Part 3
=Pues yo me siento mal, muy mal.=--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
_Well! Here am I to get everybody out of difficulties._
=¡Vaya! Aquí estoy yo para sacar de apuros a todo el mundo.=
--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
=31.= The verb _to hold_ as a synonym of _to have_ is translated =tener=; meaning _to contain_ it is =contener=. When it indicates that a thing has a certain capacity it is translated =caber en=. In this last sense the English subject becomes in Spanish the object of the preposition =en=, while the English object becomes the subject of =caber=.
_He held his hat in his hand all the time._
=Tenía el sombrero en la mano todo el tiempo.=
_This box holds all that I want._
=Este cajón contiene todo lo que yo necesito.=
_We shall have to get another sack. This one holds only a pound._
=Tendremos que buscar otro saco. En éste cabe solo una libra.=
=Contiene solo una libra= would mean _there is only a pound in it_.
_Note._--A very common expression is =no cabe duda=, which translates _there is no doubt_.
(_a_) The phrase _to hold out_ has many translations, according to its meanings as here illustrated.
_He held out_ (offered) _his hand to me._
=Me ofreció la mano.=
_He held out his hand for the money._
=Extendió la mano para el dinero.=
_He held out_ (persisted) _for a week._
=Se mantuvo firme por una semana.=
_The coffee held out_ (there was enough).
=Hubo bastante cafe.=
=32.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. El vino acá en el tranvía. 2. Pues, que lo haga tan bien como yo lo he hecho. 3. No cabían en el barco más de cuatro personas. 4. Búsqueme un cesto más grande. En éste no caben las manzanas. 5. El cajón contenía frutas y dulces. 6. ¿Y la familia? Están todos buenos según me escriben. 7. Con tal que haya bastante harina, no nos falta más. 8. Está cansadísimo. No sé si se le mantendrán las fuerzas hasta que llegue a casa. 9. ¡Vaya! ¿Usted aquí? ¿Y desde cuándo?
(_b_) 1. This bottle will not hold all that ink. 2. Well, what shall I do with what is left? 3. Put it here and get another bottle. 4. New countries hold out better opportunities to young men than to old ones. 5. Well, everything is ready for them when they get here. 6. He held out the sack to show me what it held. 7. I can't help thinking that he is too young for the office that he holds. 8. How much is it? Well, here's the money. 9. How many books will this bookcase hold? 10. There is not the least doubt that they knew that the box held money.
LESSON XII
_Dios no hace las cosas a medias._[12]
--JOSÉ MÁRMOL.
=33.= The adverb _so_ expressing manner is rendered =así=, _thus_; as an adverb of degree _so_ is =tan=. _So much_ and _so many_ are rendered =tanto=, =-a=, =tantos=, =-as=, when used adjectively or pronominally. As an adverb _so much_ is =tanto=.
_And I am to live so, as long as I am alone._
=Y así he de vivir mientras esté solo.=--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
_I didn't know that it was so hard to do that._
=Yo no sabía que era tan difícil hacer eso.=
_That's why they make so many mistakes_ (are mistaken so many times).
=De ahí que se equivoquen tantas veces.=--LOS QUINTERO.
_I don't need so much. You take what's left._
=Yo no necesito tanto. Tome usted lo que sobra.=
(_a_) Used in the manner of a neuter pronoun _so_ is rendered =lo=.
_I asked him to call them and he did so at once._
=Le rogué los llamase y lo hizo en seguida.=
(_b_) In such expressions as _I think so_, _I believe so_, _he says so_, where _so_ stands for an affirmative clause, it is translated =que sí=.
_Is it going to snow? John says so._
=¿Va a nevar? Juan dice que sí.=
_"I think so," he said, taking the instruments from the man's hands._
=Creo que sí, dijo, tomando los instrumentos de las manos del hombre.=
--JOSÉ MÁRMOL.
(_c_) The conjunctive phrase _and so_ is rendered =y así= when it is equal to _and therefore_. When it is equivalent to _well_, _then_, it is rendered =conque=.
_We weren't busy, and so we could help them._
=Nosotros no estábamos ocupados y así podíamos ayudarlos.=
_And so you say they are to be here at five o'clock?_
=Conque, ¿dice usted que han de estar aquí a las cinco?=
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
=34.= English _to keep_ in its simplest meaning of _to retain_ is rendered =guardar= or =quedarse con=. It has many other meanings, most of which may be obtained by paraphrase. So: _to keep_ (observe) _a holiday_; _to keep quiet_ (be still, stop talking); _to keep out_ (not to enter); _to keep in_ (not to let go out); _to keep on_ (to continue, _or_ not to take off); _to keep from_ (to hinder, prevent, abstain from).
_Well, I'm going to keep what I have._
=Pues, yo voy a quedarme con lo que tengo.=
_At home we keep all the national holidays._
=En casa observamos todas las fiestas nacionales.=
_Well, I agree, and I keep on sacrificing myself._
=Pues, me conformo, y sigo sacrificándome.=--ECHEGARAY.
_The noise of the street kept him from sleeping._
=El ruido de la calle le impidió el dormir.=--BLASCO IBÁÑEZ.
_Tell them to come back. I will keep them just a moment._
=Dígales que vuelvan. Los detendré un momento, nada más.=
=35.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Así es, por desgracia. No te espero hoy. 2. La cordera siguió corriendo y llegó a lo alto de las peñas. 3. Guardó un asiento vacío junto al suyo. 4. Ha retenido la mitad de lo que me debe. 5. Su enfermedad le impidió que adelantara en sus estudios. 6. Si todos nos mantenemos quietos, no sabrán que estámos aquí. 7. Yo le dije que callase, pero siguió hablando. 8. Conque, se marchan ustedes hoy ¿no?
(_b_) 1. I don't know why she wants so much to see me. 2. Of course if she wants to go, I can't keep her from it. 3. She keeps on writing to me, asking me not to keep it. 4. Has he kept back more than he should? They say so. 5. He always keeps out of the house when he sees that the maid has just cleaned the floors. 6. In Spain and South America they keep all the church holidays. 7. This lesson is not so hard (_difficult_). 8. If it keeps on raining, you must keep on your raincoats. 9. I tried to keep the children from making so much noise. 10. Keep them out of this room for just a few minutes.
LESSON XIII
_Mi opulencia es la sencillez; mi lujo, la sobriedad; mi reposo, el trabajo._[13]--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
=36.= =REVIEW EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. _Ask_ as many questions as you want to. 2. I have not been so busy _for a long_ time. 3. I _asked_ the young lady how much the hat _was_. 4. _Well_, we will _look for_ it here and if we can't find it we will send him to _get_ another. 5. We had been gone _for_ an hour when they _got here_. 6. This is a situation that cannot last _longer_. 7. You will _get_ better. Why (=si=), you _are_ better! 8. Did you _know_ that man _before_? Yes, I _made_ his _acquaintance_ last year. 9. I have _just_ seen your parents _go in_. It is _just_ eight o'clock.
(_b_) 1. He _can't help_ seeing that it is too large. 2. The poor girl _looks_ ill. 3. I don't _know_ how she has been able to work _so long_. 4. I am waiting _for_ my brother; I can't _get in_ till he comes because I have lost my key. 5. Ah, _here_ he comes. I was _just_ going to send some one _to look for_ you. 6. Even the teacher _couldn't_ help laughing. 7. I have not seen the sun _since_ morning. I'm sure it will rain _before_ night. 8. It is impossible _to know how_ to speak a language _well_ without practice. 9. Shall you _be_ here when we _get back_? 10. If I can _get_ him to lend me the money, I will buy it from (=a=) you.
(_c_) 1. _How long_ do you think they will be able to _hold out_? 2. In her arms she _held_ a pretty _little_ girl. 3. I have only a very _little_, nevertheless this valise won't _hold_ it. 4. This little basket _just holds_ a dozen. 5. This pitcher _holds just_ a quart. 6. _Keep_ a place _for_ me near you. 7. I _asked_ him who said _so_. 8. I don't _know_ what to do with _so_ many books and still you _keep on_ buying more. 9. Who says that? He says _so_. 10. Is he ready? He says _so_.
LESSON XIV
_El hombre que se avergüenza de ser feliz debe andar en cuatro pies._[14]--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
=37.= English _to leave_ has three principal translations. Meaning _to depart_ it is rendered =partir=; meaning _to go out of_ it is =salir=; and meaning _to allow to remain_ it is =dejar=.
_He left for London yesterday._
=Partió para Londres ayer.=
_For two months I haven't been able to leave the house._
=Hace dos meses que no puedo salir de la casa.=
--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
_The train had left him in the East station._
=El tren le había dejado en la estación del Este.=
--BLASCO IBÁÑEZ.
(_a_) In the sense of _to let_, =dejar= is used.
_Leave the poor child alone! He's not bothering you._
=¡Déjale al pobre niño! No te molesta a tí.=
(_b_) _To leave off_ in the sense of _to stop_ is rendered =dejar de= or =cesar de=, followed by the infinitive.
_He left off coming when he found out that he was not congenial to us._
=Dejó de venir cuando supo que no nos era simpático.=
--BENAVENTE.
(_c_) _To have something left_ is translated =quedar= or =sobrar=.
_I know you have no time left for social life._
=Ya sé que no le sobra tiempo para la vida social.=--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
_I used to have a lot, but I have very little left now._
=Antes tenía mucho, pero me queda muy poco ahora.=
_I gave him four, but he has only two left now._
=Le dí cuatro, pero ya no le quedan más de dos.=
_Note._--In this construction notice that the English subject becomes the indirect object of the verbs =quedar= and =sobrar=, while the thing "left" is the subject. The Spanish says literally, _to him are left only two_. Note also the order: object, verb, subject.
=38.= _To let_, meaning _to allow_, is rendered =dejar=.
_The poor woman has died of fatigue. Let her rest in peace._
=La pobre mujer ha muerto de fatiga. Dejadla que descanse en paz.=--MARTÍNEZ SIERRA.
(_a_) When _let_ is used with the third person in the sense of a command it is translated by =que= with the subjunctive. When the verb is in the first person plural, the =que= is omitted.
_Let John take these letters to the post-office at once._
=Que Juan lleve estas cartas al correo en seguida.=
_Let's go now. No, let us sit down here for a moment._
=Vámonos ahora. No, sentémonos aquí por unos momentos.=
(_b_) _To let in_, _out_, _up_, _down_, _through_ are translated =dejar entrar=, =salir=, =subir=, =bajar=, =pasar por=.
_Don't let that dog in. I have just put him out._
=No dejes entrar a ese perro. Acabo de hacerle salir.=
_They couldn't open the door, but they let me in through the window._
=No podían abrir la puerta, pero me dejaron entrar por la ventana.=
=39.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Salga Vd. de la sala y no vuelva Vd. a entrar. 2. Si no han partido todavía, dígales que quiero verlos antes que se marchen. 3. No salimos de la casa antes que dejó de llover. 4. No sé si me dejarán acompañarla a usted. 5. Que vayan a traérmelo en seguida. 6. ¿Les sobrará mucho? Creo que sí. 7. Partimos mañana en el tren de la mañana. 8. Su madre no quiere dejarle acompañarnos. 9. Las mujeres dejaban sus ocupaciones de la casa y salían a las puertas. 10. Todavía me queda la pequeña casa que me dejó mi padre.
(_b_) 1. We will not let you leave until it leaves off raining. 2. They have all left their umbrellas at home. 3. When he had paid for his dinner he had two dollars left. 4. They left five minutes ago. 5. I have just one old umbrella left for myself. 6. Let Mary let them in through the kitchen door. 7. Let's ask him how many he has left. 8. If I have any money left after I have bought all the things that they are asking me for, I will let you take it. 9. We can't do much with what is left.
LESSON XV
_La ley es Dios--o debe serlo._[15]
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
=40.= English _now_ is generally translated =ahora=, but when it means _already_ it is rendered =ya=.
_I am going to take a walk through the village now._
=Voy a salir a dar una vuelta por el pueblo ahora.=
--LOS QUINTERO.
_I have been a workman in the shops for a week now._
=Soy operario de los talleres hace ya una semana.=
--LOS QUINTERO.
(_a_) The phrases _well, now_, and _now, then_, may be rendered =ahora bien=. The exclamatory phrase _come, now!_ is expressed =¡vamos!=, =¡vaya!=, or =¡ea!=
_Come now, Antonio dear, a little patience!_
=¡Ea, Antoñito, un poco de paciencia!=--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
_Come now! Tell me everything. I am your friend._
=¡Vamos! Confíemelo todo. Yo soy su amiga.=
--MARIANO JOSÉ DE LARRA.
(_b_) _Now ... now ..._ is translated =ya ... ya ...= or =ora ... ora ...=.
_Now it was too hot, now it was too cold for him._
=Ya hacía demasiado calor, ya demasiado frío.=
_Note._--The phrase _from now on_ is translated de =aquí en adelante=.
=41.= English _about_ as a preposition meaning _of_ is translated =de=; meaning _in regard to_ or _concerning_ it is rendered =acerca de=; meaning _almost_, _nearly_, _in the neighborhood of_ it is =cerca de= or =más o menos=.
_What are you talking about?_
=¿De qué habla usted?=
_I have to write to him about that matter._
=Tengo que escribirle acerca de ese asunto.=
_I have about a hundred._
=Tengo cerca de ciento= (=ciento más o menos=).
=42.= _To be about to_ is rendered =estar al punto de= or =estar para=.
_When we arrived, the others were about to leave._
=Al llegar nosotros, estaban los otros para salir.=
=43.= The verb _to feel_ meaning _to experience_, _perceive_ is rendered =sentir=; meaning _to be of the opinion_, _think_ it is rendered =pensar=, =ser de la opinion=, =parecerle a uno=; meaning _to have the feeling of_ it is rendered =ser ... al tacto=; meaning _to touch_ it is =palpar= or =tentar=.
_I feel for this man a tremendous interest._
=Siento por este hombre un interés tremendo.=
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
_Do you feel ill? Just a little pain._
=¿Te sientes malo? Un dolorcillo, nada más.=
--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
_Well, I feel that it would be better to return now._
=Pues, a mí me parece que sería mejor volver ahora.=
_What's in this bag? It is something that feels hard._
=¿Qué hay en este saco? Es algo que es muy duro al tacto.=
_Feel this. It's too hard, isn't it?_
=Palpe= (=Tiente=) =éste. Es demasiado duro, ¿no?=
=44.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Ahora tengo ganas de bailar. 2. Pero ya no ha de ir usted, ¿verdad? 3. Por desgracia ya me quedan pocos. 4. De aquí en adelante se ha de trocar mi adversa fortuna en próspera. 5. Palpaba su chaqueta para ver si estaba mojada. 6. Me gusta mucho esta tela. Es muy blanda al tacto. 7. Eran cerca de las ocho cuando oimos sonar una campana. 8. Ya es hora de acabar. 9. Los viejos sienten el frío. 10. Ya lo vi y ya desapareció de nuevo.
(_b_) 1. He feels better now. It's not necessary to call the doctor. 2. Do you want to see them? Well, they have come now. 3. He has about two hundred books in his library. 4. Come now! You know what I told you just now (see Section 24 (_c_)). 5. Feel his hands. How cold they are! 6. It was about six o'clock when we felt the first shock of the earthquake. 7. He was feeling his way (_to feel one's way_, =andar a tientas=) in the dark corridor. 8. We do not feel safe here, but father feels that it would be foolish to go out just now.
LESSON XVI
_Hacer bien a los villanos es echar agua en la mar_.[16]
--CERVANTES.
=45.= English _will_ as an auxiliary has two meanings. As denoting simple futurity it is in Spanish included in the future form of the verb. As a synonym of _to want to_, _will_ is translated by the present tense of the verb =querer=.
_They will get here to-morrow and then I will tell them._
=Llegarán mañana y se lo diré entonces.=
_I will tell it to as many as (all who) will listen to me._
=Lo diré a cuantos quieran oirme=.--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
_Note._--In case of doubt substitute _is going to_ or _wants to_ for _will_. If the former keeps the sense, use the future tense; if the latter, use =querer=.
(_a_) _Shall_, denoting simple futurity, is included in the future tense.
_I shall not be able to come. Shall you be here?_
=Yo no podré venir. ¿Estará usted aquí?=
Expressing determination on the part of the speaker, _shall_ must be translated by a clause or by =deber= with the infinitive.
_You say he has stolen your bicycle? Well, he shall return it at once._
=¿Dice Vd. que se le ha robado su bicicleta? Pues, yo haré que se la devuelva en seguida=, or =debe devolverla=.
=46=. The word _all_, commonly translated =todo=, has many different translations which should be learned in the phrases in which they occur. Of these the commonest are: _all at once_, _all of a sudden_, =de repente=; _all right_, =bueno=, =bien=, =está bien=; _all alone_, =solo=, =solito=; _first of all_, =en primer lugar=, =ante todo=; _not at all_, =de ningún modo=, =no hay de que= (an expression of courtesy in reply to the person who says _thank you_); _all over_ (_everywhere_), =por todas partes=.
(_a_) _All that_ or _all the ... that_ may be translated literally =todo lo que= or =todos los ...= but they are frequently rendered by =cuanto= and =cuantos=.
_Up to now I did all that was in my power for you._
=Hasta ahora hice cuanto estaba en mis manos por vosotros.=
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
_I have at my disposal all the money that I may need._
=Tengo a mi disposición cuanto dinero pueda necesitar.=
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
_I am very much obliged to you. Not at all, sir, not at all._
=Le estoy muy agradecido a usted. No hay de que, señor, no hay de que.=
Note also the phrase _it's all the same_ (_it makes no difference_), =lo mismo da=.
=47.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. No es de ningún modo lo que se llama hombre rico. 2. Ya es tarde. Tendrá ganas de marcharse. 3. Al decirme la señora "Muchas gracias," yo respondí "No hay de que, señora." 4. Le hemos convidado a acompañarnos, pero no quiere venir. 5. Vendrá mañana y le prometemos a usted que haremos que vuelva en seguida. 6. No queremos dejarte solo solito. Ven tú también. 7. No quiere callarse, pero lo mismo da. No le hacemos caso. 8. De repente se puso a buscarlo por todas partes de la casa. 9. En primer lugar debe devolver todo lo que necesita usted, ante (_above_) todo los cuadernos. 10. Vamos a ver. ¿Está bien la cuenta?
(_b_) 1. Is that all you have to do? Well, I'm going to look for another job for you. 2. He says he won't stay here all alone. 3. Is your letter written? Well, my son shall take it to the post-office with mine. 4. There will be a masked ball this evening. Shall you go? 5. What shall I tell them? Tell them that we shall not send the things till they ask for them. 6. All right. Tell me when it is all over (_to be all over_, =acabarse=). 7. He will give you all you want if you ask him for it. 8. I have already asked him many times, but he will not listen to me. 9. All the brothers I have are older than I am. 10. Well, since they say they will not do it, I shall have to do it myself.
LESSON XVII
_Es difícil salvar a quien no quiere salvarse de ningún modo._[17]
--BENAVENTE.
=48.= The word _way_ meaning _road_ is translated =camino=; meaning _manner_ or _mode_ it is rendered =manera= or =modo=.
_Our sailor was on the way to become rich._
=Nuestro marinero estaba en camino de hacerse rico.=
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
_Don't talk to me in that way if you don't want to make me cry._
=No me hables de este modo si no quieres hacerme llorar.=
--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
(_a_) _This way_ and _that way_ indicating direction are rendered =por aquí= and =por allí=.
_At any rate_ (_any way_) _I shall come this way to see your nephew._
=De todos modos pasaré por aquí para ver a su sobrino.=
--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
When strongly demonstrative _this way_ and _that way_ are rendered =así=, _thus_:
_Do you want me to do it this way or that way?_
=¿Quiere usted que yo lo haga así o así?=
(_b_) _My way_, _your way_, etc., meaning _as I do it_, _as you do it_, are rendered =como lo hago yo=, =como lo hace usted=, etc.
_To do it your way I should need more time._
=Para hacerlo como lo hace usted yo necesitaría más tiempo.=
(_c_) To have one's own way is translated =hacer su voluntad= or =hacer como quiere uno=.
_You don't want to do it? Well, have your own way._
=¿No quieres hacerlo? Bueno, haz tu voluntad.=
_They spoil her by letting her have her own way all the time._
=La miman dejándola hacer como quiere todo el tiempo.=
=49.= The adjective _hard_ is rendered =duro= when it means _not soft_; =difícil=, when it means _not easy_. As an adverb meaning _vigorously_, _energetically_, _diligently_, it should be rendered by the Spanish adverb that fits best in the sentence. So, _to study hard_ (diligently); _to blow hard_ (strongly); _to work hard_ (diligently _or_ much); _to think hard_ (deeply, intently).
_This bread is so hard that it is hard to cut it._
=Este pan es tan duro que es difícil cortarlo.=
_The wind blew hard all night._
=El viento sopló fuertemente toda la noche.=
_You will have to study harder if you want to pass._
=Tendrá Vd. que estudiar más diligentemente si quiere ser promovido.=
_He has had to work hard all his life._
=Ha tenido que trabajar mucho toda la vida.=
=50.= The verb _to give_ is generally =dar=, but it has many idiomatic translations. So, _to give back_ (return), =devolver=; _to give in_ or _give up_ (consent, yield), =consentir=, =ceder=, =rendir=; _to give up_ (renounce), =renunciar=; _to give out_ (publish; fail), =publicar=; =acabarse=, =concluirse=.
_And now give me something to eat._
=Y ahora dame algo que comer.=--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
_This man never gives in._
=Este hombre no se rinde nunca.=--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
_After walking a very short distance, her strength gave out._
=Después de andar muy corta distancia, se le acabaron las fuerzas.=
=51.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Se lo devolví ayer. 2. Primero se acabó la harina y después al azúcar. 3. Se proclamó (publicó, anunció) que la reunión se verificaría aquel mismo día. 4. Estaba cansado de tanto correr. 5. Habrá que renunciar todo eso si quiere tener éxito. 6. Vamos por allí. Es más corto el camino. 7. Quiere descansar después de tanto trabajar. 8. De este modo nunca llegaremos. 9. Hemos hecho lo posible para persuadirles, pero no quieren ceder.
(_b_) 1. If he does it, he will have to do it my way. 2. They have not yet given out the names of the committee. 3. My ink gave out and I had to use a pencil. 4. If you write it that way, it will be hard to read it. 5. He gave up his family for his country. 6. Well, I expect to have my own way in regard to this matter. 7. We took the longest way to get home. 8. In that way you will never get to where you want to go. 9. Come here! Don't get excited in that way. 10. It's raining hard now; if it doesn't stop soon, it will be hard to get home. 11. It's hard work for me to believe that (say, _it costs me work_).
LESSON XVIII
_Yo nunca tengo miedo cuando hago lo que debo._[18]
--ECHEGARAY.
=52.= The verb _to think_ in the sense of _to reflect_ or _intend_ is =pensar= (=en=). As a synonym of _to believe_ it is =creer=. Where _it seems to me_, _to him_, etc., may be substituted for _I think_, _he thinks_, etc., the verb =parecer= in the third person is used, the English subject becoming the Spanish indirect object.
_You will not think of returning to Salamanca to-day._
=Usted no pensará en regresar a Salamanca hoy.=
--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
_Do you think I didn't understand?_
=¿Cree usted que yo no lo he comprendido?=
--JOSÉ MARMÓL.
_Sir, I think you have dropped something._
=Caballero, me parece que se le ha caído algo.=
--EMILIA PARDO BAZÁN.
=53.= The verb _to make_ in its simplest use is rendered =hacer=. It has, however, a very large number of idiomatic uses that call for other translations. Of these, some of the commonest are: _to make haste_, =darse prisa=; _to make fun of_, =burlarse de=, =mofárse de=; _to make the acquaintance of_, =conocer=; _to make up one's mind_, =decidirse=, =resolverse=, or, in the perfect tenses, =tener determinado=.
_The machinery was making so much noise that we could not hear what he said._