Chapter 13

=vez=, time, turn; =a la ----=, at the same time; =de ---- en cuando=, from time to time; =en ---- de=, instead of; =otra ----=, again; =tal ----=, perhaps; =una ----=, once on a time; =una ---- y otra=, different times; =cada ---- más=, more and more

=vía=, way, street; =por ---- de=, by way of

=vibrante=, vibrating

=vibrar=, to vibrate

=vicio=, vice

=victorioso=, =-a=, victorious

=vida=, life

=viejo=, =-a=, _a. and s._, old; old man, old woman

=vigésimo=, =-a=, twentieth

=vigilancia=, vigilance

=villa=, town, small town

=vinagre=, vinegar

=Virgen=, Virgin (Mary)

=virtual=, virtual; equal, amounting to

=virtud=, virtue, courage

=visible=, visible

=visita=, visit, visit or, caller; =girar una ----=, to do some visiting

=visitante=, visitant

=visitar=, to visit

=víspera=, eve

=vista=, sight, view, look; eye; =en ---- de que=, in view of (the fact) that

=visto=, =-a=, seen, viewed; =está ----=, it is plain; =por lo ----=, evidently

=viuda=, widow

=viudedad=, widowhood, widow's rights, pension

=viudo=, widower

=¡viva!= long live!

=vivamente=, quickly

=vivienda=, dwelling

=viviente=, living

=vivir=, to live; =---- de=, to live on

=vivo=, =-a=, alive, living, lively; =los --s=, the living; =al ----=, to the quick

=vocear=, to cry out, shout, yell

=volar=, to fly

=voluntad=, will, willingness

=voluntario=, =-a=, voluntary

=voluntarioso=, =-a=, willful

=volver=, to turn, return; =---- a hacer=, to do again; =--se atrás=, to turn back, back down

=voz=, voice, word; =a media ----=, in a low tone _or_ half aloud; =a voces=, aloud, in a loud voice, by calling

=vuestro=, =-a=, your, yours

Y

=y=, and

=ya=, already, now, indeed; =---- ... ----=, whether... or; =---- que=, since; =---- que no=, even if not; =---- no=, =no ----=, no longer; =----... ----=, now... now; =si ---- no=, unless

=yerto=, =-a=, erect, stiff, rigid

=yo=, I

=yugo=, yoke

Z

=zalamería=, flattery

=Zaragoza=, Saragossa (the town)

=zarandillo=, winnowing fan (kept in motion), sieve; =y lo lleva y lo trae como a un ----=, keeps him on the go

=zascandil=, swindler, fraud

=zorro=, fox

=zozobra=, uneasiness, anxiety, suspense

FOOTNOTES:

[1] =la Real Academia Española=, _the Spanish Royal Academy_, the national authority in language and literature. The Academy issued, in 1914, the 14th edition of its dictionary.

[2] =la vecina corte=, or =la villa y corte=, means 'Madrid'.

[3] =con vivas instancias=, _with hearty urging_. Cf. the kindred sense in "instant (urgent) in prayer".

[4] =Veneno=, as a nickname, like "Hothead" or "Fire-eater", easily enraged.

[5] =1848=: Isabel II being queen. She was dethroned in 1868.

[6] =_la República_=: it was twenty-five years later that Spain became a republic, and then relapsed in one year.

[7] =Ataulfo=, Visigoth king; with Alaric, he overran Italy; died assassinated 415 A.D.

[8] =Pelayo=, called "first king of the Spaniards". Died about 737.

[9] =Trastamara= became king as Henry II. Died 1379.

[10] =Isabel II=: 1830-1904; queen at three; niece of Don Carlos, who always opposed her.

[11] =Narváez=: 1800-1868; general and statesman of great energy.

[12] =acontecimientos=, _happenings_. Let the student note the ending =-imiento=, so common with =-er= and =-ir= verb stems.

[13] =vivían=: the student must learn to recognize the subject far after the verb, constantly in this text, and commonly.

[14] =piadosas=: any adjective may precede its noun in a complimentary way.

[15] =éranse que se eran=, _there were so there were_: children's style; =que=, in such clauses as this, is frequently to be ignored in translation, or else is to be rendered by _and_. The verb =ser= rarely takes a reflexive.

[16] =salido en todo a su padre=, _had turned out to look like her father_: =salirse a=, in the sense of =parecerse a=, _to look like_.

[17] =doméstica=, _servant_: this poor girl is abused throughout the story.

[18] =hasta cierto punto=, _to a certain extent_: not used here seriously, but rather trivially. The author often drops into a _coterie_ style.

[19] =con faldas=, _with skirts on_: facetious. Cf. =hígado con pies y sombrero=, 'a liver with feet and hat'. _Niña de la Bola_, p. 126. Such often in Alarcón.

[20] =Facilísimo=: =Felicísimo= in the 10th edition.

[21] =dejara de=, _should fail to_: preposition echoes the prefix.

[22] =prendarse de=, _be taken with_: a common construction.

[23] =luego que fijase en ella la atención=, _as soon as he observed her_; literally, _as soon as he fixed his attention on her_. Cf. =parar atención en=, =parar mientes en=.

[24] =Preste Juan=, _Prester John_: anglicized form of the name of a medieval king in Asia, whom missionaries reported as converted. About the name grew up fanciful and extravagant stories.

[25] =hasta que=, _till that_ [we form an opinion]: note the =que= for the preposition to lean on; so, following note.

[26] =de que=, _of_ [_the fact_] _that_: the preposition needs =que=.

[27] =Dijérase=, _It might be said_: Alarcón very often puts the pronoun as an enclitic, at the end of the verb.

[28] =pagada=, _paid_, _satisfied_, then _self-satisfied_. Cf. =pagarse de meras palabras=, _be satisfied with mere words_, Bello-Cuervo, _Gramática_, p. 1.

[29] =esas calles de Dios=: say _these blessed streets_.

[30] =detengamos en=: cf. second note 6, 7.

[31] =disparaban=, _were firing_: other words in the text for shoot are =tirar=, =fusilar=, =hacer fuego=, =hacer descarga=.

[32] =de modo... que=, _so that_: the student will note how the sense decides for indicative (as here) or subjunctive.

[33] =dar en= = =dar golpes en=, _strike on_: =dar= and =echar=, verbs very short and very common, are used for many other verbs, just as English uses _get_ and _make_ for other verbs: _get hurt_, _make a train_, _make a dollar_, etc.

[34] =pellejo=, _hide_: properly of animals; shows the author's scorn for the poor servant.

[35] =Galicia=: not the _Galicia_ we heard of so often in the first year of the Great War, and later, but the _Galicia_ that forms the northwest corner of Spain.

[36] =desoyendo= (=des-oír=), _as though not hearing_, i.e. _disregarding_; so later, =desatender= and =desentendiendo=, _ignoring_. Cf. our _ignore_, with a special meaning not felt in _ignorant_. =Nadie se dio por entendido=, _Nobody let on_.

[37] =daban a=, _opened on_: cf. note 8, 7 for =dar=.

[38] =haciendo fuego=: six or eight verbs replace =estar= and go with =-ndo= forms; so =continuar= here, and =seguir= often in the text.

[39] =medio=, _half_: one of the adverbs without the ending =-mente=.

[40] =por considerarlo= = =porque lo consideraban=, _because they regarded him as_.

[41] =echaban a=, _began_: =echar a= has become almost an auxiliary verb with infinitives, and serves for several other verbs.

[42] =Quedó=, _Remained, was_ [_left_]: subject follows, as often. For another use of =quedar=, cf. =quedamos en lo dicho=, _we will leave it that way_, or _it's agreed as said_ (Alarcón in _Buenaventura_, p. 5).

[43] =en medio=: as usual without =el=.

[44] =piadosas=: here the adjective follows, for emphasis.

[45] =informe=, _unshapely_: complimentary or derogatory sense puts the adjective before its noun.

[46] =conocer=, _perceive_: shows here the typical (inceptive) meaning of verbs in =-cer=.

[47] =balazo=, _a shot_, literally, _a blow with a bullet_ (=bala= + =-azo=): lately in Kansas City, a woman entered a saloon (where her husband got drunk), seized a chair (=silla=) and damaged the place "=a sillazos=", as the Spanish weekly _Cosmopolita_ reported.

[48] =atravesada=, _pierced_; =fracturada=, _broken_: the past participle must show gender and number, except with =haber=.

[49] =reparando en=, _noticing_: the idea is first _stop_: so =pararse=, =posarse=; cf. also the noun =reparos=, _remarks_, _objections_, where one stops or hesitates.

[50] =primero= is one of the few adverbs without =-mente=.

[51] =volver a= (=tornar a=): _again_ is often expressed as here without an adverb, =otra vez=, =de nuevo=, etc.

[52] =muy altas=: note adjective for English adverb, as often.

[53] =dejásemos morir= and (15,4) =déjame ir=: =dejar=, _to leave_, _allow_, _let_, becomes an auxiliary verb like _may_, _can_, etc., so takes the infinitive: =déjalo dormir=, =hacérmelo ver= in Alarcón's _Sombrero_, and so often. Also =deja que te dé un abrazo=, _let me give you a hug_. Like =dejar=, its opposite =impedir= is construed: =me impedía desahogar=, _kept me from soothing_ [_my soul in yours_].

[54] =se diría=, _would be said_: the reflexive form is commoner than the passive. The little bootblacks in Buenos Aires, instead of saying "Shine, Mister?" say: =¿Quiere el señor servirse?= Cf. the striking case quoted by =Bello=, §908: =Llevose el cadáver al templo.=

[55] =dichosas=, literally, _happy_, but meaning _unhappy_, _awful_, _accursed_. This story is full of the disguised (=encubierto=) oath, or euphemism, as well as of real oaths: say here _these blessed wars_. Cf. the use of =santa=, 85, 2.

[56] =no vas=, _you are not going_: the indicative either present or future (cf. the future in the ten commandments) is strong for the imperative. But notice that here, and through the story, Angustias has her own way.

[57] =de qué poco=: =de= because with =servir=, _how little use are your bandages_.

[58] =tu... marido=, _thy husband_: in plays and novels the author must make sure the reader or hearer gets the point; hence the insistence here upon the two relationships of the one man.

[59] =no habría... si... hubiese=: in this text there are many substitutes for this typical or chief form of the condition [=si=-clause] and conclusion [=habría= here].

[60] =medio= (or =mitad= in the sense of =medio=) seldom has the article.

[61] =haya=: even such words as =creer=, =ver=, =saber=, verbs that usually have =que= and the indicative, will take the subjunctive after a negative word or sense.

[62] =hermosa=: adjective here for our adverb, as usual with =ir=, =venir=, etc. So to a waiter: =mi sopa, y ligero= [_bring_] _my soup and_ [_bring it_] _quick_.

[63] =viera=, _saw_: here Latin _viderat_, _had seen_, with indicative sense survives, as in Portuguese. Common in Spanish along the border of Portugal.

[64] =¡No diéronle!= and (18, 7) =¡Diéronle!--exclamó con su gramática de Mondoñedo=; but Alarcón himself doesn't need to scold Mondoñedo; post-placed pronouns are frequent in Alarcón's own style. The order with the negative is especially noteworthy.

[65] =medio=: This form serves as noun, adjective, or adverb. In line 11 it is adverbial, whereas in line 12 it is substantive.

[66] =seguida del=, _followed by_: a true passive.

[67] =sin que... se enterase nadie=, _without that any one noticed_ or _knew_, _without any one's noticing_.

[68] =de que=, _of_ [_the fact_] _that_; so =hasta que=, _till_; but =según= regularly without =que=.

[69] =justificola=: this order with =la= at the end is almost a mannerism with Alarcón. Inconsistently, the Academy leaves the marked accent here, but marks the preterit in =díjole=, as it does all verb forms whose accented syllable, by reason of the post-placing of pronouns, comes to occupy proparoxytonic or anteproparoxytonic position: =toma=, =tómalo=, =tómatelo=; =tomar=, =tomarlo=, =tomárselo=; =tomando=, =tomándolo=, =tomándoselo=, etc.

[70] =fractura= = =rotura=.

[71] =vicio de Pero Grullo=: a =perogrullada= is an explanation of something already clear, a definition of self-evident facts, and repeats the thought in other words without adding anything much. _You might as well kill a fellow as scare him to death_ is a =perogrullada=. For a whole set of =perogrulladas=, see Goldsmith's _Madam Blaise_. Hamlet's _Words, words, words_ is of the same nature, and many times in Hamlet besides: cf. _There isn't in all Denmark an infamous man who isn't a great villain_, _Hamlet_ I. 3. _If the king likes not the comedy, why then he likes it not, perdy_, _Hamlet_ III. 2. Or take the phrase attributed to Lincoln: _If people like that sort of a thing that is about the sort of a thing they will like._ There is also the proverbial phrase in Spanish: =Es una verdad de Perogrullo= (or =Pero Grullo=), =que a la mano cerrada llamaba puño=. Cf. Luis Montoto y Rautenstrauch: _Personajes, personas y personillas_, etc., Sevilla, 1912, vol. II, pp. 304-5.

[72] =quebrantarle=: the third word for _break_.

[73] =por conocer=, _because he knew_.

[74] =quedó en=, _agreed_: cf. English _they left it that way_; and German _dabei blieb es_, _so it was settled_. The verb =quedar= means _remain_, but in the phrase =quedar en= gets the meaning _agree_, much as the English words _settle_ [_a matter_], _rest_ [_the case_], developed a sense of conclusion or agreement.

[75] =por si=, _for fear that_ = =por si acaso=.

[76] =al= + infinitive, _at nightfall_: good example of temporal use of this construction.

[77] =Serían las tres de la madrugada=, _It must have been about three A.M._: cf. =Yo tendría diez años=, _I was about ten years old_. This form in =-ría= (conditional) is made up of the infinitive of the verb and the endings of =había=, and so corresponds in meaning to the use of the future in such a case as =¿Qué hora será?= _What time do you suppose it is?_

[78] =sinventura=, _one without luck_; so =una sinvergüenza=, _a shameless girl_; =un sinnúmero=, _a host of_, _a lot of_; so humorously =el sin-hueso=, _the tongue_. =sin ventura=: printed separately in the 10th edition.

[79] =dichosísima=: like =dichosa= before: _blessed_ (i.e. _confounded_).

[80] =roncaba, si había que roncar=, _snored if ever there was snoring_: cf. =nevaba si había que nevar=, _it snowed if it ever did_, in Alarcón's story _Moros y Cristianos_; =Guillermo y Julia reían si había que reír=, _William and Julia laughed if ever any one did_, _La Pródiga_, p. 193.

[81] =por no haber=, _because she had not_.

[82] =occipucio=, _occiput_: Alarcón often playfully throws in an odd or big word, or even slang.

[83] =habían cruzado=, _had exchanged_: the mother and daughter were discussing the unconscious man. Could =observaciones= be the subject here?

[84] =que declarasen=, _such as might declare_: an example of the subjunctive of characteristic; or in a relative clause with an indefinite antecedent.

[85] =asegurando=: =segurando= in the 10th edition.

[86] =sentado muy mal=, _had offended_: by the manner of it quite as much as by the word itself, for such words are common.

[87] _=Guía de Forasteros=_, _Strangers' Guide_ or _Directory_ (giving names and titles, like our Red Books and Blue Books).

[88] =caiga que caiga=, _come what may_; and later =quiera o no quiera=, _whether or no_: subjunctives, used optatively or imperatively.

[89] =Dejémosle=: the pronouns =-le= and =-me= are unnecessary, but add a personal touch by showing who is the subject of the following verb.

[90] =permíteme=: the pronouns =-le= and =-me= are unnecessary, but add a personal touch by showing who is the subject of the following verb.

[91] =Convenio de Vergara=, _Treaty of Vergara_, i.e. the terms of agreement between General Espartero for the queen, and General Maroto for the Carlists.

[92] =Tiene= and (21) =ha= in this same sentence: what is the difference?

[93] =teniendo... habiendo=: let the student note the distinct meanings.

[94] =que maldito...=, _accursed_, _condemned_: translate, _and blamed if I deserve them_.

[95] =nos agradezca cosa alguna=, _that you thank us for anything_: the construction is =nos= dative, and =cosa alguna= accusative, and the subjunctive in a subordinate clause dependent upon =necesitamos=.

[96] =_convenido_=, _signer_, _party to_: sense of =convenirse=, _fall in with_, _adjust oneself_.

[97] =des cuerda=: the figure is of winding an old-style clock.

[98] =a que me traten con bondad=, _to their treating me with kindness_: Alarcón admired the Spanish general O'Donnell greatly, and seems to have taken him as the prototype of Captain Veneno. Alarcón was with O'Donnell in Africa, and wrote, in the _Diario de un testigo_, in detail of O'Donnell's frank, abrupt, even harsh bearing. The wound in the head was possibly suggested also by a great scar on an Arab's head, of which Alarcón tells in the _Diario_.

[99] =He dicho=, _I have done_, or _I have spoken_: at the end of a speech, like _amen_ at the end of a prayer; it is the _dixi_ of the Roman orators.

[100] =¡Jesús...!= all the characters of this story use oaths and asseverations, except the servant girl. Translate here: _Heavens!_

[101] =condolido=: this verb 'pity' repeated becomes comical; poor rhetoric. Like Ormulum's _Alls iff þu drunnke waterrdrinnch_, _As if thou drankest a waterdrink_.

[102] =entre las tres=, _we three_, where =entre= is losing its prepositional force, as it has in =entrambos=, =entre usted y yo=. Rubén Darío says (_Autobiografía_, p. 61): =Entre él y otros amigos me arreglaron mi viaje a Chile=, _He and other friends provided_ (_money_) _for my trip to Chile_. =Entre ellos y los soldados... lo cogieron=, _they and the soldiers caught him_.

[103] =¡vaya si pesa...!= _my but you are heavy!_ cf. =¡Vaya que susto me has dado!= _Oh, what a scare you gave me!_ =Una carta de tu tío, y ¡vaya si es gorda!= _A letter from your uncle, and my but it's big!_ Alarcón in _Moros y Cristianos_. =¡Vaya si me lo llevaré!= _Surely I'll take it_ (_the secret_) _to the grave with me!_ _Moros y Cristianos. Novelas Cortas_, Giese ed., p. 109.

[104] =amostazarse=: from =mostaza=, _mustard_: cf. _pepper_, _ginger_, in familiar parlance.

[105] =tiráronle un tiro=, _they shot her a shot_: cf. English "killed him dead"; poor rhetoric again.

[106] =perdone=: asking him to pardon her for frightening her mother, seems far-fetched, a false note; but it does inform the captain of the facts in the case; =que= is omitted here as often with words like =suplicar=, =pedir=, =rogar=, etc.

[107] =os=: this second person plural is not always familiar.

[108] =hazmerreír=, _make-me-laugh_, _laughing-stock_; a whole sentence become a word, like _hand-me-down_ for _ready-made_ and like _Hoosier_ (if from "Who-is-yer") and _forget-me-not_. Spanish has also =corre-ve-i-dile=, _tattle-tale_; =va-i-ven=, _pendulum motion_; =gana-pierde=, _give-away_ (at checkers).

[109] =faltaba= = =faltaría=: a common idiomatic use of the imperfect indicative for the conditional.

[110] =mismo=: in =mañana mismo=, =ahora mismo=, the adverb is used as a neuter noun.

[111] =después de acostada=, _after you are in bed_: very common usage; no suppressed word need be assumed. The form has become idiomatic. Cf. the English usage of certain localities: _he wants in_, _he wants out_, for _he wants to get in_, _he wants to get out_, where we no longer think of the omitted verb.

[112] =tila con flor de azahar=, _lime tea and orange flower_, a soothing concoction for the nerves.

[113] =aunque Dios no quiera=, _even though God be unwilling_: an allusion to the usual phrase "God willing", _Deo volente_. Lorenzo Dow said: "I shall preach, God willing; no, I will anyway".

[114] =Angustias=: he hasn't heard her name yet; not in the story.

[115] =número...=: the dots, =puntos suspensivos=, are read as =tal=, _so-and-so_.

[116] =_Veneno_=, _Venom_: about like _Spitfire_, if it were for a woman.

[117] =el enviar=, _the sending_: infinitives and past participles are an abundant source of nouns in Spanish.

[118] =Buenos días=, _Good day_: much more usual at meeting or passing, and by day, than at leaving and at night, although it was of course, by this time, about four o'clock in the morning.

[119] =de demonio=, _devilish_: this is the nearest Rosa comes to oaths. In the _Diario_, Alarcón speaks of the =mil votos y ternos=, _thousand oaths and curses_, of the soldiers.

[120] =de punta=, _on end_: a fine example of =de= used to make an adverb; we use _of_ similarly for time (_of a morning, of Sundays_); Spanish uses =de= for adverbs of time, place, or manner. _Six of the clock, of necessity, born of woman, of a truth, said of old, live of milk alone, all of a sudden_, in English are of a vanishing type.

[121] =cervata=: usually only masculine =cervato=, but Rosa follows the general principle. Her =háceme temblar= is rather provincial for =me hace=.

[122] =como el dolor=, _as well as sorrow_: our style would be rather _sorrow as well as happiness_. It is notable how often the order is reversed in Spanish, e.g. =antes como después=, _before as afterwards_, =tarde o temprano=, _late or soon_ (_i.e. sooner or later_).

[123] =hallábase=: Alarcón, as well as Rosa, puts the pronoun last.

[124] =A éste le había dado... por callar=, _He had taken to silence, he didn't feel like talking_: =dar= (impersonal) for some other verb as often; cf. =le dio por ahí=, _he_ (or _she_) _took to that_.

[125] =Cristo=: a strong oath. Usually =Cristo= is covered by some innocent word beginning with the same sound, as we shall often see. Captain Veneno later says =por Jesucristo vivo=, 135, 20.

[126] =balazo de la frente=, _bullet wound in his forehead_: in the _Diario_ I, 168, Alarcón tells of a captive Moor who had a terrible scar in his forehead: =nos mostró una larga cicatriz que le atravesaba toda la frente. ¿Cómo no moriste?--La bala se deslizó sobre el hueso,--respondió=, _He showed us a long scar which crossed his whole forehead. Why didn't it kill you?--The ball glanced on the bone, he answered_.

[127] =por estar la tibia muy destrozada=, _because the tibia was shattered_. The subject of the infinitive is the post-placed noun =tibia=.

[128] =a solas=, _alone, privately_: as feminine =-mente= is universal for the adverb ending, and as =cosa= is so often understood, it has come about that the fashion is to make adverbial expressions with a feminine form: cf. =apenas, a duras penas, a ciegas=; and even where the feminine is illogical, as in =a ojos vistas, a pie juntillas, a ojos cegarritas=: two constructions are confused, the adverb from a noun: =a ojos, a pie, a la vista=, and the adverb from an adjective.

[129] =tres Marías=: reference to the three Marys at the crucifixion, Matthew 27:56. The phrase has become common with the legend that the three Marys came to Provence together.

[130] =¡cáspita...!= and (20) =¡caracoles...!=: note the disguised [=encubierto=] oath, how it starts as though to say =Cristo= and switches off to =ca-=something, any word beginning with =ca-= (=canastos=, =caminos=, =canales=, =calles=, =culebrines=, etc.), or even =ca= alone, or =que=. The commonest is =caramba=. In the _Diario_ I, p. 32, and elsewhere several times, Alarcón speaks of the great amount of swearing: =Valiéndose de= =distintas interjecciones y muletillas, usando de diverso género de oratorio, declaman, votan, refieren, arguyan, se insultan, se reconcilian=..., _Using different interjections and gags, using a varied kind of oratory, they declaim, swear, quote, argue, insult each other, make up_.... Cf. our disguised forms for Jesus: _By Joe_, _by George_, _Gewhiz_, _Jerusalem_, _Jehosaphat_, _Jimminy_, and many more.

[131] =Y cuenta que = Tenga usted en cuenta que=, _And remember or just to think_; in _Don Quixote_, =haz cuenta que=. Cf. the fuller form =Hágase V. cuenta de que no nos hemos abrazado todavía=, _Remember we have not embraced each other yet_. _Escándalo_, p. 151.

[132] =calaverada=: cf. =Aquella calaverada propuesta por la serpiente y aceptada por Eva=, _That prank proposed by the serpent and accepted by Eve_.

[133] =_velis nolis_= [Latin], _whether or no, willy nilly_ = Spanish =quiera o no quiera=. Another form is =de buen o mal grado=, in _La Pródiga_.