Part 2
Many other translations of _to go_ may be obtained by paraphrasing. So, _to go back_, _return_, =volver=; _to go into_, _investigate_, =investigar=; _to go by_, _judge by_, =juzgar por=, etc.
=11.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Me voy un rato con este amigo. 2. Ya se apagó el fuego. 3. Todos quedaron menos él, que se fué en seguida. 4. Puesto que llueve a cántaros no salimos esta mañana. 5. Ya es hora de volver, ¿no? 6. Nos iremos mañana si hace buen tiempo. 7. No hemos recibido noticias de ellos desde que se fueron. 8. Entonces vimos que los niños se habían dormido. 9. Siguen riendo y charlando mientras esperan la llegada de los otros. 10. Tráeme acá un fósforo. Se me ha apagado la lámpara.
(_b_) 1. Since I can't come to see you, I ask you to come to see me. 2. I lent him my fountain pen last week and I have not seen it since. 3. I am sleepy, but I can't go to sleep. 4. Go back at once! The others have all gone. 5. Don't go out until you see them go in. 6. It is very cold in this room since the fire went out. 7. I shall go on making preparations for their visit. 8. It was so warm in the room that we almost went to sleep. 9. He is ill and has had to go to bed. He hasn't been well since he came home. 10. Are you going now? Well, I will go with you.
LESSON V
_Mientras uno es joven, siempre hay esperanza de mejorar la fortuna._[5]--PALACIO VALDÉS.
=12.= English _long_ is usually rendered =largo=, but in expressions of time it is often translated =mucho=.
_This is the longest street in the city. We lived here for a long time._
=Esta es la calle más larga de la ciudad. Vivimos aquí por mucho tiempo.=
_I have not seen them for a long time._
=No los he visto desde hace mucho tiempo.=
_Note._--When a phrase expressing duration of time introduced by _for_ is equivalent to _since ... ago_, _for_ is translated =desde hace=.
(_a_) The phrase _to be long_ (_in_), followed by a verbal in _-ing_, expressed or understood, is rendered =tardar= (=en=), followed by an infinitive expressed or understood.
_Have patience! You will not be long in learning how to do it._
=¡Ten paciencia! No tardarás en aprender a hacerlo.=
_You go now. I will follow.--All right, but don't be long._
=Vete ahora. Yo te seguiré.--Bueno, pero no tardes.=
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
(_b_) =Tardar en= may also be used to translate the expression _before long_.
_They will be back before long._
=No tardarán en volver.=
(_c_) The adverbial phrases _no longer_, _any longer_ are translated =ya no=.
_I wonder why they are so long. I can't wait any longer._
=¿Por qué tardarán tanto? Ya no puedo esperar más.=
(_d_) The conjunctive phrase _as long as is_ rendered =mientras=.
_As long as it was raining we could not go out._
=Mientras llovía no podíamos salir.=
=13.= The word _before_ as an adverb is rendered =antes=; as a conjunction, =antes que=; as a preposition of time, =antes de=; as a preposition of place, it is rendered =delante de= or =ante=, the latter being used especially with the meaning of _in the presence of_.
_I had never done that before._
=No había hecho eso antes.=
_Before he went away he said that he would be back before long._
=Antes que se fué me dijo que no tardaría en volver.=
_Before taking it you ought to have spoken to me._
=Antes de cogerla debió usted hablar conmigo.=
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
_He wanted to appear before them as a millionaire._
=Quería presentarse delante de ellos como millonario=.
--BLASCO IBÁÑEZ.
_They look at the gypsy who stops before them._
=Miran al húngaro que se para ante ellos.=--MARTÍNEZ SIERRA.
_Note._--=Antes= also translates English _formerly_.
=14.= The verb _to know_, meaning _to be acquainted with_, is =conocer=; otherwise _to know_ and _to know how_ are rendered =saber=.
_I know the family, but I don't know where they live._
=Conozco a la familia, pero no sé donde viven.=
_I know how to sew, I know how to cook, I know how to wash clothes._
=Yo sé coser, yo sé guisar, yo sé lavar la ropa.=--LOS QUINTERO.
_Note_.--=Conocer= also translates English _to make the acquaintance of_.
=15.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. No sé como he vivido tanto tiempo con ellos. 2. ¡Bien ha tardado Vd. esta noche! 3. ¿Cuánto tiempo espera Vd. pasar aquí? 4. Dígales que yo quiero verlas antes que salgan. 5. No sé leer el español pero conozco las obras de Benavente en traducción. 6. No tardamos en saber lo que había hecho. 7. Antes de escribir los ejercicios tenemos que estudiar las reglas. 8. Antes era rico, ya no lo es. 9. En el abecedario viene la _a_ ante la _be_. 10. Puesto que no puedo quedarme más tiempo, tendrá Vd. que acabarlo solo.
(_b_) 1. Do you know the works of Blasco Ibáñez? 2. How long have you been here? 3. I don't know how to describe it to you. 4. I don't know how long he has been ill. 5. Before I speak I want to know how much you know. 6. Do you know this song? Yes, but I don't know how to sing it. 7. Before buying the house he told me that he had known the owner for a long time. 8. Ask him if he knows who has lived in it since. 9. I knew him before he went to live there. 10. I'm sure I shall see him before long.
LESSON VI
_Ya ves que no hay que fiar de sueños._[6]
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
=16.= The English _to get_ has so many different translations in Spanish that it is always advisable to paraphrase it before translating. So: _I am going to get_ (buy) _some bread. We are going to get_ (fetch _or_ bring) _our books. He gets_ (receives) _his money here. The lion got out_ (escaped). _We got back_ (arrived, returned) _this morning. It gets_ (grows, becomes) _dark early._ In such examples as the last, however, the alternatives are also verbs that present some difficulty in translations: and many of the compounds of _get_ and a preposition must be learned literally.
_He got_ (obtained) _what he wanted._
=Obtuvo lo que quería.=
_There is no more sugar. I shall have to go and get some._
=No hay más azúcar. Tendré que ir a comprar más.=
_Have you sent the boy to get the car?_
=¿Ha mandado usted al mozo a traer el automóvil?=
_I get a letter from home every Tuesday._
=Recibo carta de casa todos los martes=.
_There was a fire at the Zoölogical Gardens yesterday and a lion got out_ (away).
=Hubo incendio en los jardines zoológicos ayer y se escapó un león.=
(_a_) _To get_ meaning _to grow_ or _become_ is translated =ponerse= or =hacerse=, the former indicating a temporary change of state, the latter a more permanent one.
_She gets very cross if she has to wait for us._
=Se pone muy enojada= (=enfadada=) =si tiene que esperarnos.=
_He got rich quickly, but his methods couldn't be admired._
=Se hizo rico pronto, pero sus métodos no podían admirarse.=
(_b_) _To get along with_, speaking of persons, may be rendered =entenderse con=, or =congeniar con=: when the object is a thing, the translation is =servirse de=. _To get along without_ is translated =pasarse sin=.
_He doesn't get along very well with his oldest brother._
=No se entiende muy bien con su hermano mayor.=
_I shall have to get along with this knife since there is no other._
=Tendré que servirme de este cuchillo puesto que no hay otro.=
_I get along without a laundress now that my daughter is at home._
=Yo me paso sin lavandera ya que está en casa mi hija.=
(_c_) _To get into_ and _out of_ vehicles are rendered =subir a= and =bajar de=.
_They get out of one automobile and into another._
=Bajaron de un automóvil y subieron a otro.=
(_d_) _To get out of the way_ may be rendered =apartarse del camino= or =quitarse de en medio=.
_You know that to me she is always at home. Get out of the way!_
=Sabe Vd. que para mí siempre está. ¡Quítese de en medio!=
--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
(_e_) _To get up_, _rise_, is rendered =levantárse= or =ponerse de pie=.
_I got up very, very early this morning._
=Esta mañana me levanté muy de madrugada.=
_When the teacher spoke to the pupil the latter got up._
=Cuando habló el maestro al discípulo se puso de pie éste.=
=17.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. El coche se detuvo delante de la puerta y bajaron dos señores. 2. Primero tenemos que apartar del camino este montón de piedras. 3. Se levantó Vd. tarde hoy. 4. Queremos deshacernos de nuestro viejo automóvil. 5. Los tejados se ponen blancos. 6. Las abejas sacan la miel de las flores. 7. No se sabe como han logrado entrar en la casa los ladrones. 8. Aunque cerramos la puerta con llave lograron salir. 9. Le he mandado a traerme otro cuchillo, porque éste no corta. 10. Baja de este muro en seguida si no quieres caer.
(_b_) 1. The fruit is getting ripe now. 2. You ought to get rid of the old house before you buy a new one. 3. We shall have to get up early to catch that train. 4. Mother is in the kitchen getting dinner. 5. How dark the sky is getting. I think there will be a storm. 6. As I was getting up this morning my mother called to me and said, "Hurry up, John, I want you to go and get some milk for breakfast." 7. Since there is no ink we shall have to get along with pencils. 8. My parents do not like to get letters written in pencil. 9. That company gets out beautiful illustrated books. 10. He has been ill and has not been able to get out for a long time.
LESSON VII
_Vale más una sola cosa buena que muchas medianas._[7]
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
=18.= =REVIEW EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. We must not remain longer in this house. 2. I must go and I will go. But, where? Who knows? 3. If you want to know, ask her. 4. He is here again and he knows that we are in this house. 5. Man, you are right. You must be right sometimes. 6. I am not to blame because he is not here. 7. These are for me, but I will give you these for those. 8. You don't know what you are asking for. 9. He is hungry and cold, but not ashamed. 10. Send the maid to get some vegetables.
(_b_) 1. Do you know how old he is? 2. How deep is this well? 3. It is not his fault that he has not been successful. 4. Ask them if they are hungry? 5. Father has gone out for a lamp because all the electric lights have gone out. 6. We shall get there before long. 7. Have you ever been here before? Yes, but not for a long time. 8. Mother's going to get me a new hat. 9. This store always closes for an hour at noon. 10. It's a pity this young man does not get along better with his parents. 11. Before you go, go and ask John if he got the tickets for to-night.
LESSON VIII
_¡Mira las estrellas! Cuentan cuentos dulces las estrellas y hacen compañía._[8]--MARTÍNEZ SIERRA.
=19.= The verb _to look_ or _look at_ is rendered =mirar=, the _at_ remaining untranslated.
_Looking through the window, I saw that my friend was looking at the flowers._
=Mirando por la ventana, vi que mi amiga miraba las flores.=
(_a_) _To look_ (_as if_) is rendered =parecer=. The impersonal _it looks as if_ may be translated =según parece=, or =por lo visto=.
_You look very tired. It looks as if you had been working too hard._
=Parece Vd. muy cansada. Ha trabajado Vd. demasiado según parece.=
_It looks as if he had determined to stop our talking._
=Parece que se ha propuesto impedirnos hablar.=--LOS QUINTERO.
(_b_) _To look for_ or _look up_ is translated =buscar=.
_I don't know where they went. For my part I'm not looking for them._
=Yo no sé a donde iban. Por mi parte no los busco.=--JOSÉ MÁRMOL.
=20.= English _little_ as an adjective of size is rendered =pequeño=, =chico=, or =menudo=.
_We have just rented that little house across the street._
=Acabamos de alquilar esa casa pequeña al otro lado de la calle.=
_Are the little folks coming too?_
=¿Vienen también la gente menuda?=
(_a_) Denoting quantity _little_ is rendered =poco=.
_Why, you went to bed a little after ten!_
=¡Si te acostaste a poco más de las diez!=--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
_It is a matter of little importance._
=Es asunto de poca importancia.=
(_b_) As an adverb of degree _little_ is rendered =poco=, =algo=, or =un tanto=.
_The price is a little high, isn't it? A little, yes._
=Es algo subido el precio, ¿no? Un tanto, si.=
=21.= English _there_ as an adverb is translated =ahí=, =allí=, or =allá=, the last being the form used with verbs of motion. Used with a verb that doesn't express motion, =allá= indicates approximate situation while =allí= always indicates definite situation.
_I wonder where my hat can be. I left it there on the table._
=¿Dónde estará mi sombrero? Lo dejé allí en la mesa.=
_I don't know where he has gone, but he went over there._
=No se adónde habrá ido, pero se fué por allá.=
(_a_) _There is_, _there was_, _there will be_, etc., are translated by the various tenses of =haber=, the verb always being in the singular.
_There is one here now. There were two before._
=Hay uno aquí ahora. Antes había dos.=
_There are absurdities in the spiritual life as in the natural._
=Hay absurdos en la vida del espíritu como en la naturaleza.=
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
(_b_) _There_ as an exclamatory word has many renderings which can best be learned by observation. Note the following examples.
_There, there, don't cry! You'll wake mother._
=¡Vamos, vamos, no llores! Despertarás a la madre.=
_There! I told you you would break it._
=¡Ya se ve! Te dije que ibas a quebrarlo.=
_There's a beautiful house!_
=¡Vaya una casa hermosa!=
=22.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Dígale que yo voy allá en seguida. 2. ¡Vaya una muchacha guapa! ¿Quién es? 3. Parece que nunca van a terminar. 4. Habrá reunión allí mañana por la mañana. 5. Es muy chico. Me gustaría más si fuese un tantito más grande. 6. Parece que va a llover. Tal vez habrá tempestad. 7. Los chicos quieren ir a la playa, pero ya es un poco tarde para eso. 8. He perdido un guante. ¿Quieres volver a buscármelo? 9. ¡Mire Vd. cuánta gente hay en la calle! 10. Parece más joven, pero la verdad es que tiene algo más edad que yo.
(_b_) 1. Were you there when the accident occurred? 2. There were ten boys in the class. How many are there in your class? 3. Oh, look! There goes a deer. There's a pretty little animal! 4. We shall be there for an hour. We went there last year, too. 5. How does it look to you? I haven't looked at it well yet. 6. I need a little more milk. Who will go and get me some? 7. The little money that I had was not sufficient. 8. There had been a terrible storm and the little city had suffered not a little damage. 9. Look up these words in the dictionary. 10. Look out! (=¡Cuidado!=) There comes an automobile. _There's_ a reckless driver (for you)!
LESSON IX
_Las frutas se comen. Las flores se huelen, nada más._[9]
--LOS QUINTERO.
=23.= The verb _to grow,_ meaning _to cultivate_ or _be cultivated_, is translated =cultivar= or =cultivarse=; meaning _to increase in size_ it is =crecer= or =aumentarse=; meaning _to become_ it is rendered =ponerse= or =hacerse=, the first expressing temporary, the second approximately permanent, change. _To grow up_ is translated =criarse=.
_In the Argentine Republic they grow much wheat._
=En la República Argentina cultivan= (=se cultiva=) =mucho trigo.=
_Why! How this child has grown!_
=¡Vaya, que ha crecido este niño!=
_The number grows year by year._
=El número se aumenta de año en año.=
_She must be ill. She is growing thinner day by day._
=Debe estar mala. Se pone más delgada de día en día.=
_By means of gymnastic exercises he has grown very strong._
=Por medio de ejercicios gimnásticos se ha hecho muy fuerte.=
_This child grew up with her mother until she was five years old._
=Esta niña se crió junto a su madre hasta tener cinco años.=
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
=24.= The word _just_ has numerous renderings in Spanish. As an adjective it is =justo=.
_Since our cause is just, we shall win._
=Puesto que es justa nuestra causa, venceremos.=
(_a_) Meaning _only_ it may be translated by the adverb =sólo=, or by the phrases =nada más= or =no ... más que= (=de= before numerals). =Nada más= is placed at the end of the sentence.
_There were just twenty persons present._
=Asistieron sólo veinte personas= (=no más de veinte personas=; =veinte personas nada más=).
_How much do you want? I have just a pound._
=¿Cuánto quiere usted? No tengo más que una libra.=
_Note._--If this sentence meant _exactly_ a pound, the translation would be =una libra justa=; so always when _just_ equals _exactly_.
_We just came to look for a pencil and paper for Patros._
=No venimos más que a buscar lápiz y papel para Patros.=
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
_For you must know, my son, that the dreaming of the old is just remembering._
=Porque has de saber, hijo mío, que el soñar de los viejos es sólo recordar.=--MARTÍNEZ SIERRA.
_It was just the door closing._
=Era la puerta que se cerraba, nada más.=
(_b_) Meaning _at this or that moment_, _just_ is translated =en este= or =ese mismo momento=; or it may be implied in the present or imperfect tenses.
_The door is just closing._
=Se cierra la puerta.=
_The door was just closing._
=Se cerraba la puerta.=
The phrase =en este mismo momento= makes the _just_ more emphatic.
(_c_) In expressions of time of day _just_ is rendered =en punto=; _just now_ is =hace poco= or =hace un ratito=, referring to past time, =ahora= or =al momento= when present time is understood; _just yet_ is rendered =todavía=.
_What time is it? It is just eight o'clock._
=¿Qué hora es? Son las ocho en punto.=
_I saw them just now and they said they were coming._
=Los vi hace poco y dijeron que iban a venir.=
_I'm sorry I can't go with you, but I'm very busy just now._
=Siento no poder acompañarle, pero al momento estoy muy ocupado.=
_It isn't ready just yet. I will call you as soon as it is._
=No está listo todavía. Le llamaré en cuanto lo esté.=
(_d_) _Have just_ and _had just_ with a past participle are translated by the present and imperfect of the verb =acabar= followed by =de= and the infinitive of the verb that in English is in the participle.
_He has just arrived._
=Acaba de llegar.=
_He had just gone._
=Acababa de marcharse.=
=25.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Hacemos este viaje sólo por placer. 2. El sol acababa de ponerse. 3. No podía soportar que su única hija se criase como un muchacho. 4. Hablábamos de la posibilidad de su llegada, nada más. 5. ¡Ya se ve! Crióse sin madre casi sin nodriza. 6. Esto ocurrió hace un año. No, hace tres meses justos. 7. Un momento nada más y sales diciéndoles que tienes que hacer en la casa. 8. El tabaco no se cultiva en este estado. 9. Estos niños crecen como la mala hierba. 10. Son las ocho en punto y dicen que acaban de llegar las distinguidas visitas.
(_b_) 1. I am just going. Do you want to go with me? 2. We grow just flowers in our garden. 3. What are you doing? I'm just reading. 4. They have just come in and they say it is just beginning to rain. 5. When we got there he had just begun to speak. 6. That is just what I was going to say. 7. It was growing darker and we could only just see. 8. This is just for the little girls. 9. How you have grown! The other day you were just a little boy. 10. He is growing weaker every day.
LESSON X
_En Dios confía quien adora la verdad._[10]
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
=26.= English _after_ as a preposition of time is rendered =después de=; as a preposition of place or direction it is =tras= or =en pos de=; as a conjunction it is =después que=.
_And so the boats kept on appearing one after the other._
=Y así fueron apareciendo unas tras otras las lanchas.=
--PALACIO VALDÉS.
_The boats were disappearing one after the other behind the cape._
=Las lanchas se fueron ocultando una en pos de otra detrás del cabo.=--PALACIO VALDÉS.
_We will help you after dinner._
=Le ayudaremos después de la comida.=
_After we have finished, we will go._
=Después que hayamos acabado, nos iremos.=
(_a_) _Afterwards_ is =después=. _The day after to-morrow_ is =pasado mañana=.
_Afterwards I found out that he was earning his living as a public letter writer._
=Después supe que ganaba la vida trabajando de memorialista.=
--PÉREZ GALDÓS.
_I have to see them the day after to-morrow._
=Tengo que verlos pasado mañana.=
=27.= The verb _to help_ meaning _to assist_, _aid_, is rendered =ayudar= or =asistir=.
_I have so much to do and nobody wants to help me._
=Tengo tanto que hacer y nadie quiere ayudarme.=
(_a_) _To help_ in the sense of _to prevent_, _avoid_, is rendered =evitar=.
_I couldn't help his doing it, but he couldn't help it either._
=Yo no podía evitar que él lo hiciese, pero él no podía evitarlo tampoco.=
(_b_) _Can't help_ and _couldn't help_, followed by an unmodified present participle, are rendered by the present and the imperfect of the verb =poder= and the phrase =menos de= with the infinitive. Otherwise, _I can't help_, _couldn't help_, etc., may be rendered =Yo no tengo= (=tenía=) =la culpa de que=.
_I can't help confessing that I am sorry._
=No puedo menos de confesar que lo siento.=--PALACIO VALDÉS.
_I couldn't help knowing that you were talking of us._
=No podía menos de saber que Vd. hablaba de nosotros.=
_Note._--When the verbal in _-ing_ is modified by a possessive, translate as in (_a_).
(_c_) _It can't be helped_ is translated =no hay remedio=.
_I thought it could be avoided, but now it can't be helped._
=Creí que podría evitarse, pero ya no hay remedio.=
--RAMOS CARRIÓN.
=28.= =EXERCISES=
(_a_) 1. Vaya a buscarla después de comer. 2. No querría hacerlo, pero no había otro remedio. 3. Quisiera dejarlo para después que oscurezca. 4. Después de acabar Vd. con ese libro démelo a mí. 5. La ayudaba, sí, pero no podía menos de creer que lo hacía sin querer. 6. No me gusta dejarlo hacer por manos ajenas, pero no hay remedio. 7. Después que habíamos caminado dos horas, los alcanzamos. 8. No puedo menos de querer que vengan. 9. Estaba todavía muy débil y teníamos que asistirle cuando querría andar. 10. Los niños llegan pasado mañana y los padres unos días después.
(_b_) 1. It isn't ready yet, but I can't help it. 2. Do you want me to help you? 3. I can't help feeling sorry that they have done that. 4. We knew that it couldn't be helped. 5. I have just seen him, and I can't help thinking that he must be ill. 6. She couldn't help hoping that she would get what she wanted. 7. After a short time he could walk without our help. 8. The dog ran after his master after he succeeded in getting out of the house. 9. After the rain had ceased they went out and we did not see them afterwards. 10. He knows it is not well done, but he says he can't help it.
LESSON XI
_Cuando uno no quiere, dos no riñen._[11]
--TOMAYO Y BAUS.
=29.= English _here_ is rendered =aquí= denoting _place where_ and =acá= with a verb of motion.
_Here lived a member of my husband's family._
=Aquí habitaba un individuo de la familia de mi esposo.=
--JOSÉ MÁRMOL.
_Go and tell him to please come here._
=Ve y dile que tenga la bondad de venir acá.=--LOS QUINTERO.
_Note._--=Aquí= is sometimes found with verbs of motion, but =acá= is the commoner form.
(_a_) _Here_ accompanying the offer of something may be rendered by the imperative of =tomar=, _to take_, or by =aquí= with the verb =tener=.
_Haven't you a pencil? Well, here. I have two._
=¿No tiene usted lápiz? Pues, tome. Yo tengo dos.=
_Here's the money they gave me for you._
=Aquí tiene usted el dinero que me dieron para usted.=
(_b_) _To be here_ in the sense of _to arrive_ is translated =llegar=.
_They will be here in time according to what they write me._
=Llegarán a tiempo según me escriben.=
=30.= English _well_ as an adverb is translated =bien=; as an adjective it is =bueno=. As an introductory word having no grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence it is rendered =bien=, =bueno=, or =pues=. With exclamatory force it may be rendered =¡vaya!= or =¡toma!=
_It is very well made, isn't it?_
=Está muy bien hecho, ¿no?=
_He must stay here until he gets well._
=Debe quedar aquí hasta que se ponga bueno.=
_Well, that's done. And now what else is there to do?_
=Bueno= (=bien=), =ya está hecho eso. Y ahora, ¿qué más hay que hacer?=
_Well, I feel ill, very ill._