista será aquél que lee con tanto interés? 10. Llaman a la puerta. ¿Quién será a estas horas?
(_b_) 1. I was wondering if the dog was mad. 2. Take the big one. The little ones aren't worth anything. 3. Who opened the door, I wonder? Please shut it. 4. I don't wonder that you don't like that dress. The other one is much prettier. 5. I don't mean that man. I mean the one who was here before. 6. Everybody wondered what he would be like. 7. Will they want this before I return, I wonder? 8. I wonder at their silence. They must know that I am anxious to know how they stood the journey. 9. The one that you have in your hand is mine. The one that you dropped is my sister's. 10. They tell me that I must choose either this one or that one. I wonder why I can't have the one that I like best.
LESSON XXXIV
_Lo que no puede hacer un gitano, no hay quien lo haga sobre la tierra._[34]--ALARCÓN.
=106.= =REVIEW EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. _I couldn't help_ smiling when I saw him _stand up_. 2. Who is that woman _standing_ in the doorway? 3. While it _lasted_ the boy kept (=tenia=) his eyes fixed on the judge's face. 4. The old man _was sitting_ behind the counter, reading aloud. 5. He _is not to blame_. Nor I _either_. 6. What do you _want_ (_ask_) for the _half_ of what you have brought? 7. I can't _stand so much_ heat. 8. We _sat down_ to wait until they came. 9. _Let's see!_ You _told_ him to come and _see_ me _as soon as_ he arrived, didn't you? 10. They _looked_ very happy _sitting there_ in the shade of the big trees.
(_b_) 1. That is _the one_ who was at the door when the accident occurred. 2. I have _half_ of the money _saved_ already. 3. _As_ he has read many histories, he can cite many examples. 4. It will be better to put the larger _ones_ in another place. _Here_ in this _corner_. 5. I _wonder_ if this _one_ is _as_ large _as_ that _one_. 6. I _heard_ from your companions that you had been dismissed. 7. Have you _heard_ from home lately? 8. _As for_ those two houses, _neither_ is large enough for my family. 9. _As_ I approached the man, I saw that he was _getting_ uneasy. 10. _Because_ the horse was older than he had said, they did not _want_ to buy it.
(_c_) 1. _Well_, as the _one_ that I _want_ is not here, I _must_ take the _one_ that I have. 2. _Will_ you _see to_ the dessert while I am _getting_ the rest of the dinner? 3. As _either one_ is large enough, _will_ you take this _one_ and _leave_ me the other _one_? 4. I _wonder_ if the postman has come yet. 5. They are erecting a large building at the _corner_ of our street. I _wonder_ what it will be. 6. He _wondered_ that you had not arrived yet. 7. _Tell_ him that he _must_ do it himself. 8. They are tearing down the church that has _stood_ at that _corner for so many_ years. 9. I was in Naples when the _last_ eruption of Vesuvius occurred. That was _last_ year. 10. I _heard last night_ that the governor _himself_ would come _as soon as_ he returned.
LESSON XXXV
_No creer en nada es estar loco._[35]
--CAMPOAMOR.
=107.= The verb _to take_, in its simplest meaning of _to carry_, is rendered =llevar= or =tomar=.
_I have to take this book to school._
=Tengo que llevar= (=tomar=) =este libro a la escuela.=
(_a_) In the sense of _to use_, =tomar= is the correct translation.
_The lemonade is rather sour. Take some mare sugar._
=Es algo agria la limonada. Tome usted más azúcar.=
(_b_) _To take off_, meaning _to remove_, is =quitar(se)=; meaning _to imitate_, it is translated =imitar= or =remedar=. _To take out_ is =sacar=.
_He took off his hat and from it took out a roll of banknotes._
=Se quitó el sombrero y de él sacó un rollo de billetes de banco.=
--JOSÉ MÁRMOL.
_Without taking his eyes off them, he slowly continued his way._
=Sin quitarles de encima la vista, siguió lentamente el camino.=
--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
(_c_) _To take leave of_ is =despedirse de=; _to take steps_ is =dar pasos=; _to take for granted_ is =dar por supuesto=.
_Before taking leave of me, she wanted to give me the letter._
=Antes de despedirse de mí, quiso darme la carta.=
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
_I take it for granted that you will take the necessary steps to prevent it._
=Doy por supuesto que Vd. dará los pasos necesarios para impedirlo.=
(_d_) _To take place_ is rendered =tener lugar= or =verificarse=; _to take possession of_ is translated =apoderarse de=.
_The funeral took place yesterday and the heirs have now taken possession of the property of the deceased._
=El entierro tuvo lugar= (=se verificó=) =ayer y ya se han apoderado de los bienes del difunto los herederos.=
(_e_) _To take up room_ is rendered =ocupar lugar= or =espacio=; _to take care of_, =cuidar de=.
_I'm going to get rid of this table. It takes up too much room._
=Voy a deshacerme de esta mesa. Ocupa demasiado lugar.=
_Don't worry. God will take care of you and of your family._
=No te apures. Dios cuidará de ti y de los tuyos.=
(_f_) _To take advantage of_ is rendered =aprovecharse de=.
_Take advantage of all the opportunities that come to you._
=Aprovéchese Vd. de cuantas oportunidades se le presenten.=
(_g_) _To take back_ in the sense of _to return_ is translated =devolver=; meaning _to retract_ it is rendered =retractar=.
_Take this letter back to them and tell them that we want them to take back what they say in it._
=Devuélvales Vd. esta carta y dígales que queremos que retracten lo que en ella escriben.=
=108.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Dios que cuida de los insectos cuidará de mí y de mi familia. 2. Allí había muchas personas que se habían apoderado de la chimenea. 3. No se quite Vd. el abrigo que aquí en este cuarto hace mucho frío. 4. Me aproveché de la oportunidad para contarle lo ocurrido. 5. El cuento de la desgracia ocupó el primer plan del diario de la mañana. 6. Tenemos mucho gusto en mandarle lo que nos ha pedido. 7. La recepción que se verificó con motivo de la visita del insigne autor, atrajó una brillante asistencia. 8. ¡Cuidado! tengo que devolver ese jarro a la vecina y no quiero que me lo quiebres antes. 9. El espacio delante de la plataforma fué ocupado por los bancos de los alumnos. 10. ¡Lléveselo! pero ha de ser ahora mismo.
(_b_) 1. Take this back and tell them that it is not the one I asked for. 2. I shall take advantage of your offer. 3. This will take up more room than that. 4. I think they are taking it for granted that we are going with them. 5. Don't you think that you ought to take off your shoes? 6. The trunk took up so much room in the car that there was no room for me. 7. Tell them that I will take charge (=cargarse=) of all this so that they may take advantage of this time to go and take leave of their friends. 8. It was evident that he took (_had_) great pleasure in telling the children stories when he took care of them. 9. I think he will take possession of the property next week.
LESSON XXXVI
_Nada existe en la tierra que no sirve para algo._[36]
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
=109.= The word _ever_ is translated =nunca= in a negative sentence. Meaning _at any time_, it is rendered =una= or =alguna vez=. As a suffix it is =-quiera=, and the compound word is followed by =que= and the subjunctive.
_Now I deserve you less than ever._
=Ahora te merezco menos que nunca.=--JUAN VALERA.
_Do you think he will ever come to see us?_
=¿Cree usted que venga una vez a vernos?=
_I would follow her wherever she went._
=La seguiría adondequiera que fuese.=--PALACIO VALDÉS.
=110.= The verb _to pass_ meaning _to go by_ (_through_, _past_) is rendered =pasar por delante de=.
_They passed me in groups._
=Pasaron en grupos por delante de mí.=--PALACIO VALDÉS.
(_a_) In reference to time, _pass_ is rendered =transcurrir= when used intransitively.
_I slept confidently that night and let the next day pass._
=Confiado dormí aquella noche y dejé transcurrir el día siguiente.=
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
(_b_) _To pass on_ meaning _to continue one's way_ is rendered =seguir el camino=; meaning _to hand to_, _give to_ it is translated =entregar= or =dar a=.
_When you have finished with it, pass it on to your friend._
=Cuando Vd. haya acabado con él, entréguelo a su amigo.=
_He stopped to speak to us, but passed on immediately._
=Se detuvo a hablarnos, pero siguió en seguida su camino.=
(_c_) _To pass_ (promote) is rendered =aprobar=; _to pass_ (be promoted) is =ser aprobado=.
_You will pass of course, but let's see if that professor will pass me._
=Tu serás aprobado, eso sí, pero a ver si aquel profesor me aprobará a mí.=
=111.= The verb _to pay_ or _pay for_ is usually =pagar=. Meaning _to be profitable_ it is rendered =ser provechoso=.
_There were many there that paid nothing because they had nothing._
=Muchos había allí que nada pagaron porque nada tenían.=
_Everybody knows that his mines did not pay._
=Todo el mundo sabe que sus minas no le eran provechosas.=
(_a_) _To pay attention to_ has two translations. Meaning _to listen to_ it is =poner atención=, meaning _to heed_, _act upon_, _mind_ it is =hacer caso de=.
_They never paid any attention to him when he was talking to them._
=Nunca le ponían atención cuando les hablaba.=
_She used to talk to his aunt without paying any attention to him._
=Hablaba con su tía sin hacer caso de él.=--PALACIO VALDÉS.
=112.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. De todo eso no hice caso sino que siguiera adelante. 2. Ha pasado muchas noches entregado al trabajo. 3. No hay que afirmar que pasamos por la casa de Pepita. 4. ¿No querían nunca hacerlo sin que Vd. los ayudase? 5. Por dondequiera que vayamos tenemos que llevarlos a ellos. 6. ¿Cómo quieres aprender si nunca pones atención? 7. Parece que no tienen la intención de pagarle. 8. No le haga Vd. caso que se está burlando de Vd., nada más. 9. Transcurrió la noche sin que nadie en la casa lograra dormirse. 10. En plena noche los oimos pasar por delante de la casa.
(_b_) 1. We have never had the money to pay for the house although we have always wanted to buy it. 2. Do you know that man who has just passed the house? 3. My son has written me that he has passed all his examinations. 4. I don't believe that he will ever finish what he is doing. 5. Whoever did this knows how to do it well. 6. Don't pay any attention to them. 7. Whatever book you choose, pay cash for it (=pagar al contado=). 8. I have finished with this and now I am going to pass it on to my younger brother. 9. Did you ever see the portrait of my father that that painter painted? 10. And so a quarter of an hour passed, and the procession passed the house again.
LESSON XXXVII
_La fe en una gran idea es la vida de la inteligencia._[37]
--EMILIO CASTELAR.
=113.= The verb _to turn_ has many translations. _To turn_ (_round_) is =volver= or =volverse=.
_He turned and looked him straight in the face._
=Se volvio y le miró cara a cara.=--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
_All heads turned towards him._
_Todas las cabezas se volvieron hacia él._--JUAN VALERA.
(_a_) In the sense of _to grow_, _get_, _become_, _to turn_ is rendered =ponerse=.
_Auntie turned all the colors of the rainbow_ (literally, _twenty-five colors_).
=La tía se puso de veinticinco colores.=--PALACIO VALDÉS.
(_b_) In the sense of _to go round_ or _to make go round_, _turn_ is =dar vuelta(s)=. In the phrase, _to turn the corner_, the verb may be translated =doblar=.
_He was turning the wheel._
=Daba vueltas a la rueda.=
_It was two o'clock when he turned_ (_the corner_) _into Reconquista Street._
=Eran las dos cuando dobló por la calle Reconquista.=
--JOSÉ MÁRMOL.
_Upon turning the corner he found himself in a small plaza._
=Al dar vuelta a la esquina se halló en una plazuela.=
(_c_) _To turn to_ in the sense of _to address_, _appeal to_, _have recourse to_ is rendered =dirigirse a=. Where the appeal is specifically for help, =recurrir a= may be used.
_"Now you have heard it," he continued, turning to the young lady._
=Ya lo ha oido Vd.,--prosiguió dirigiéndose a la señorita.=
--JOSÉ MÁRMOL.
_Since my family will not help me, I turn to my friends._
=Ya que mi familia no quiere ayudarme, me dirijo a mis amigos.=
(_d_) _To turn over_ (invert) is =invertir=; meaning _to revolve_ it is =revolver=.
_When he turned the plate over he found what had been hidden._
=Al invertir el plato halló lo escondido.=
_But, man alive, I can hardly turn over myself!_
=¡Pero, hombre de Dios, si apenas puedo revolverme yo!=
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
(_e_) _To turn out_ (prove to be) is rendered =resultar ser= or =resultar= alone.
_It turns out that you are the father of a genius._
=Resulta que eres el padre de un genio.=--ECHEGARAY.
Meaning _to put out_, _expel_, _dismiss_, it is rendered =expeler=, =echar=, =poner de patitas en la calle=, or =despedir=.
_This servant is absolutely worthless. I am going to turn him out._
=Este criado no vale absolutamente nada. Voy a ponerle de patitas en la calle.=
(_f_) _To turn into_ (become) is rendered =convertirse en= or =cambiar(se) en=.
_I told the children the story of the prince who turned into a dragon._
=Conté a los niños el cuento del principe que se cambió en un dragón.=
_The witch turned the princess into a cat._
=La bruja cambió a la princesa en un gato.=
_We took the furniture out of the room and turned it into a gymnasium._
=Sacamos los muebles del cuarto y lo convertimos en= (=un=) =gimnasio.=
(_g_) _To turn up_ in the sense of _to appear_ is rendered =aparecer=, =llegar=, =dejarse ver=; in the sense of _to happen_ it may be rendered =suceder=, =ocurrir=, =acaecer=.
_That man always turns up when he is least wanted. I hope something will turn up to keep him from coming to-day._
=Aquel hombre aparece siempre cuando menos queremos verle. ¡Ojalá que suceda algo que le impida el venir hoy!=
=114.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. La alfombra se había puesto roja donde la había manchado el ácido. 2. Apenas hube dado vuelta a la esquina cuando vi al que buscaba. 3. Dirigiéndome entonces a la señora que acababa de hablar, vi que se había puesto muy pálida. 4. Compramos un erial y resultó que el subsuelo era un inmenso almacén de carbón. 5. Entonces se convirtió en una hada con alas blancas. 6. Al fin cuando íbamos perdiendo la paciencia se dejaron ver. 7. Tan pequeña era la habitación que apenas podíamos revolvernos en ella. 8. Me he puesto a revolver papeles. 9. Mi buen deseo resultó ser inútil.
(_b_) 1. I wonder how that affair will turn out. 2. He turned the glass upside down. 3. Turn them all out if they bother you. 4. It is not worth while to do that, because they will surely turn up again. 5. They have turned that building into a school for the blind. 6. When you turn the next corner you will see the building that you are looking for. 7. The poor woman does not know to whom to turn in her distress. 8. The leaves are turning yellow and red. They will fall soon. 9. He was turning the handle of a little organ that belonged to a blind man. 10. All eyes turned in the direction of the speaker.
LESSON XXXVIII
_Vale más errar por generosidad que acertar por egoísmo._[38]
--EMILIO CASTELAR.
=115.= English _can_ and _could_, translated by the present and past tenses of =poder= when _possibility_ is implied, are differently translated to express _conjecture_. In the latter case, Spanish uses the future and conditional of the verbs that in English are the complements of _can_ and _could_. The examples should be very carefully studied and compared with those given under section 102.
_What can be the matter with the poor boy?_
=¿Qué tendrá el pobrecillo?=--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
_Where could Telmo be hidden?_
=¿Dónde estaría metido Telmo?=--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
_The first man who made a friend--what could he have been thinking about?_
=El primer hombre que se hizo amigo--¿en qué estaría pensando?=--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
_"It wasn't Peter apparently." "It wasn't? Who could it have been?"_
=No era Pedro a lo visto.--¿No? ¿Quién estaría?=
--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
Note that the conditional translates both _could be_ and _could have been_.
=116.= _To ring_ is =tocar= as a transitive and =sonar= as an intransitive verb.
_We rang twice before we heard the bell ring within the house._
=Tocamos dos veces antes de oír sonar la campanilla dentro de la casa.=
_At that moment a shot rang out very close._
=En aquel mismo instante sonó un tiro muy próximo.=
--ALARCÓN.
=117.= English _but_ as a synonym of _however_ is =pero=; as an adversative conjunction it is rendered =sino=; in the sense of _only_ or _except_ it may be rendered =sino= or =no ... más de= (=que=).
_He is not here at present, but I am expecting him at any moment._
=No está aquí en este momento, pero le estoy esperando de un momento a otro.=
_She is not Spanish, but Italian._
=No es española sino italiana.=
_No one knows it but you._
=Nadie lo sabe sino tú.=
_Remember that now you have no father but this gentleman._
=Acuérdate de que ya no tienes más padre que este señor.=
--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
=118.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. ¿Quién será?--exclamó la joven que se había puesto pálida. 2. ¿Sería mi hermano el que ha hecho eso? 3. Sonó la campanilla, pero el viejo no la oyó por ser él sordo. 4. ¿Serán ya las tres? ¿Sonaría la campanilla sin que nosotros la oyésemos? 5. Voy a mandarle todo lo que me ha pedido menos este libro, que no puedo pasarme sin él. 6. Me dijo que a las doce de la noche había sonado la campanilla del teléfono. ¿Quién me telefonaría a esas horas? 7. Ya no le queda más dinero que la pequeña suma que heredó de su padre el año pasado. 8. ¿Sería el vecino que me robó el caballo? 9. Es la primera vez que ha faltado a la cita. ¿Estará mala? 10. Yo no sabía de quien sería el bolsillo que acababa de hallar. 11. No hay quien toque las campanas como usted.