Part 5
_Uncle is right. We must send him to Paris._
=Tiene razón el tío. Debemos mandarle a París.=--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
(_b_) As the opposite of _left_, _right_ is =derecho=.
_In her right hand she held a lamp._
=En la mano derecha tenía una lámpara.=
The phrases _on the right_ and _to the right_ are rendered =a la derecha=.
_St. Mark's church is on the right._
=La iglesia de San Marcos se halla a la derecha.=
(_c_) _All right_ is translated =bueno= or =bien=.
_All right, then. I'll give you a dollar for it. That's all right, isn't it?_
=Bueno, entonces. Le daré un duro por él. Está bien, ¿no?=
=76.= When _duty_ is expressed, English _must_ is translated =deber=. When _must_ expresses _what is probably true_, =deber de= is the translation. To express _necessity_, =tener que= is used.
_Children must obey their parents._
=Los niños deben obedecer a sus padres.=
_He must have a high opinion of her._
=Debe de tener un alto concepto de ella.=--JUAN VALERA.
_I must go to the city to-day._
=Tengo que ir a la ciudad hoy.=
(_a_) When _must_ is followed by a passive infinitive, =hay que= or =ha de= is used with the infinitive. =Hay que= also translates the impersonal _one_ (_we_, _you_, _they_, _people_) _must_.
_It mustn't be said that this meeting was in vain._
=No ha de decirse que este encuentro fué en vano.=
--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
_One must talk of that. One must remember that._
=Hay que hablar de eso. Hay que acordarse de eso.=
--FERNÁN CABALLERO.
(_b_) Expressing conjecture or probability _must_ is often translated by the future and conditional of the verb which in English is the complementary infinitive with _must_. The future translates the present, and the conditional the perfect infinitive.
_He must know something about it. He must have worn something._
=Algo sabrá de eso. Algo se pondría.=--LOS QUINTERO.
_It must be because she did it. It must have been that._
=Será porque ella lo haya hecho. Eso sería.=
=77.= EXERCISES
(_a_) 1. Llaman a la puerta. Serán ellos. 2. Su hermano debe de ser cómplice. 3. La hazaña debió de suceder anoche. 4. No debes llorar sin decirme por qué. 5. Ha de perdonarme usted si soy un poco malicioso. 6. No hay que apurarse. Estará bueno en un momento. 7. Usted debe de haber visto la casa en donde vivo. 8. Debe de ser esa casa blanca a la derecha. 9. No hay que esperarlos hoy. Tienen razón en no venir. 10. Serían las tres cuando al fin llegaron.
(_b_) 1. I must write a letter to a friend who is ill. 2. That man must have a very poor memory. 3. I have brought you a dozen eggs. Is that all right? 4. It is not right to tell a child what he must do and not help him to do it. 5. On the right of the avenue was (=hallarse=) a beautiful park. 6. Look what I have written. It is all right, isn't it? 7. The bell rang, didn't it? It must be the postman. 8. It must have been John who telephoned me last night. 9. Is this bill right? It must be. It seems to be all right. 10. I must telephone him and tell him that it must be done before night.
LESSON XXVI
_Santos hay donde menos se piensa._[26]
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
=78.= The verb _to appear_ is rendered =parecer= when the meaning is _to seem_; meaning _to put in an appearance_ it is translated =aparecer=, =dejarse ver=, =presentarse=, or =asomar=, the last with the idea of _just coming into view_.
_He appears to be absolutely tired out._
=Parece estar cansado a más no poder.=
_The moon appears and paints blue shadows._
=Aparece= (=asoma=) =la luna y pinta sombras azules.=
--MARTÍNEZ SIERRA.
_At the same moment the face of the Catalan appeared through the window._
=Al mismo momento asomó el rostro del Catalán por la ventana.=
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
_He tried to appear in public as little as possible._
=Procuraba presentarse en pública lo menos posible.=--ALARCÓN.
=79.= The verb _to succeed_ is rendered =suceder= when the meaning is _to follow_; meaning _to be able to_, _manage to_, it is rendered =lograr= with the direct infinitive; in the sense of _to be successful_ it is translated =tener éxito=.
_Edward VII. succeeded Queen Victoria._
=Eduardo Séptimo sucedió a la reina Victoria.=
_And so I'm lost if I don't succeed in escaping?_
=¿Conque estoy perdido si no logro escaparme?=--ALARCÓN.
_He'll succeed. Indeed he will!_
=Tendrá éxito. ¡Vaya si lo tendrá!=
=80.= The word _even_ used adverbially is =aun= or =hasta=. Used to emphasize a noun it is generally =hasta=. _Not even_ is translated =hasta ... no=, or =ni= (=siquiera=); and the phrase _even if not_ is =ya que no=.
_The landlady, the tailor, and even the night-watchman can wait._
=La patrona, el sastre, y hasta el sereno pueden esperar.=
--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
_Not even so do I trust him._
=Ni aun así me fío de él.=--GIL Y ZÁRATE.
_I don't want anybody, not even her, to share this sacrifice with me._
=Yo no quiero que nadie, ni siquiera ella, comparta este sacrificio conmigo.=--LOS QUINTERO.
_Even if not rich, they are by no means poor._ =Ya que no ricos, no son de ningún modo pobres.=
=81.= _Toward_ indicating _direction_ is =hacia=. Denoting _inclination_ it is rendered =para con=.
_We saw that they were all walking toward the river._
=Vimos que todos caminaban hacia el río.=
_Toward his own children he was always unjust._
=Para con sus propios hijos fué siempre injusto.=
=82.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Pegaron fuego hasta a las iglesias. 2. Le felicito a Vd. y aun más a su familia. 3. Todavía no se ha dejado ver. 4. ¿Quién sucedió al Presidente Lincoln? 5. Saltó al agua y logró salvar al niño. 6. Logré alcanzarlos hacia la noche. 7. Era muy generoso para con sus amigos menos afortunados. 8. No tenían ni siquiera un duro. 9. Hasta su padre no sabía lo que habían hecho. 10. Parece que al momento de asomarse él a la puerta le dijeron que tenía que presentarse ante el juez.
(_b_) 1. They appear to be very happy even if they are not rich. 2. Toward morning a light appeared in the house. 3. Even so, I don't like his conduct towards his family. 4. I haven't even answered the letters that they wrote me. 5. He even shook hands with the beggars in the street. 6. I think he will succeed in getting the money. 7. He went toward the door without looking at us. 8. I don't feel any anger toward him. 9. They have succeeded in opening the door, but even now they can't get in. 10. Even if not of as good material as mine, it is very well made.
LESSON XXVII
_De la mentira sale mucha veces la verdad._[27]
--BENAVENTE.
=83.= =REVIEW EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. I have _known_ him _only_ a short _time_. 2. They returned last night at the usual _time_. 3. They will always _need_ me and so I shall _keep on_ sacrificing myself for them. 4. She is _very pretty_, isn't she? Yes, _very_. 5. I don't _feel like playing_ with them now. 6. The least that it had cost him was money and _time_. 7. In one of the houses a lady _was playing_ the organ. 8. He _sat down like_ one who is not in a hurry. 9. They congregate there every day at the same _time_. 10. _Without_ the money, I don't like to go to (=acudir a=) them. 11. It _must be_ time _for_ them to arrive.
(_b_) 1. _Even so_, they _know_ very _little_ about that man. 2. From _time to time_ he walked _toward_ the door. 3. They have ordered him _to appear before_ them to-morrow. 4. It _appears_ that I _was not right_ when I _told_ you that. 5. Don't go _without me_. I can't go _without asking_ permission. 6. It has _grown_ very dark. It _must_ be going to rain. 7. _Tell_ them it _must_ be done. They _must_ know that already. 8. We _must get_ him what he _needs even_ if it costs a lot of money. 9. We are very, _very_ tired. We haven't had _even_ a moment to rest all day. 10. You _need_ not explain. I heard from your companions that you had been dismissed. 11. It must be dinner _time_. You _must_ dine with us this evening.
(_c_) 1. _Please tell_ them that I haven't enough _even_ now. 2. I _need even_ more than that, this _very_ minute. 3. _What's_ the weather _like_ just now? Oh, it rains _every now and then_. 4. You will _have to_ give me more _time_. I have _only_ two made. 5. _The only thing_ I _need just now_ is a piece of soap. 6. _The only thing_ I _succeeded in getting_ from him was advice. 7. If _only_ she were not so ill! But I _hear_ that she is _getting better_. 8. I _heard_ a lady singing. She sang _like_ a nightingale. 9. If you _mean_ that you _like_ the way he acts (say, _his manner of acting_) _toward_ others, you are crazy, _I mean_, you are not wise. 10. You _are right_. It _must_ be he. He _must have_ arrived this morning. 11. One _mustn't_ think that all things are _like_ these.
LESSON XXVIII
_Cuando me habla el deber, tan sólo escucho su voz._[28]
--GIL Y ZÁRATE.
=84.= The verb _to sit_ (_down_) is rendered =sentarse=. _To be sitting_ is rendered =estar sentado=.
_I'm going, I'm going, you say, and you sit down._
=Ya voy, ya voy, dices, y te sientas.=--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
_Will you sit_ (_down_) _here a moment, please?_
=¿Quiere usted sentarse aquí un momento?=
_Don Miguel is sitting in an armchair near the stove._
=Don Miguel está sentado en un sillón inmediato al brasero.=
--LOS QUINTERO.
_Note._--It is always well to paraphrase _sit_ before translating. So, _I sat_ (sat down, took a seat, seated myself) _where they told me to_; _I sat_ (was sitting) _in the armchair_.
=85.= _To stand_ meaning _to be on one's feet_ is rendered =estar en pie= or =parado=; meaning _to rise to one's feet_ it is =ponerse de pie=.
_Pardon me, I am troubled with my heart. I can't stand._
=Perdóneme usted. Padezco del corazón. No puedo estar en pie.=--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
_When they saw the lady enter, everybody stood._
=Al ver entrar a la señora todo el mundo se puso de pie.=
(_a_) Meaning _to be situated_, _stand_ is translated =hallarse= or =estar situado=.
_That church has stood there for years._
=Aquella iglesia se halla allí desde hace muchos años.=
(_b_) Meaning _to endure_, _bear_, _suffer_, _stand_ is rendered =aguantar=, =sufrir=, =soportar=.
_He couldn't stand the pain._
=No podía soportar el dolor.=
_I can't stand this noise any longer._
=No puedo sufrir más este ruido.=
=86.= English _corner_ has two translations. Meaning _an exterior angle_, it is rendered =esquina=; as _an interior angle_, it is =rincón=.
_At the corner of that street stands a house, and in one corner of the garden of that house is a beautiful tree._
=En la esquina de aquella calle se halla una casa, y en un rincón del jardín de esa casa se halla un hermoso árbol.=
=87.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. La casa estaba situada en medio de grandes jardines. 2. Junto a él nos sentábamos nosotros, es decir, el padre cura y yo. 3. Se sentaron en torno de una mesa junta a la ventana. 4. ¡Ponte de pie cuando yo te hablo! 5. Estamos muy bien en este rinconcito. 6. Ha de saber usted que no puedo aguantar a este hombre. 7. En la obscuridad di contra la esquina de la mesa y me lastimé el brazo. 8. No había asientos para todos y algunos tenían que quedarse parados (en pie). 9. ¿Cómo ha soportado el enfermo el largo viaje? 10. Aquí en el rincón hay un banco. Sentémonos aquí.
(_b_) 1. I am tired of sitting. Let's all stand up for a few minutes. 2. Who is that boy who is still sitting down? 3. How long are we going to have to stand this? 4. We sat down to rest a few minutes because we were tired. 5. The house stands a little to the right of the church. 6. She has been sitting here so very, very quiet that I had almost forgotten her. 7. You must always stand when a lady speaks to you. 8. Turning the corner, he found himself in a little square that he had never seen before. 9. Put the table in the corner. We want to sit there. 10. There was a lady whom I didn't know standing by the window.
LESSON XXIX
_A quien se apresta a luchar no le abaten pesares._[29]
--EDUARDO MARQUINA.
=88.= English _self_ used reflexively is rendered by the Spanish reflexive pronouns =me=, =te=, =se=, =nos=, =os=, =se=. Used as an emphatic modifier _self_ is rendered =mismo= for all persons, changing only for number and gender. =Mismo= may be used with a reflexive to emphasize it.
_I hurt myself, as you yourself can see._
=Me he lastimado, como usted mismo puede ver.=
_Give the letter to him himself._
=Entregue la carta a él mismo.=--JOSÉ MÁRMOL.
_I am inclined to believe that the widow loves herself above all._
=Inclino a creer que la viuda ama a sí misma sobre todo.=
--JUAN VALERA.
_He hurts himself in order to annoy the rest._
=Es que se hace daño a sí mismo para dar un disgusto a los demás.=--ECHEGARAY.
_Note._--=Mismo= may take the emphatic ending =-ísimo=. So =él mismísmo= ..., _the very ... himself_.
=89.= _Last_, meaning _the most recent of a series_, or _the final one of a series_, is translated =último=. Meaning _the one just past_, it is translated =pasado=.
_The last French invasion proves how difficult it is to attack our independence._
=La última irrupción francesa prueba cuán difícil es atacar nuestra independencia.=--EMILIO CASTELAR.
_We ourselves were there last week._
=Nosotros mismos estábamos allí la semana pasada.=
_I said to myself, "This will be the last time."_
=Dije para mí--Esta será la última vez.=
(_a_) The verb _to last_ is translated =durar=.
_Come! Be patient, for this will not last long._
=¡Vamos! Tenga usted paciencia, que esto no durará mucho.=
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
(_b_) _Last night_ is rendered =anoche= or =ayer por la noche=.
_They must have stolen them from me last night._
=Debieron de robármelas anoche.=--ALARCÓN.
(_c_) _At last_ is translated =al fin= or, more emphatically, =al fin y al cabo=.
_At last! I was beginning to think that you were lost._
=¡Al fin y al cabo! Yo empezaba a creer que se había perdido usted.=
=90.= The verb _to tell_ has three common translations. Meaning simply _to say to_ it is rendered =decir=. Meaning _to relate_ it is =contar=. Meaning _to be effective_ it is rendered =producir efecto=.
_Tell me, grandfather, what is the name of the queen in your story?_
=Dime, abuelito, ¿cómo se llama la reina de tu cuento?=
--MARTÍNEZ SIERRA.
_I told them the terrible story of the miner._
=Les conté la espantosa narración del minero.=--ALARCÓN.
_It was a telling narrative._
=Fué una narración que produjo efecto.=
=91.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Me dice que está lloviendo en este mismo momento. 2. Contaba a los niños las aventuras de los conquistadores. 3. María se cortó hace poco con ese cuchillo. 4. Lo hemos comprado para nosotros mismos, no para ellos. 5. Bien podía ver que sus palabras habían producido efecto. 6. Esta es la última obra del insigne autor español Pérez Galdós. 7. Murió el mes pasado. 8. Al fin han venido a contarme lo ocurrido. 9. La mismísima madre de la niña no hubiera podido hacer más para salvarla. 10. Respeto a la inteligencia de las hormigas se cuentan muchas anécdotas.
(_b_) 1. Please tell them that this is not the book that I need. 2. I like to hear him tell how he learned to play the piano. 3. He knows how to tell it in such a way that every word tells. 4. I myself had forgotten all my troubles. 5. I was just saying to myself that it is time to go. 6. The very general himself could not have done more. 7. This is the last story that I am going to tell you. Last night you went to bed too late. 8. I was just wondering (say, _asking myself_) whether I was dreaming or not. 9. I'm going to take her the roses. I myself like the lilies best. 10. At last, last week, I was able to buy the last one that I needed.
LESSON XXX
_Digan lo que quieran, la alegría es muy barata._[30]
--ECHEGARAY.
=92.= _To save_ in the sense of _to rescue_ is =salvar=; meaning _to keep_, _conserve_, it is =ahorrar=, or =conservar=.
_To save a child, I am capable of throwing myself into the fire._
=Por salvar a un niño soy capaz de echarme en el fuego.=
--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
_It's a pity that he didn't save more while he was earning more._
=Es lástima que no haya ahorrado más mientras ganaba más.=
_We must save our strength._
=Debemos conservar= (=ahorrar=) =nuestras fuerzas.=
=93.= _To see_ is usually =ver=, but used in conjunction with certain prepositions it calls for other translations. So _to see to_ (take charge of) is rendered =cuidar de=, or =tomar a su cargo=; _to see about_ (ask _or_ inquire about) is translated =informarse de= or =pedir informes sobre=.
_I'll see to the baggage._
=Yo cuidaré del equipaje, or yo tomaré a mi cargo el equipaje.=
_What time do you want me to go and see about it?_
=¿A qué hora quiere usted que yo vaya a informarme de ello?=
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
(_a_) _To see through_ may be rendered (=llegar a=) =comprender=. _To see a thing through_ is rendered =llevar algo a cabo=.
_There's a problem that I shall never be able to see through._
=¡Vaya un problema que yo nunca llegaré a comprender= (or =que yo nunca comprenderé=)!
_We've begun it and we must see it through._
=Lo hemos empezado y debemos llevarlo a cabo.=
(_b_) The exclamatory _see here!_ is rendered =¡mire Vd.!= and the imperative forms _let's see_ and _let me see_ are translated =a ver= or =vamos a ver=.
_See here! You'll have to hurry if you want to overtake them._
=¡Mire Vd.! Tendrá que darse prisa si quiere Vd. alcanzarlos.=
_Let's see if you with your talent can clear this up for me._
=A ver si usted con su talento me aclara esto.=--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
_Let's see! Will you tell me what use flowers are?_
=¡Vamos a ver! ¿Quiere usted decirme que utilidad tienen las flores?=--PALACIO VALDÉS.
_Let's see! What have you to declare?_
=¡A ver! ¿Qué tiene Vd. que declarar?=--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
=94.= _Half_ as a noun is =la mitad=. As an adjective it is =medio=, which is also its adverbial form. _Half-way there_ is translated =a mitad del camino= or =en medio camino=.
_"They offered me the half now," said the old woman._
=Me ofrecieron la mitad ahora,--dijo la anciana.=
--FERNÁN CABALLERO.
_He always stopped when halfway there._
=Siempre se detuvo a la mitad del camino.=--BLASCO IBÁÑEZ.
_Halfway there, there was an inn._
=En medio del camino se hallaba una venta.=
--FERNÁN CABALLERO.
=95.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Si Vd. me da la mitad, yo quedaré satisfecho. 2. Estábamos medio tristes y medio rabiosos. 3. Queda a media milla de distancia de aquí. 4. A ver si Vd. puede hacerlo mejor. 5. Ahorró mucho dinero en poco tiempo. 6. Es muy hábil el médico. Esperemos que salve al niño. 7. ¡Mira! si no quieres que lleguemos con retraso, date prisa. 8. Yo tomaré todo eso a mí cargo. 9. A mitad del camino tuvieron que volver. 10. Estaba medio enojada porque no le habían dado más que la mitad.
(_b_) 1. The firemen saved all the people in the house. 2. It is a strange affair. I can't see through it at all. 3. Half is for me and the other half for them. 4. Let's see, what's the good of this? 5. I'll see to the dinner. 6. To save time we sent a servant to see about the trains. 7. The bandits left their victims there half dead. 8. Halfway there they all sat down to rest. 9. Don't leave it half done. See it through! 10. The letter is half written. Let's see! Don't you want to finish it now?
LESSON XXXI
_El que presta a un amigo pierde el dinero y el amigo._[31]
--FERNÁN CABALLERO.
=96.= The word _as_ as a conjunction of cause is rendered =ya que=, =puesto que=, or =como=.
_As you have eaten nothing to-day, it occurred to me to get a supper for you to-night._
=Como hoy no has comido nada, se me ocurrió prepararte una cena esta noche.=--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
_As they won't go with us, let's invite the others._
=Ya que no quieren acompañarnos ellos, invitemos a los otros.=
(_a_) As a conjunction of time or comparison it is =como=, but a temporal clause introduced by _as_ may be rendered by =al= with the infinitive.
_He had a slight acquaintance with foreign literature as many have to-day._
=Tenía un ligero tinte de literatura extranjera como muchos lo tienen hoy.=--FERNÁN CABALLERO.
_As I entered the room, they all stopped talking._
=Al entrar yo en la sala, todos dejaron de hablar.=
(_b_) The correlative _as ... as_ is rendered =tan ... como=, but _as much ... as_ and _as many ... as_ are rendered =tanto ... como= and =tantos ... como=.
_My father was as charmed as ever with her._
=Mi padre se mostró tan embelesado como siempre con ella.=
--JUAN VALERA.
_I have as much time as I need, and as many books as I want to read._
=Tengo tanto tiempo como necesito y tantos libros como quiero leer.=
The second _as_ in these phrases may be translated =cuanto=, =cuantos=, or these words may be used to translate both the first and the second _as_.
_I will buy you as much_ (_as many_) _as you need._
=Te compraré cuanto= (=cuantos=) =le hacen falta.=
(_c_) _As soon as_ may be translated literally =tan pronto como=, but it is also very frequently rendered =así que=, =en cuanto=, or =luego que=.
_You are going to do it as soon as you know what I am going to tell you._
=Lo vas a hacer en cuanto sepas lo que yo te voy a decir.=
--LOS QUINTERO.
_As soon as night had closed in, they went again to the judge's house._
=Así que se cerró la noche se dirigieron otra vez a la casa del juez.=
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
(_d_) _As for_, _as far as ... is concerned_, _as regards ..._, all may be translated =en cuanto a= or =por lo que toca a=. Otherwise, _as far as_ is translated =hasta=.
_As for him, he said that he had had them also._
=En cuanto a él, dijo que las había tenido también.=--JUAN VALERA.
_"As for me," said old Peter, "I know it by heart."_
=Por lo que me toca a mí,--dijo el tío Perico,--lo sé de memoria.=
--FERNÁN CABALLERO.
(_e_) When _as_ introduces a clause the action of which is represented as occurring simultaneously with the action of the principal clause, it is translated =a medida que=.
_The children drew their grandmother toward them as they spoke._
=Los niños tiraron a su abuela hacia sí a medida que hablaban.=
--FERNÁN CABALLERO.
=97.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Sabes tan bien como yo lo que tenemos. 2. En cuanto me den el dinero, voy a Madrid. 3. Luego que venga la criada, pídeselo Vd. 4. A medida que las lanchas entraban en la ensenada, el grupo iba mermando poco a poco. 5. Al salir de la casa vieron al hombre que se escapaba. 6. Como yo le vi por última vez el año pasado, no sé si se acordará de mí. 7. Al fin y al cabo lo ha hecho como lo quiero yo. 8. Quieren que yo las acompañe hasta la iglesia. 9. Por lo que le toca a Juan, ya ha prometido darme el suyo. 10. Tengo cuantos necesito por lo pronto.
(_b_) 1. As I was walking in the park this morning I met an old friend. 2. As for you, some fine (good) day you are going to get what you deserve. 3. This is not so large as I wanted it. 4. Save your money as much as you can while you are young. 5. As for me myself, I spend as much as I earn. 6. Will you go as far as the corner with me? 7. They are studying Spanish as so many are doing now. 8. You must sign it as well as (=tan bien como=, or =tanto como=, =lo mismo que=) I. 9. As soon as I find the man who owes me all that money, I will lend you some. 10. As we approached the village, the sky was getting darker.
LESSON XXXII
_La libertad nunca puede ser por tiranos defendida ni propagada por esclavos._[32]--EMILIO CASTELAR.
=98.= The verb _to want_ in the sense of _to wish_ is translated by =querer=. Meaning _to need_, _be in want of_, it is rendered =necesitar=, =tener menester=, =hacer falta a=.
_I want you to tell me at once._
=Yo quiero que usted me lo diga en seguida.=--ECHEGARAY.
_I want another book. Have you any more?_
=Necesito= (=tengo menester=, =me hace falta=) =otro libro. ¿Tiene Vd. más?=
_They want three more chairs._
=Necesitan otras tres sillas.=
_Note._--Observe the position of =otras=. The word =otro= regularly precedes a numeral.