Part 7

NARCOTICS EDUCATION, INC. This organization publishes pamphlets, books, teaching aids, posters, audiovisual aids, and prevention magazines especially good for classroom use: WINNER for preteens and LISTEN for teens. 6830 Laurel Street, NW, Washington, DC 20012. Telephone 1-800-548-8700, or in the Washington, DC area, call 722-6740.

NATIONAL FEDERATION OF PARENTS FOR DRUG-FREE YOUTH (NFP). This national umbrella organization helps parent groups get started and stay in contact. Publishes a newsletter, legislative updates, resource lists for individuals and libraries, brochures, kits, and a _Training Manual for Drug-Free Youth Groups._ It sells many books and offers discounts for group purchases. Conducts an annual conference. Membership: Individual $15.00, Group $35.00 (group membership offers tax-exemption). 8730 Georgia Avenue, Suite 200, Silver Spring, MD 20910. Telephone: Washington, DC area 585-KIDS, or toll-free HOTLINE 1-800-554-KIDS.

PARENTS' RESOURCE INSTITUTE FOR DRUG EDUCATION, INC. (PRIDE). This national resource and information center offers consultant services to parent groups, school personnel, and youth groups, and provides a drug use survey service. It conducts an annual conference; publishes a newsletter, youth group handbook, and many other publications; and sells and rents books, films, videos and slide programs. Membership $8.00. Woodruff Bldg., Suite 1002, 100 Edgewood Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30303. Telephone 1-800-241-9746.

TARGET. Conducted by the National Federation of State High School Associations, an organization of interscholastic activities associations, TARGET offers workshops, training seminars, and an information bank on chemical abuse and prevention. A computerized referral service to substance abuse literature and prevention programs will begin operating in 1987. National Federation of State High School Associations, 11724 Plaza Circle, P.O. Box 20626, Kansas City, MO 64195. Telephone (816) 464-5400.

TOUGHLOVE. This national self-help group for parents, children, and communities emphasizes cooperation, personal initiative, avoidance of blame, and action. It publishes a newsletter and a number of brochures and books and holds workshops across the country each year. P.O. Box 1069, Doylestown, PA 18901. Telephone (215) 348-7090.

U.S. CLEARINGHOUSES. (A publication list is available on request, along with placement on mailing list for new publications. Single copies are free.)

National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20852. Telephone (301) 468-2600.

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Room 10-A-43, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852. Telephone (301) 443-6500.

ADOLESCENT DRUG REHABILITATION PROGRAMS

To find programs, call your city or county substance abuse or mental health agency, hospitals, schools, local hotlines listed in the yellow pages, and the hotlines listed previously. It is best to visit prospective programs and to talk with people who have completed the program.

This section lists several unique national adolescent programs that illustrate the wide diversity of long-term intensive treatment programs available at low cost.

PALMER DRUG ABUSE PROGRAM (PDAP). PDAP is a free program supported by private donations and located mainly in southwestern, western, and midwestern States. It accepts out-of-town clients. It is a long-term out-patient counseling program with daycare capability based on the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). It uses recuperating users as peer counselors. The program also maintains parent groups that may be attended by parents who do not have children in the PDAP program. National Office: 3300 North A Street, Building 8, Suite 204, Midland, TX 79705. Telephone (915) 687-4311.

STRAIGHT INC. Located in selected States, primarily in the East and Midwest, the program accepts out-of-town clients. The program is a long term, highly structured outpatient program based on the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). During the early phase of the program, the new client lives in the home of another child advanced in the program. This family system provides positive role modeling, close supervision, and a 24-hour, drug-free environment at low cost. National Office: Straight Inc. National Training and Development Center, 3001 Gandy Blvd., P.O. Box 21686, St. Petersburg, FL 33742. Telephone (813) 576-8929.

TEEN CHALLENGE. This Christian-oriented residential program has facilities across the country and overseas. It serves young people with a variety of behavior problems besides drug use. Occupational skills are taught. National Office: Teen Challenge Training Center, Inc., P.O. Box 198, Rehrersburg, PA 19550. Telephone (717) 933-4181.

READINGS ON LEGAL ISSUES

_American Public School Law_, Alexander, Kern. 2d ed., St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company, 1985.

_Education Law_, Rapp, J. A. New York, NY: Matthew Bender and Company, Inc., 1986. A comprehensive, frequently updated, four-volume, looseleaf treatise on all issues of education law.

_The Journal of Law and Education_ includes articles on a wide range of education issues and includes a section on recent developments in the law. It is published quarterly by Jefferson Law Book Company, P.O. Box 1936, Cincinnati, OH 45201.

_The Law of Public Education_, Reuter, E. Edmund. 3d ed. Mineola, NY: Foundation Press, 1985.

_School Law Bulletin_ is a quarterly magazine published by the Institute of Government, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-6059.

_School Law News_ is a newsletter that describes recent developments in the field. It is published by Capitol Publications, Inc., 1300 North 17th Street, Arlington, VA 22209.

_The Schools and the Courts_ contains briefs of selected court cases involving elementary and secondary schools. It is published quarterly by School Administration Publications, P.O. Box 8492, Asheville, NC 28814.

_Specialty Law Digest: Education Cases_ is a monthly compilation of cases and comments published by the Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., Suite 204, 10301 University Avenue, NE, Blaine, MN 55433.

_West's Education Law Reporter_ reprints the full text of Federal and State education law cases. Also included in this series are education articles and comments selected from legal periodicals. It is published by West Publishing Company, 50 W. Kellogg Blvd., P.O. Box 64526, St. Paul, MN 55164-0526.

OTHER SOURCES OF MATERIALS ON LEGAL ISSUES

COUNCIL OF SCHOOL ATTORNEYS, NATIONAL SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION provides a national forum on the practical legal problems faced by local public school districts and the attorneys who serve them. This organization conducts programs and seminars and publishes monographs on a wide range of legal issues affecting public school districts. 1680 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. Telephone (703) 838-NSBA.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS (NASSP) publishes periodic newsletters and monographs on legal issues, some of which relate to school discipline and student behavior. 1904 Association Drive, Reston, VA 22091. Telephone (703) 860-0200.

NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ON LEGAL PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION (NOLPE) is a nonprofit, nonadvocacy organization that disseminates information about current issues in school law. NOLPE publishes newsletters, serials, books, and monographs on a variety of school law topics; hosts seminars; and serves as a clearinghouse for information on education law. 3601 Southwest 29th, Suite 223, Topeka, KS 66614. Telephone (913) 273-3550.

_References_

Children and Drugs

Friedman, Alfred. "Does Drug and Alcohol Use Lead to Failure to Graduate from High School?" _Journal of Drug Education_, Vol. 15(4), 1985.

Johnston, Lloyd D., Jerald G. Bachman, and Patrick M. O'Malley. _Monitoring the Future Questionnaire Responses From the Nation's High School Seniors._ Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, forthcoming (and unpublished information).

Tobias, Joyce M. _Kids and Drugs._ Annandale, VA, Panda Press, 1986.

Extent of Drug Use

Johnston, Lloyd D., Jerald G. Bachman, and Patrick M. O'Malley. _Monitoring the Future Questionnaire Responses From the Nation's High School Seniors._ Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research forthcoming (and unpublished information).

Johnston, Lloyd D., Patrick M. O'Malley and Jerald G. Bachman. _Drug Use Among American High School Students, College Students, and Other Young Adults National Trends Through 1985._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1986 (ADM 86-1450).

Miller, Judith D., Ira H. Cisin, and Herbert I. Abelson. _National Survey on Drug Abuse Main Findings, 1982._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983 (ADM) 83-1263.

National Center for Juvenile Justice. _Delinquency in the United States, 1982._ Pittsburgh, PA, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 1985.

National Police Agency of Japan _Drug Problems in Japan._ National Police Agency of Japan, 1985.

O. Malley, Patrick M., Jerald G. Bachman, and Lloyd D. Johnston. _Student Drug Use in America Differences Among High Schools._ Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, (unpublished) preliminary draft.

Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency. _Japan Statistics Yearbook, 1985_, 1985.

Washton, Arnold M., and Mark S. Gold. "Recent Trends in Cocaine Abuse A View from the National Hotline, 800-COCAINE," _Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse_, forthcoming.

How Drug Use Develops

Bolton, Iris M. "Educated Suicide Prevention," _School Safety._ Spring, 1986.

DuPont, Robert L. _Getting Tough on Gateway Drugs._ Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1984.

Gold, Mark S., Linda Semlitz, Charles A. Dackis, and Irl Extein. "The Adolescent Cocaine Epidemic," _Seminars in Adolescent Medicine_, Vol. 1(4). New York, NY, Thieme Inc., December, 1985.

Holzman, David. "Crack Shatters the Cocaine Myth," _Insight_. June 23, 1986.

Holzman, David. "Hot Line Taking 1,200 Calls a Day," _Insight_. June 23, 1986.

Jaffe, Jerome H. _Testimony before Subcommittee on Children, Family, Drugs and Alcoholism._ February 20, 1986. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986.

Mann, Peggy. _Marijuana Alert._ New York, NY, McGraw Hill, 1985.

Mills, Carol J., and Harvey L. Noyes. "Patterns and Correlates of Initial and Subsequent Drug Use Among Adolescents," _Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 52(2), 1984.

Morganthau, Tom, Mark Miller, Janet Huck, and Jeanne DeQuinne. "Kids and Cocaine," _Newsweek_. March 17, 1986.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Cocaine Addiction It Costs Too Much._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985.

Tobias, Joyce M. _Kids and Drugs._ Annandale, VA, Panda Press, 1986.

Weekly Reader Publications. _A Study of Children's Attitudes and Perceptions About Drugs and Alcohol._ Middletown, CT, Xerox Educational Publications, 1983.

Effects of Drug Use

Deadwyler, Sam A. "Correlating Behavior with Neural Activity An Approach to Study the Action of Drugs in the Behaving Animal," _Neuroscience Methods in Drug Abuse Research_, Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985.

Mann, Peggy. _Marijuana Alert._ New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1985.

Tobias, Joyce M. _Kids and Drugs._ Annandale, VA, Panda Press, 1986.

Drug Use and Learning

Friedman, Alfred. Does Drug and Alcohol Use Lead to Failure to Graduate from High School? _Journal of Drug Education_, Vol. 15(4), 1985.

Johnston, Lloyd D., Jerald G. Bachman, and Patrick M. O'Malley. _Monitoring the Future Questionnaire Responses from the Nation's High School Seniors._ Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, forthcoming (and unpublished information).

Niven, Robert G. "Marijuana in the School Clinical Observation and Needs," _Marijuana and Youth._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1982.

Washton, Arnold M. and Mark S. Gold. "Recent Trends in Cocaine Abuse A View from the National Hotline, '800-COCAINE'". _Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse_, forthcoming.

What Parents Can Do

American Association of School Administrators and the Quest National Center. _Positive Prevention Successful Approaches to Preventing Youthful Drug and Alcohol Use._ Arlington, VA, American Association of School Administrators, 1985.

Fraser, M. W., and J. D. Hawkins. _Parent Training for Delinquency Prevention A Review._ Seattle, WA, Center for Law and Justice, University of Washington, 1982.

Manatt, Marsha. _Parents, Peers, and Pot II._ Rockville, MD National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983.

Mann, Peggy. _Marijuana Alert._ New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1985.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Drugs and the Family_. Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1981 (ADM 83 1151).

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Parents What You Can Do About Drug Abuse--Get Involved._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983 (ADM 84 1267).

Tobias, Joyce M. _Kids and Drugs._ Annandale, VA, Panda Press, 1986.

What Schools Can Do

Adams, Tom, with Bernard R. McColgan, Steven E Gardner, and Maureen E. Sullivan. _Drug Abuse Prevention and the Schools._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, June, 1984 (unpublished paper).

_Assisting Athletes with Alcohol and Other Drug Problems._ Rockland, ME, The State of Maine, March, 1986.

Hampshire Informed Parents, Inc. "Evaluation of Drug Literature". Amherst, MA, Hampshire Informed Parents, Inc.

Hawley, R. _A School Answers Back Responding to Student Drug Use._ Rockville, MD, American Council for Drug Education, 1984.

Kennedy, Dorothy. "A Teacher, Help Me Stop Drug Abuse," _The Executive Educator_. October, 1980, p. 23.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. _Prevention Plus Involving Schools, Parents, and the Community in Alcohol and Drug Education._ Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983 (ADM 83 1256).

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Handbook for Prevention Evaluation._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1981.

National School Boards Association. _Resolutions of the NSBA._ Alexandria, VA, National School Boards Association, April, 1986.

Pyramid Project. _School Drug Policy._ Berkeley, CA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, July, 1986.

The Rand Corporation. _Teens In Action Creating a Drug Free Future for America's Youth._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985 (ADM 85-1376).

Rubel, Robert J. _A Comprehensive Approach to Drug Prevention._ Austin, TX, National Alliance for Safe Schools, 1984.

South Dakota High School Activities Association. _Chemical Health School Athletics and Fine Arts Activities._ Pierre, SD, South Dakota High School Athletics Association, 1968.

Strong, Gerald. "It's Time to Get Tough on Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Schools," _The American School Board Journal_. February, 1983.

U.S. Department of Justice. _For Coaches Only How to Start a Drug Prevention Program._ Washington, DC, Drug Enforcement Administration, 1984.

U.S. Department of Justice. _Team Up for Prevention._ Washington, DC, Drug Enforcement Administration, 1984.

What Communities Can Do

Blizard, R. A. and R. W. Teague. "Alternatives to Drug Use An Alternative Approach to Drug Education," _The International Journal of the Addictions_, 1981, pp 371-375.

Evaluation and Training Institute. _Final Evaluation Report, 1984 85 Project DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)._ Los Angeles, CA,, Evaluation and Training Institute, August, 1985.

Manatt, Marsha. _Parents, Peers, and Pot II._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Preventing Adolescent Drug Abuse Intervention Strategies._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983.

Teaching About Drug Prevention

Bausen, William B. and C. Kevin Molotte. _Well and Good._ Hollywood, CA, Health Promotion Associates, 1984.

Ellickson, Phyllis L. and Gail Zellman. _Adapting the Social Influence Model to Drug Prevention, The Project Alert Curriculum._ Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, November, 1985.

Health Behavior Research Institute. _Project SMART._ Los Angeles, CA, University of Southern California, 1982.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Adolescent Peer Pressure._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1981 (ADM 84-1152).

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Teaching Tools for Primary Prevention._ Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, December, 1982 (unpublished paper).

New Hampshire State Department of Education. _K-12 Guidelines for School Preventive Drug Education._ Concord, NH, The State of New Hampshire, 1979.

How the Law Can Help

[1] _Bethel_ v. _Fraser_, No. 84 1667, 54 USLW 5054, 5056 (July 7, 1986).

[2] _New Jersey_ v. _TLO_, 105 S. Ct. 733,742 (1985).

[3] 2 J. Rapp, _Education Law_, Sec. 9 06[2] at 9-128 (1986).

[4] _See_ 21 USC 845A.

[5] _See_ 21 USC 845.

[6] _See, e.g., Zamora_ v. _Pomeroy_, 639 F2d 662 (10th Cir. 1981) (locker search conducted after trained police dog indicated presence of marijuana inside).

[7] _See, e.g., Horton_ v. _Goose Creek Independent School District_, 690 F2d 470, 476-77 (5th Cir. 1982) (en banc) (citing cases and so holding), _cert. denied_, 463 U.S. 1207 (1983).

[8] _New Jersey_ v. _TLO_, 105 S. Ct. at 744.

[9] _Id._ at 743.

[10] _Id._ at 745 47.

[11] _Bahr_ v. _Jenkins_, 539 F Supp. 483, 488 (E.D. Ky., 1982).

[12] _Martens_ v. _District No. 220_, 620 F. Supp. 29 (N.D. 111, 1985).

[13] _See Horton_ v. _Goose Creek Independent School District_, 690 F2d at 477 (1982), _Jones_ v. _Latexo Independent School District_, 499 F. Supp. 223 (E.D. Tex., 1980).

[14] _See Doe_ v. _Renfrow_, 475 F. Supp. 1012 (N.D. Ind. 1979), _aff'd in relevant part_, 631 F2d 91 (7th Cir.), _cert. denied_, 451 U.S. 1022 (1981).

[15] _Horton_ v. _Goose Creek Independent School District_, 690 F2d at 477.

[16] _See Odenheim_ v. _Carlstadt East Rutherford Regional School District_, No. C-4305-85E (N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div. December 9, 1985), _Anable_ v. _Ford_, Civ. No. 84 6033 (WD Ark. July 15, 1985), _modified_, (WD Ark. September 6, 1985).

[17] _Bethel School District_ v. _Fraser_, 54 USLW at 5054 (July 7, 1986).

[18] _Goss_ v. _Lopez_, 419 U.S. 565 (1975).

[19] One of the leading cases is _Dixon_ v. _Alabama State Board of Education_, 294 F2d 150 (5th Cir.), _cert. denied_, 368 U.S. 930 (1961).

[20] _See_ Education of the Handicapped Act, 20 USC Secs. 1400-20, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 USC Sec. 794.

[21] _See generally_ 20 USC Sec. 1232g and 34 C FR Part 99.

[22] The term "education records" is defined as records that are directly related to a student and maintained by or for the education agency or institution. The term does not include certain records maintained by a separate law enforcement unit of an education agency.

[23] FERPA permits a school to disclose information from education records to its own officials (including teachers) who have a legitimate educational interest in the information. A school may determine in its FERPA policy that one such interest is the need to decide on the appropriateness of discipline.

[24] An eligible student is a student who is 18 or older or attending an institution of postsecondary education.

[25] _See Board of Education_ v. _McCluskey_, 458 U.S. 966, 970-71 (1982) (per cunam), _see also Tarter_ v. _Raybuck_, 742 F2d 977, 983 (6th Cir. 1984), _cert. denied_, 105 S. Ct. 1749 (1985).

[26] _See Harlow_ v. _Fitzgerald_, 457 U.S. 800 (1982), _Wood_ v. _Strickland_, 420 U.S. 308 (1975). Under these cases, officials will be immune from personal liability so long as their conduct does not violate clearly established constitutional or Federal statutory rights of which a reasonable person should have known.

[27] _Memphis Community School District_ v. _Stachura_, No. 85-410, 54 USLW 4771 (June 25, 1986).

[28] _Carey_ v. _Piphus_, 435 U.S. 247 (1978).

Specific Drugs and Their Effects

Drug Enforcement Administration. _Drugs of Abuse._ U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.

Mann, Peggy. _Pot Safari A Visit to the Top Marijuana Research in the U.S._ New York, NY, Woodmere Press, 1985.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Cocaine Use in America Epidemiologic and Clinical Perspectives._ ADM 85-1414, 1985.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research._ ADM 85-1372, 1984.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Hallucinogens and PCP._ ADM 83-1306, 1983.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Inhalants._ ADM 83-1307, 1983.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Marijuana._ ADM 83-1307, 1983.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _NIDA Capsules_, various issues.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Opiates._ ADM 84-1308, 1984.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Phencyclidine An Update._ ADM 86-1443.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Sedative Hypnotics._ ADM 84-1309, 1984.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. _Stimulants and Cocaine._ ADM 84-1304, 1984.

_Newsweek._ March 17, 1986, page 58.

Tobias, Joyce. _Kids and Drugs._ Annandale, VA, Panda Press, May, 1986.

_ACKNOWLEDGMENTS_

The following employees of the U.S. Department of Education assisted in the preparation of this volume:

Beverley Blondell Henry Bretzfield Ronald Bucknam Adriana de Kanter Elizabeth Farquhar Alan Ginsburg Gregory Henschel Daphne Kaplan Amy Katz Ross McNutt Valena White Plisko Sandra Richardson Daniel Schecter Amy L. Schwartz Barbara Vespucci John P. Walters

_ORDERING INFORMATION_

To obtain an additional copy of this handbook free of charge, please call the Department of Education's tollfree number:

1-800-624-0100

In the Washington, DC, metropolitan area, call 659-4854.

Or send your name and address to:

Schools Without Drugs Pueblo, CO 81009

The Resources Section contains lists of recommended readings and organizations to contact for information and help in combating student drug use.

We welcome your comments on or questions about the material contained in this handbook. Please contact the Department's Information Office at 1-800-424-1616, or write to:

Information Office U.S. Department of Education 555 New Jersey Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20208