CHAPTER XVIII

Chapter 3614,478 wordsPublic domain

THE FUTURE OF VENEZUELA

A great opportunity—The Panama Canal—The Llanos—Petroleum-fields—Liquid fuel—Position of Venezuela—Guayana—Possibilities—Colonisation—Government—The military-political class—The disgrace of labour—Better conditions—Vargas—The “Matos” revolution—General Gomez—Hopes to be realised—Honesty and justice—Development—Roads—Railways—Education—Consular service—Great Britain’s trade with Venezuela—A poor third—British capital—The people’s responsibility—An opportunity.

What will be the condition of Venezuela twenty or thirty years hence? The question is one to which no exact answer can be given, for it involves the consideration of so many, variable factors. We may, however, safely say that in that period there will be either no advance or a very great one; in the latter case, the country may well rival Argentine in world-importance.

The resources to some of which increased prosperity will be due have already been described in the body of this volume, but we can here pass in review the chief national assets, and glance also at the methods which will have to be adopted to secure the right atmosphere for the full development of the country.

In doing this, we must take into account one external event which may be expected to occur within the next two years, namely, the opening of the Panama Canal, for it will give Venezuela an opportunity such as she has never before had of developing her foreign trade by leaps and bounds. Many of her products are common to other countries equally well situated for taking advantage of the increasing shipping facilities afforded by the “Ditch,” but two of her undeveloped assets in respect of which she enjoys exceptional conditions are found in the great natural grazing-grounds and the subterranean stores of petroleum; the latter are as yet untried, but assuming that they fulfil their promise, Venezuela can supply equally well to the Pacific and the Atlantic food and fuel—_i.e._, not luxuries but necessities.

The area of the Llanos has been estimated as over 100,000 square miles, so that Venezuela has here a space large enough to support a vast herd of cattle. Their markets, it is true, will still lie rather in the populous countries of Europe than in any of those brought nearer by the canal; but increased shipping facilities should encourage the improvement of stock and the development of the industry along lines which will make the country of real international importance, for it must be remembered that Venezuela is a week nearer to Europe than the other great meat-exporting country of the South, Argentina.

The oil resources of Venezuela do not possess any unique qualities either from a strategic or a topographical point of view; in other words, their product is not the nearest to the line of steam-traffic to the Isthmus, nor are the fields so situated in the country that they could be worked with greater ease than, for instance, those of Trinidad or Peru.

We must digress for a moment to notice more fully the importance of a strategic position, from the point of view of commerce, not of war. It is a well-known fact that one of the greatest hindrances to a more general adoption of liquid fuel, apart from the question of permanence of supplies, is the absence of regular oiling-stations, so that steamers burning petroleum are handicapped as to freedom of movement in a way in which coal-burning boats are not.

Now let us glance once more at Venezuela’s position, from the point of view of strategic position; the topography of the country and the present means of communication will probably render it more easy to develop these oil-fields than those of the neighbouring republic of Colombia, though the latter lie nearer to the canal-zone; if this be so, Venezuela and Trinidad may be considered together as the largest area of oil-producing country situated in such proximity to the canal as to make it possible for vessels to replenish their stores of fuel conveniently. Whether the oil is taken on board in Trinidad, at one of the Venezuelan ports, or at Colón, the advantageous position of the fields is equally clear for European boats, which would then, on this sea-route, be in a position almost analogous to the oil-burning boats between Japan and San Francisco, where they are in the Californian fuel-oil region.

There seems reason to suppose that Venezuela has extensive areas producing oil of the type requisite, and therefore her future importance depends largely upon the energy with which she discovers or encourages others to discover where and how the mineral can be most profitably won.

Nor must the possibilities of Guayana be ignored in this general summary, for a considerable proportion of some of the larger exports given in Appendix B is shipped through Ciudad Bolivar; these are mainly, of course, forest products and gold, but there are great possibilities of increased output of both these, with the development of more permanent agricultural and pastoral resources in the woods and savannahs of southern Venezuela. The introduction of industrial colonists has, as we have seen, been planned already, and much may come of the wise prosecution of such a scheme.

Under these three heads we have the undeveloped resources of Venezuela, but there remains a long list of products exported, some of which already aggregate a considerable value, while others are capable of great increase. There is no necessity to deal with these various products in detail here, since a glance at the table in Appendix B will show their relative importance. The question remains, What is needed that Venezuela’s trade may be free to expand and may be assisted in that expansion by those in authority?

First and foremost, there is the character of the Government itself to be considered. Venezuela, like most of the rest of Latin America, has suffered much at the hands of a military-political class, whose one method of acquiring and retaining power has been that of force; while, once installed in the places of authority, the members of that class have devoted most of their time to acquiring wealth and power for themselves, and little or none to the task for which they have been “elected” (in theory) by the people. To such an extent were the doctrines of this class general that it had been found impossible to persuade good men and true to take control of the national finance, those fitted to do so knowing well that any attempts at reform on their part would at once be thwarted by their self-seeking colleagues in the Ministry, to whom adequate public control of expenditure would be abhorrent.

Nor can the republic be blamed for the existence of this class, whose traditions are merely a slightly exaggerated copy, of those of the early Spanish aristocratic colonists, who deemed it derogatory to work, but thought it no shame to exist upon the forced labour of others; with the break-up of slavery conditions, which occurred before their actual abolition, these men and their descendants, often not of pure Spanish blood, preferred political intrigues and the leadership of revolutions to honest work, and until recent years this caste has held the government in the majority of the Latin-American republics. The belief in the disgrace of labour is not common to any age or any country among men of a certain type, but the class who hold these views have held more power and have been more numerous in South America than in Europe, unless we go back some three or four hundred years to the days when “gentlemen” were supposed to live like the lilies of the field, with an occasional fight at other people’s expense to relieve the monotony of existence.

Early in the history of Venezuela’s independence an abortive attempt was made, in the election of Doctor Vargas to the presidency, to counteract the evil influence of the military politicians of the revolution, but Mariño and his friends, whose names should surely be reviled by every true patriot in Venezuela, made the succeeding chaos inevitable, and it may be doubted if the spirit which revealed itself in the election of Vargas in 1834 attained such prominence again until the time of the Matos revolution, which was an attempt (in 1902) of the people of Venezuela to do away with the military power by defeating it on its own ground. That revolt failed, but it is noteworthy that the supporters of the present régime were prominent among its leaders.

Whether with the growing dislike for military dictatorships there has come the equally necessary love of justice and straight dealing, and real hatred of political jobbery, time alone will show. High hopes have been fostered by the speeches of General Gomez for the greater stability and responsibility of the Governments of the republic, and it remains for the people of Venezuela to see that these hopes are realised. Just and honest government is the first need of the country; given those conditions, its development should, indeed must, be rapid.

Such a Government should divert the revenue of the country from the private pockets, into which too much of it has hitherto gone, to such beneficent ends as the improvement of ways of communication, the cause of popular education, and the establishment of an efficient consular service abroad.

Real roads, with macadam surface, would cause modern methods of transport to supersede the antique pack-mule method, and railways would follow without direct Government intervention. A system of free popular education is in existence, on paper, but in reality the overwhelming majority of Venezuelans are as yet absolutely illiterate; yet the individuals are far from dull, and increased learning will doubtless, ere long, leave no chance of return for the rule of inefficiency and disorder. The consular service is already being improved, and it is to be hoped that the effect on foreign commerce will soon be felt for good.

From a geographical point of view Great Britain should be more interested in Venezuela than in any other South American republic. Not only is it almost the nearest part of that continent to our shores, but in British Guiana, Trinidad, Tobago, and Barbados, to say nothing of other West Indian islands, we are her next-door neighbours. In spite of these facts the amount of British capital in Venezuela is only some £8,000,000 sterling as compared with £44,000,000 in Uruguay; we are a very poor third in the list of her customers, the next highest, France, buying four times as much as ourselves, and the United States nearly six times. As far as the amount of capital invested is concerned, the comparative stability of the various countries may be urged as a reason, but there seems no reason why we should not foster trade in Venezuela by purchasing more of those of her many products which we need, and since a large proportion of these would be shipped through Trinidad, it might be urged that we should thereby strengthen one of the islands of the Empire.

The future of Venezuela depends primarily on her own people, who will have to rouse themselves to develop in a conscientious and painstaking manner the many resources of their country; but it is certain that in the task which lies before them they will need and obtain the assistance of foreign capital and advice, and in this, if British enterprise is alive to a great opportunity, we, as a nation, should bear no small part.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

POPULATION OF STATES AND DISTRICTS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1909 ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1891

State. District. Capital. Population.

=ANZOÁTEGUI= =Barcelona= =134,064= Aragua Aragua 36,802 Bolivar Barcelona 26,235 Bruzual Clarines 12,467 Cagigal Onoto 10,811 Freites Cantaura 16,665 Independencia Soledad 4,092 Libertad San Mateo 7,200 Miranda Pariaguán 5,222 Peñalver Píritu 8,773 Tadeo Monágas Mapire 5,797

=APURE= =San Fernando= =22,937= Achaguas Achaguas 4,746 Muñoz Bruzual 1,848 San Fernando San Fernando 12,186 Páez Guasdualito 4,157

=ARAGUA= =La Victoria= =94,994= Girardot Maracay 9,505 Mariño Turmero 13,235 Ricaurte La Victoria 25,712 San Casimiro San Casimiro 9,405 San Sebastian San Sebastian 5,292 Urdaneta Camatagua 9,533 Zamora Villa de Cura 22,312

=BOLIVAR= =Ciudad Bolivar= =55,744= Cedeño Caicara 3,847 Heres Ciudad Bolivar 21,582 Roscio Guasipati 12,391 Sucre Moitaco 7,923 Piar Upata 10,001

=CARABOBO= =Valencia= =169,313= Bejuma Bejuma 18,282 Guacara Guacara 15,362 Montalbán Montalbán 17,469 Ocumare de la Costa Ocumare 4,157 Puerto Cabello Puerto Cabello 18,489 Valencia Valencia 95,554

=COJEDES= =San Carlos= =87,935= Anzoátegui Cojedes 3,697 Falcón Tinaquillo 15,964 Girardot El Baúl 9,108 Pao Pao de San Juan Bautista 20,907 Ricaurte Libertad 9,248 San Carlos San Carlos 17,963 Tinaco Tinaco 11,048

=FALCÓN= =Coro= =139,110= Acosta San Juan 7,910 Buchivacoa } Capatárida } 18,898 Jurado } Urumaco } Colina La Vela 9,655 Democracia Pedregal 13,176 Falcón Pueblo Nuevo 19,590 Federación Churuguara 10,622 Miranda Coro 19,686 Bolivar } San Luis } 19,438 Petit } Cabure } Silva Tucacas 3,943 Zamora Cumarebo 16,192

=GUÁRICO= =Calabozo= =183,930= Bruzual El Sombrero 21,189 Infante Valle de la Pascu 21,564 Miranda Calabozo 25,860 Monágas Altagracia de Orituco 31,297 Roscio Ortiz 27,072 Zaraza Zaraza 56,948

=LARA= =Barquisimeto= =189,624= Barquisimeto Barquisimeto 41,321 Cabudare Cabudare 16,938 Crespo Duaca 12,868 Quíbor Quíbor 20,273 Tocuyo Tocuyo 41,559 Torres Carora 40,140 Urdaneta Siquisique 16,525

=MÉRIDA= =Mérida= =88,522= Campoelías Egido 12,457 Libertador Mérida 29,437[7] Miranda Timotes 6,601 Rangel Mucuchíes 4,783 Rivas Davila Bailadores 6,875 Sucre Lagunillas 13,166 Torondoy Torondoy 1,595 Tovar Tovar 13,608

=MIRANDA= =Ocumare del Tuy= =141,446= Acevedo Caucagua 16,776 Brión Higuerote 7,963 Guaicaipuro Los Teques 25,414 Lander Ocumare del Tuy 13,305 Páez Rio Chico 18,621 Paz Castillo Santa Lucia 13,673 Plaza Guarenas 6,817 Sucre Petare 17,964 Urdaneta Cúa 12,509 Zamora Guatire 8,404

=MONÁGAS= =Maturín= =74,503= Acosta San Antonio 8,829 Cedeño Caicara 21,852 Monágas Maturín 25,874 Piar Aragua de Maturín 14,144 Sotillo Uracoa 3,804

=NUEVA ESPARTA= =La Asunción= =40,197= Arismendi La Asunción 6,266 Diaz San Juan Bautista 8,705 Gomez San Ana 9,080 Maneiro Pampatar 5,144 Marcano Juan Griego 5,309 Mariño Porlamar 5,693

=PORTUGUESA= =Guanare= =96,045= Acarigua Acarigua 11,871 Araure Araure 12,463 Esteller Píritu 8,450 Guanare Guanare 30,008 Guanarito Guanarito 10,432 Obispo Ospino 12,233 Turén Villa Bruzual 10,588

=SUCRE= =Cumaná= =92,030= Arismendi Rio Caribe 11,268 Benítez El Pilar 12,889 Bermudez Carúpano 17,500 Mariño Cristobal Colón 8,777 Mejías Marigüitar 5,402 Montes Cumanacoa 8,133 Rivero Cariaco 7,396 Sucre Cumaná 20,665

=TÁCHIRA= =San Cristobal= =101,709= Ayacucho San Juan de Colón 8,041 Bolivar San Antonio 8,195 Cárdenas Táriba 12,882 Capacho Independencia 9,091 Junín Rubio 12,229 Jauregui La Grita 18,804 Lobatera Lobatera 5,143 San Cristobal San Cristobal 19,504 Uribante Pregonero 7,820

=TRUJILLO= =Trujillo= =146,585= Betijoque Betijoque 14,529 Boconó Boconó 33,289 Carache Carache 33,845 Escuque Escuque 12,696 Trujillo Trujillo 26,095 Urdaneta La Quebrada 12,698 Valera Valera 13,433

=YARACUY= =San Felipe= =85,844= Bruzual Chivacoa 8,134 Nirgua Nirgua 28,708 San Felipe San Felipe 17,959 Sucre } Guama } 11,838 Bolivar } Aroa } Urachiche Urachiche 6,110 Yaritagua Yaritagua 13,095

=ZAMORA= =Barinas= =62,696= Arismendi Arismendi 6,929 Barinas Barinas 9,157 Bolivar Barinitas 7,146 Obispos Obispos 10,481 Pedraza Ciudad Bolivia 7,579 Rojas Libertad 10,430 Sosa Nutrias 10,974

=ZULIA= =Maracaibo= =150,776= Bolivar Santa Rita 6,598 Colón San Carlos del Zulia 7,161 Mara San Rafael 5,538 Maracaibo Maracaibo 37,551 Miranda Altagracia 7,020 Páez Sinamaica 68,707 Perija Libertad 5,512 Sucre Bobure 5,529[8] Urdaneta Concepción 7,160

=DISTRITO FEDERAL= =Carácas= =113,204=

=TERRITORIO AMAZONAS= =San Fernando de Atabapo= =45,097=

=TERRITORIO DELTA-AMACURO= =Tucupita= =7,222=

APPENDIX B

TRADE OF VENEZUELA, 1909-10

(Compiled from the _Estadística Mercantil y Marítima_, Carácas)

IMPORTS (BY CLASSES).

£ (at 25·25). I. Textiles 821,619 II. Foodstuffs 444,142 III. Hardware 341,942 IV. Machinery 65,091 V. Other oils (and stearin) 58,612 VI. Mineral oils 34,198 VII. Building materials and labour 15,187 VIII. Cement 12,816 IX. Coal 11,244 X. Railway materials 5,791 XI. Electrical apparatus 1,938 XII. General merchandise 430,620 --------- Total 2,243,200 =========

IMPORTS (BY COUNTRIES).[9]

£ (at 25·25). United States 730,560 Great Britain 589,700 Germany 422,234 Holland 153,725 France 148,930 Spain 109,173 Italy 58,953 Trinidad 13,821 Belgium 12,110 Austria 1,647 Curaçao 1,183 Other countries 1,164 --------- Total 2,243,200 =========

EXPORTS (BY PRODUCTS).

£ (at 25·25). Coffee 1,469,476 Cocoa 689,954 Rubber (caoutchouc, sernambi, and balatá) 557,127 Hides (oxen, goats, and others) 320,571 Gold 65,738 Egret plumes 50,459 Cattle 40,374 Asphalt 36,598 Dye woods and tanning barks 23,101 Pearls 20,941 Sugar 20,080 Timber 16,215 Tonka-beans 7,792 Tobacco 5,737 Hellebore 2,806 Alpargatas (sandals) 2,570 Fish-bladders 2,383 Coco-palm products 2,361 Cotton 2,291 Horns 2,031 Tortoise-shell, mother-of-pearl, &c. 1,642 Fruit 600 Quinine 492 Arrowroot 221 --------- Total 3,363,370 =========

IMPORTS (CLASSES AND COUNTRIES).

-----------------------------------+--------+---------+--------+---------+ |Austria.|Barbados.|Belgium.|Colombia.| -----------------------------------+--------+---------+--------+---------+ | £ | £ | £ | £ | I. Textiles | | 120 | 1,050 | | II. Foodstuffs | 1,647 | | 270 | | III. Hardware | | | 1,513 | | IV. Machinery | | | 156 | | V. Other oils (and stearin) | | | 3,667 | | VI. Mineral oils | | | 3 | | VII. Building materials and lumber| | 11 | | | VIII. Cement | | | 58 | | IX. Coal | | | | | X. Railway materials | | | | | XI. Electrical apparatus | | | | | XII. General merchandise | | 5 | 5,393 | 99 | -----------------------------------+--------+---------+--------+---------+ Totals | 1,647 | 136 | 12,110 | 99 | -----------------------------------+--------+---------+--------+---------+

-----------------------------------+-----+--------+--------+-------+ |Cuba.|Curaçao.|Ecuador.|France.| -----------------------------------+-----+--------+--------+-------+ | £ | £ | £ | £ | I. Textiles | | 92 | 99 | 37,635| II. Foodstuffs | | 11 | | 33,912| III. Hardware | | 2 | | 11,087| IV. Machinery | | 614 | | 273| V. Other oils (and stearin) | | | | 1,831| VI. Mineral oils | | | | | VII. Building materials and lumber| | | | 337| VIII. Cement | | 19 | | 33| IX. Coal | | 4 | | | X. Railway materials | | | | | XI. Electrical apparatus | | | | 4| XII. General merchandise | 571 | 441 | | 63,818| -----------------------------------+-----+--------+--------+-------+ Totals | 571 | 1,183 | 99 |148,930| -----------------------------------+-----+--------+--------+-------+

-----------------------------------+--------+--------+----------+-------+ |Germany.|Great | Holland. | Italy.| | |Britain.| | | -----------------------------------+--------+--------+----------+-------+ | £ | £ | £ | £ | I. Textiles | 155,274|417,614 |54,397 | 29,748| II. Foodstuffs | 99,120| 17,028 |29,606 | 10,909| III. Hardware | 67,476| 43,514 | 7,581[10]| 1,831| IV. Machinery | 8,880| 16,893 | 1,664 | 291| V. Other oils (and stearin) | 2,752| 493 |35,558[11]| 4,741| VI. Mineral oils | 204| 37 | 3 | | VII. Building materials and lumber| 1,270| 3,983 | 206 | 178| VIII. Cement | 3,843| 1,443 | 1,352 | | IX. Coal | 1,366| 8,146 | 908 | | X. Railway materials | 807| 1,100 | 528 | | XI. Electrical apparatus | 115| 51 | | 243| XII. General merchandise | 81,127| 79,398 |21,924 | 11,012| -----------------------------------+--------+--------+----------+-------+ Totals | 422,234|589,700 |153,725 | 58,953| -----------------------------------+--------+--------+----------+-------+

-----------------------------------+-----+---------+-------+---------+ |Porto|Portugal.| Spain.|Trinidad.| |Rico.| | | | -----------------------------------+-----+---------+-------+---------+ | £ | £ | £ | £ | I. Textiles | | | 47,682| 193 | II. Foodstuffs | | | 34,606| 2,673 | III. Hardware | | | 1,601| 1,262 | IV. Machinery | 139| | 3,343| 54 | V. Other oils (and stearin) | | | 5,543| 242 | VI. Mineral oils | | | | 1,062 | VII. Building materials and lumber| | | | 456 | VIII. Cement | | | | 2,988 | IX. Coal | | | | | X. Railway materials | | | | 297 | XI. Electrical apparatus | | | | 19 | XII. General merchandise | 47 | 73 | 16,398| 4,575 | -----------------------------------+-----+---------+-------+---------+ Totals | 186 | 73 |109,173| 13,821 | -----------------------------------+-----+---------+-------+---------+

EXPORTS (BY PRODUCTS AND PORTS. VALUE IN £ AT 25·25).

---------------+----------+----------+--------+-------+-------+---------+ |Alpargalas|Arrowroot.|Asphalt.|Cattle.| Cocoa.|Coco-palm| |(sandals).| | | | |Products.| ---------------+----------+----------+--------+-------+-------+---------+ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | La Guaira | 1,887 | | | |334,415| | Puerto Cabello | 582 | 16 | | 785 | 96,884| 594 | Maracaibo | | 31 | 3,056 | | 10,892| 24 | Ciudad Bolivar | | | |34,550 | 374| | Carúpano | 47 | | | 27 |151,545| | Pampatar | 54 | | | | | | La Vela | | 174 | | 581 | | | Guanta | | | | 2,865 | | | Puerto Sucre | | | | | | | Cristobal Colón| | | 270 | 1,566 | 91,070| 1,743 | Caño Colorado | | |33,272 | | 4,774| | ---------------+----------+----------+--------+-------+-------+---------+ Totals | 2,570 | 221 |36,598 |40,374 |689,954| 2,361 | ---------------+----------+----------+--------+-------+-------+---------+

---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+----------------+ | Coffee. |Copaiba— |Copper.|Cotton.|DYES AND TANNING| | |Balsam | | | MATERIALS. | | |and Oil. | | +------+---------+ | | | | |Barks.|Divisive.| ---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+------+---------+ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | La Guaira | 244,836| | 654 | 459 | | | Puerto Cabello | 441,161| | 7,019 | 605 | | 1,144 | Maracaibo | 751,779| 7,197 | | 427 | 1,884| 14,621 | Ciudad Bolivar | 1,664| 2,041 | | | 36| | Carúpano | 5,556| | 31 | | | 27 | Pampatar | 299| | 61 | | | 487 | La Vela | 2,127| | 16 | 12 | | 4,134 | Guanta | 950| | | 556 | | 185 | Puerto Sucre | 19,610| | | | | 444 | Cristobal Colón| 1,482| | | | 71| 68 | Caño Colorado | 12| 85 | 11 | 232 | | | ---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+------+---------+ Totals |1,469,476| 9,323 | 7,792 | 2,291 | 1,991| 21,110 | ---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+------+---------+

---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+ |Egrets’| Fish |Fruit.| Gold.|Hellebore.| |Plumes.|Bladders.| | | | ---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | La Guaira | 77| | | 674| 2,806 | Puerto Cabello | 677| 19 | 335 | 317| | Maracaibo | | 2,346 | | | | Ciudad Bolivar | 49,705| | |64,747| | Carúpano | | | | | | Pampatar | | | | | | La Vela | | | | | | Guanta | | | | | | Puerto Sucre | | | | | | Cristobal Colón| | | 265 | | | Caño Colorado | | | | | | ---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+ Totals | 50,459| 2,383 | 600 |65,738| 2,806 | ---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+

---------------+------------------------+------+-------+--------+ | HIDES. | | | | +-------+-------+--------+ | |Quinine-| |Goats’.| Oxen. | Others,|Horns.|Pearls.| bark. | | | |chiefly | | | | | | | Deer. | | | | ---------------+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+--------+ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | La Guaira | 2,900| 45,355| 3,990 | 653| 11,889| 188 | Puerto Cabello | 26,622| 26,035| 3,469 | 1,052| | 279 | Maracaibo | 8,063| 30,459| 296 | | | 25 | Ciudad Bolivar | 73|126,245| 3,797 | 197| | | Carúpano | 94| 1,053| | | 4,305| | Pampatar | 459| 139| | | 4,752| | La Vela | 34,681| | | | | | Guanta | 305| 883| 104 | 112| | | Puerto Sucre | 684| 2,029| 45 | | | | Cristobal Colón| 87| 464| | | | | Caño Colorado | | 2,049| 191 | 17 | | | ---------------+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+--------+ Totals | 73,968|234,711| 11,892 | 2,031| 20,941| 492 | ---------------+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+--------+

---------------+-----------------------------+-------+------+-------+ | RUBBER. | | | | +-----------+---------+-------+Shells.|Sugar.|Timber.| |Caoutchouc.|Sernambi.|Balatá.| | | | ---------------+-----------+---------+-------+-------+------+-------+ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | La Guaira | | | 820| 133 | 7,879| 79| Puerto Cabello | 1,787 | | | 11 | 1,443| 392| Maracaibo | 3,230 | | | |10,233| 15,044| Ciudad Bolivar | 116,305 | 32,089 |401,093| | | | Carúpano | | | 239| | | 149| Pampatar | | | | 1,498 | | 92| La Vela | | | | | 525| | Guanta | | | | | | 19| Puerto Sucre | | | 126| | | | Cristobal Colón| | | 539| | | 440| Caño Colorado | | | 899| | | | ---------------+-----------+---------+-------+-------+------+-------+ Totals | 121,322 | 32,089 |403,716| 1,642 |20,080| 16,215| ---------------+-----------+---------+-------+-------+------+-------+

---------------+--------+----------- | |Tonka-beans |Tobacco.|(Sarrapia). ---------------+--------+----------- | £ | £ La Guaira | 562 | Puerto Cabello | | 58 Maracaibo | | Ciudad Bolivar | 1,676 | 12,429 Carúpano | | Pampatar | | La Vela | | Guanta | | Puerto Sucre | | Cristobal Colón| 11 | Caño Colorado | 3,488 | ---------------+--------+----------- Totals | 5,737 | 12,487 ---------------+--------+-----------

APPENDIX C

POPULATION, ALTITUDE, MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE AND DEATH-RATE OF PRINCIPAL VENEZUELAN CITIES

(From the _Anuario Estadístico_, 1908, and the data for the military map, 1909)

(_a_) COAST TOWNS.

Maracaibo | 34,740 | 20 | 86 | 36·5 Barcelona | 14,089 | 43 | 81·5 | 15·8 Puerto Cabello | 13,176 | 10 | 81 | 42·0 Cumaná | 11,471 | 23 | 80·5 | 19·7 Carúpano | 10,897 | 26 | 81 | 25·9 Coro | 10,161 | 53 | 81 | 31·6 La Guaira | 8,512 | 26 | 84·5 | 33·1 La Asunción | 3,160 | 356 | 79 | 27·3

(_b_) CORDILLERAS AND GUAYANA HIGHLANDS.

Carácas | 72,429 | 3,036 | 66·5 | 34·4 Valencia | 54,387 | 1,577 | 80 | 24·5 Barquisimeto | 27,069 | 1,868 | 78 | 35·1 San Cristobal | 16,797 | 2,722 | 70·5 | 19·6 Villa de Cura | 15,792 | 1,835 | 75·5 | 27·6 La Victoria | 14,109 | 1,782 | 74 | 29·6 Mérida | 13,366 | 5,415 | 64·5 | 29·9 Boconó | 13,233 | 4,336 | 65 | 32·9 San Felipe | 10,817 | 808 | 80 | 33·9 Trujillo | 10,481 | 2,640 | 72 | 26·3 Ocumare del Tuy | 7,745 | 693 | 79 | 60·2 Los Teques | 6,916 | 3,864 | 68 | 40·6 Guasipati | 3,052 | ? | 86 | 14·3

(_c_) LLANOS AND ORINOCO VALLEY.

Ciudad Bolivar | 17,535 | 125 | 86·5 | 23·8 Maturín | 15,624 | 244 | 80·5 | 11·7 Aragua de Barcelona | 15,680[12]| 363 | 82 | 21·4 San Carlos | 10,159[12]| 495 | 83 | 47·4 Guanare | 9,051 | 636 | 83·5 | 9·3 Calabozo | 8,159 | 330 | 88·5 | 25·1 San Fernando de Apure | 6,695 | 240 | 91 | 26·8 Barinas | 5,354 | 594 | 82 | 14·2 Tucupita | 823 | ? | ? | ? San Fernando de Atabapo| 388 | ? | ? | ? -----------------------+-----------+---------+------------+------------

HEIGHTS OF PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS.

APPENDIX D

GOVERNMENT FINANCE, 1908-9

(From the _Anuario Estadístico_, 1908)

REVENUE 1908-9.

£ £ Taxes on foreign trade:— Import duties 1,152,105 Export duty (live cattle) 3,371 Sundry port dues 20,204 Storage and warehousing 655 Consular fees 2,118 Other minor imposts 1,310 1,179,763 ---------

Internal taxation payable throughout the Federation:— Sale of stamps[13] 109,048 Stamped paper 5,134 Tax on mining properties 4,895 Tax on alcohol and tobacco 112,767 Tax on cigarettes, &c. 85,833 Tax on matches 10,335 Trademark and patent dues 160 328,172 ---------

Taxes payable in the Federal district and territories:— 12% duty in territories 220,501 Public registry of property 3,097 Direct and local taxes in territories 876 224,474 --------- Public services:— Telegraphs and cables 10,566 Other Government enterprises 2,314 12,880 ---------

Revenue from national estate:— National lands 632 Salt-pans 202,744 Pearl fisheries 494 203,870 ---------

Minor sources of revenue:— Returns on sundry capital, securities, rights, &c. 15,622 Other minor sources 31,660 47,282 --------- --------- Total 1,996,441 ---------

EXPENDITURE 1908-9.

£ £ Ministry of the Interior:— Legislature 17,593 Ecclesiastical subsidy 7,264 Public health 2,577 Prisons 7,633 Subsidies to States 224,074 Charities 13,349 General 28,146 310,636 ---------

Ministry of Foreign Affairs:— Consular Service 2,404 Legations and general 141,279 143,683 ---------

Ministry of Finance and Public Credit:— Administrative Services 193,475 Diplomatic claims of 1903 126,404 Other branches of National Debt 261,667 581,546 ---------

Ministry of War and Marine:— Army 259,003 Navy 22,003 Dockyard 24,699 Military map of Venezuela 4,566 General 50,661 360,932 ---------

Ministry of Public Instruction:— Higher Education 28,465 Elementary Education 55,561 General 33,247 117,273 ---------

Ministry of National Development:— Post Office 33,602 Telegraphs 80,847 General 8,634 123,183 ---------

Ministry of Public Works 78,928 “Emergencies” 171,693 --------- Total 1,887,874 ---------

APPENDIX E

THE NATIONAL DEBT OF VENEZUELA

(Years 1906 to 1910)

------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+------------- Branch. | 1906. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. ------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+------------- | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | | | | | INTERNAL DEBT. | | | | | | | | | | Consolidated 3 | | | | | per cent. | | | | | stock[14] |1,299,448|2,175,210|2,354,300|2,389,668|2,399,309 Other |1,744,242| 551,240| 279,885| 165,784| 119,156 ------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+------------- Totals |3,043,690|2,726,050|2,634,185|2,555,452|2,518,465 ------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+------------- | | | | | FOREIGN DEBT. | | | | | | | | | | National 3 per | | | | | cent. bonds by | | | | | diplomatic | | | | | agreements | 483,169| 466,919| 453,295| 433,309| 417,414 Provisional | | | | | (Spanish) | | | | | certificates | 62| 62| 62| 62| 62 Diplomatic 3 per | | | | | cent. debt |4,993,627|4,868,978|4,735,958|4,604,572|4,418,987[15] Claims awarded | | | | | by Hague | | | | | Tribunal, 1903 | 883,799| 777,514| 647,344| 518,409| 359,562 ------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+------------- Totals |6,360,657|6,113,473|5,836,659|5,556,352|5,196,025 ------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------------

FOOTNOTES

[1] This lake has recently been drained by an English syndicate, who have already found some evidence which tends to show that the story is substantially correct.

[2] “Another fourth part was discovered ... by Amerigo Vespucci: wherefore I do not see why it should not be justly permissible to name it after Amerigo the discoverer ... Amerigē, the land of Americus, or America.”

[3] “MOST MAGNIFICENT SIR,—Among other papers of your worship’s found in this city, there was a letter addressed to me, with more offers and preambles than there are stars in the sky.”

[4] “Our Lord protect the most magnificent person of your worship,

“Your servant,

“LOPE DE AGUIRRE.”

[5] As usual, the second part of the original title was the name, or supposed name, of the local Indians.

[6] The word Guacharo connotes crying or lamenting in Spanish.

[7] Includes the municipality of Independencia. _See_ =Zulia=.

[8] Does not include the municipality of Independencia. _See_ =Mérida=.

[9] Omitting _coal_ and _coined gold_, the totals for the four leading countries are as follows: U.S.A., £585,953; Great Britain, £581,559; Germany, £420,868; Holland, £152,501.

[10] Includes coined gold, £317 from Holland; £143,700 from U.S.A.

[11] Principally stearin.

[12] Very scattered.

[13] Includes postage stamps, for which allowance should be made under “Public Services.”

[14] Created in 1906 and increased by conversion of other branches in 1907.

[15] Great Britain, Italy, and Germany were paid in full before 1908; Belgium, France, Mexico, United States, Spain, Holland, Sweden, and Norway are still creditors.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS RELATING TO VENEZUELA

I. GENERAL

1. =Appun, C. F.= Unter den Tropen. Bd. i. _Jena_, 1871.

2. =Bénard, C.= Le Vénézuéla. Pp. 106, map. _Bordeaux_, 1897.

3. =Bolet-Peraza, N.= The Republic of Venezuela. 8vo. _Boston_, 1892 (reprinted from _New England Mag._).

4. =Bolivar, G. de.= Venezuela. _Journ. Manchester Geogr. Soc._, vol. xxv, pp. 18-31 [1909].

5. =Brown, G. M. L.= Three old Ports on the Spanish Main. _Nat. Geogr. Mag._, vol. xvii, pp. 622-38 [1906].

6. =Bruycker, P. de.= Le Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Anvers_, t. x, pp. 303-31 [1885].

7. =Bürger, O.= Reisen eines Naturforschers in tröpischen Südamerika. Pp. vi, 395, 8vo. _Leipzig_, 1900.

8. =Caseneuve, P. de= and =François=. Les États-Unis de Vénézuéla. Map. _Paris_, 1888.

9. =Chaffanjon, J.= Vénézuéla et Colombie. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Comm. Paris_, t. xiii, pp. 431-42 [1890-1].

10. =Chaper=, =⸺.= La Côte Nord du Vénézuéla. _Arch. Miss. Sci. Litt. Paris_, sér. 3, t. xiv, pp. 337-43 [1888].

11. =Creveaux, J.= Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud. _Paris_, 1883.

12. =Curtis, W. E.= Venezuela: her Government, People, and Boundary. _Nat. Geogr. Mag._, vol. vii, pp. 42-58, map [1896].

13. =⸺.= Venezuela: a Land where it’s always Summer. Pp. 315, map, 8vo. _New York_ and _London_, 1896.

14. =Dance, C. D.= Four Years in Venezuela. _London_, 1876.

15. =Dauxion-Lavaysse, J. F.= A Statistical, Commercial, and Political Description of Venezuela, Trinidad, Margarita, and Tobago. _London_, 1820.

16. =Dawson, T. C.= The South American Republics. 2 vols. _London_, 1904.

=Den Kati, H.= _See_ =Ten Kate, H.=

17. =Depons, F.= Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale. 3 vols., 8vo. _Paris_, 1806.

18. =⸺.= Travels in South America during 1801-4, containing a Description of the Carácas. Map, 8vo. _London_, 1807.

19. =Duane, W.= A Visit to Colombia in the Years 1822 and 1823. _Philadelphia_, 1826.

20. =Eastwick, E. B.= Venezuela: or, Sketches of Life in a South American Republic. Map by R. Rojas. _London_, 1868.

21. =Erbach, E. Graf zu.= Wandertage eines deutschen Touristen im Strom- und Küstengebiet des Orinoko. 8vo. _Leipzig_, 1892.

22. =Engel, F.= Mittheilungen über Venezuela. _Globus_, bd. xiv, pp. 44-119, 145-84 [1868].

23. =Ernst, A.= Der erste Census in Venezuela. _Globus_, bd. xxvi, pp. 75-7 [1874].

24. =Fitzgerald, D.= Du Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Comm. Bordeaux_, t. i, pp. 262-9, 285-93, 313-5, 352-4 [1878].

25. =Gazzurelli, A.= Il Venezuela. _Rome_, 1901.

26. =⸺.= Venezuela, Ordinamento, Produzioni e Scambi. Pp. 62. _Rome_, 1904.

27. =Gerstächer, F.= Neue Reisen durch die Vereinigten Staaten, Mexico, Ecuador, West Indien und Venezuela. _Jena_, 1868-9.

=Goiticoa, N. V.= _See_ =Veloz-Goiticoa, N.=

28. =Halle, F.= Colombia. 8vo. _London_, 1824.

29. =Hawkshaw, J.= Reminiscences of South America from two and a half years’ Residence in Venezuela. 8vo. _London_, 1838.

30. =Hondius, J.= Brevio et admiranda Descriptio Regni Guianæ. ?1599.

31. =Jonas, P.= Nachrichten über Venezuela. _Petermann’s Mitt._, bd. xxiv, pp. 11-14 [1878]; bd. xxv, pp. 212-16 [1879].

32. =Landaeta Rosales, M.= Gran recopilacion geografica, estadística e historica de Venezuela. 2 vols., fo. _Carácas_, 1889.

33. =Lisboa, M. M.= Relaçao de uma Viagem a Venezuela, Nova Granada e Equador. 8vo. _Brussels_, 1866.

34. =Mozans, H. J.= Up the Orinoco and down the Magdalena. _New York_ and _London_, 1910.

35. =Olinda, A.= Venezuela in der Gegenwart. _Deutsch. Rundschau Geogr._, bd. xxiv, pp. 337-48, 398-407 [1902].

36. =Risquez, D. F. A.= Venezuela. _Rev. Geogr. Col. y Mercantil_, t. vi, pp. 275-98 [1909].

37. =Rojas, F. V.= Guia Commercial de la Republica de Venezuela. _Port-of-Spain_, 1901, &c.

38. =Roncayolo, M.= Au Vénézuéla. _Paris_, 1894.

=Rosales, M. L.= _See_ =Landaeta Rosales, M.=

39. =Scruggs, W. L.= The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics. 8vo. _Boston_, 1905.

40. =Sievers, W.= Venezuela. _Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Hamburg_, 1885-6, pp. 134-48.

41. =⸺.= Census von Venezuela. _Ibid._, pp. 316-26.

42. =⸺.= Zur Kenntniss Venezuelas. _Globus_, bd. lii, pp. 134-7, 149-52 [1887].

43. =⸺.= Zweite Reise in Venezuela in den Jahren 1892-3. Map, 1: 1,000,000. _Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Hamburg_, bd. xii, pp. 328 [1896].

44. =Spence, J. M.= The Land of Bolivar. 2 vols., 8vo. _London_, 1878.

45. =Tallenay, J. de.= Souvenirs de Vénézuéla. 12 mo. _Paris_, 1884.

46. =Tejera, M.= Venezuela pintoresca e ilustrada. 8vo. _Paris_, 1875.

47. =⸺.= Venezuela en la exposicion de Paris en 1878. 8vo. _Paris_, 1878.

48. =Ten Kate, H.= Travels in Guiana and Venezuela. _Rev. Col. Internat. Amsterdam_, t. ii, pp. 527-40 [1886].

49. =Veloz-Goiticoa, N.= Les États-Unis de Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Comm. Bordeaux_, t. xiv, pp. 33-9 [1891].

50. =⸺.= Venezuela. Pp. 608, map, 8vo. _Washington_, 1904.

51. =Villavicencio, R.= La Republica de Vénézuéla bajo el punto de vista de la Geografia y Topografia médicas y de la Demografia. Pp. 137, 8vo. _Carácas_, 1880.

52. =Vincent, L.= Notice sur les États-Unis de Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Comm. Bordeaux_, t. xiii, pp. 57-69, 89-109 [1890].

53. =Wappäus, J. E.= Die Republiken von Süd Amerika. _Göttingen_, 1843.

54. =Anon.= Letters written from Colombia during a Journey from Carácas to Bogotá. Pp. 208, map. _London_, 1824.

55. =⸺.= Tropical Information: a Treatise on the History, Climate, Soil, Productions, &c. of Venezuela. 12mo. _London_, 1846.

56. =⸺.= Appun’s Wanderungen durch Venezuela. _Ausland_, vol. xliv, pp. 817-21 [1871].

57. =⸺.= Notice politique, statistique, commerciale, &c., sur les États-Unis du Vénézuéla. Map, 12mo. _Paris_, 1889.

58. =⸺.= Die Vereinigten Staaten von Venezuela. _Deutsch. Rundschau_, bd. xi, pp. 459-63, map [1889].

59. =⸺.= Venezuela: Laws regulating Immigration and Public Lands. _Washington_, 1895.

60. =⸺.= Venezuela: Short Sketch of its History, Geography and Industries. _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. xii, pp. 184-95 [1896].

61. =⸺.= Official History of the Discussion between Venezuela and Great Britain on their Guiana Boundaries. _Atlanta, Ga._, 1896.

62. =⸺.= Notes on Venezuela. _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. xix, pp. 97, 98, map [1903].

63. Official Publications, 1. Annual Reports of the Ministers of State to the National Congress.

64. =⸺.= 2. Messages of the President of the Republic to the National Congress.

65. =⸺.= 3. Codigos de Venezuela.

66. =⸺.= 4. Recopilacion de leyes y decretos de Venezuela.

67. =⸺.= 5. Venezuela: Ministerio de Relaciones. World’s Colombian Exposition at Chicago. The United States of Venezuela in 1903. Pp. 149, map, 8vo. _New York_, 1903.

68. =Anon.= 6. Ministerio de Fomento. Direccion general de Estadística. Estadística mercantil de Venezuela y Anuario Estadístico.

69. =⸺.= 7. Reports of the Council of the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders (annual). _London_.

70. =⸺.= 8. British Foreign Office Consular Reports, Annual Series (Venezuela, Carácas, &c.).

II. GEOGRAPHICAL.

71. =Aguerrevere, F., &c.= Trabajos del Cuerpo de Ingenieros encargado del levantamiento del Plano Militar de Venezuela. 4to. _Carácas_, 1908.

72. =Berthelot, S.= Sur les travaux géographiques et statistiques exécutés dans toute l’étendue du territoire du Vénézuéla par M. le colonel Codazzi. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Paris_, sér. 2, t. xiv, pp. 161-78 [1840].

73. =Bianconi, F.= Carte des États-Unis de Vénézuéla. 1: 3,400,000. _Rev. Franç._, t. viii, pp. 413-19 [1888].

74. =Boussingault=, =⸺.= Rapport sur les travaux géographiques et statistiques exécutés dans la république de Vénézuéla, d’aprés les ordres du Congres par M. le colonel Codazzi. _Compt. Rend._, t. xii, pp. 462-79 [1841].

75. =Codazzi, A.= Atlas fisico y politico de la Republica de Venezuela. Pp. 8, 33 maps, &c. _Carácas_, 1840.

76. =⸺.= Rapport sur les travaux géographiques, &c., dans le Vénézuéla. 4to. _Paris_, 1841.

77. =⸺.= Résumen de la Geografia de Vénézuéla. Pp. 648. _Paris_, 1841.

78. =Ernst, A.= Demarkation der Venezuelanisch-brasilianischen Grenzlinie. _Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk., Berlin_, bd. xxi, pp. 167-72 [1886].

79. =Hondius, H.= Venezuela cum parte Australi Novæ Andalusiæ. 1630.

80. =Humboldt, F. H. A. v.= Geognostische Skizze von Süd-america. _Ann. Phys._, t. xvi, pp. 394-449 [1804].

81. =Huot, V.= Nouveaux travaux topographiques au Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Paris_, t. xvii, pp. 458-60 [1908].

82. =Jahn, A.= Contribuciones a la geografia fisica de Venezuela. I. Observaciones al Plano Militar de la Republica. _Carácas_, 1907.

83. =⸺.= Contribuciones a la Hidrogafia del Orinoco y Rio Negro. Map, 1: 1,000,000. _Carácas_, 1907.

84. =Level, A. A.= Nomenclator de Venezuela, contentivo de su censo en orden alfabetico. T. 2, 8vo. _Carácas_, 1883.

85. =Oltmann=, =⸺.= Don José de Ituriaga’s astronomische Beobachtungen am Nieder-Orinoco.... 1754 bis 1758. _Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin_, bd. ii, pp. 115-27 [1830].

=Rosa, R.= _See_ =Eastwick, E. B.= (No. 21).

86. =Sievers, W.= Bemerkungen zur Karte der Venezolanisch-Brasilianischen Grenze. _Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin_, bd. xxii, pp. 1-5, map, 1: 2,000,000 [1887].

87. =⸺.= Die Grenzen Venezuelas, _Globus_, bd. lxix, pp. 53-5. map [1896].

88. =⸺.= Eine neue Karte von Venezuela. _Petermann’s Mitt._, bd. liv, pp. 69, 70, map, 1: 1,500,000 [1908].

89. =Tejera, M.= Mapa Fisico y Politico de Venezuela. 4 sheets, _Paris_, 1876.

90. =Anon.= Residuum Continentis (Viz. Caribana & Nova Andalusia) cum adjacentibus insulis. 1598.

91. =⸺.= Carta plana de la Provincia de Carácas o Venezuela. 1787.

92. =⸺.= Memoria de la Direccion general de estadística al Presidente de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela en 1873. 3 vols. _Carácas_, 1873.

93. =⸺.= Texte et carte commerciale des États-Unis de Vénézuéla avec notice descriptive. _Paris_, 1888.

94. =⸺.= Orinoco-Essequibo Regions.... map, 2, Senate Doc. U.S. (Boundary Commission), 1897.

_See also_ Nos. 79, 119, 120, 366, 367.

III. GEOLOGICAL.

95. =Ahrensburg, H.= Erdbeben in Carácas. _Mitt. Géogr. Ges. Jena_, bd. xix, pp. 56-8 [1901].

96. =Attwood, G.= A Contribution to South American Geology. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xxxv, pp. 582-590, map [1879].

97. =Bendrat, T. A.= Geologic and Petrographic Notes on the Regions about Caicara, Venezuela. _Amer. Journ. Sci._, ser. 4, vol. xxxi, pp. 443-52 [1911].

98. =Bonssingault=,—. Les Sources Thermales de la Chaîne du littoral du Vénézuéla, _Compt. Rend._, t. xci, pp. 836-41 [1880].

99. =Buch, L. v.= Von Aptychus, und über die Anden von Venezuela. _Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges._, bd. ii, pp. 339-44, pl. x [1850].

100. =Cortese, E.= Escursioni geologiche al Venezuela. _Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital._, vol. xx, pp. 447-69 [1901].

101. =Drevermann, Fr.= Ueber Untersilur in Venezuela. _N. Jahrb._, 1904, vol. i, pp. 91-3, pl. [1904].

102. =Foster, C. Le Neve.= On the Caratal Goldfield. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xxv, pp. 336-43 [1869].

103. =Gerhardt, K.= Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Kreideformation in Venezuela und Peru. _N. Jahrb._, Beilage-Band xi, pp. 65-117 [1897].

104. =Humboldt, F. H. A. v.= Esquisse d’un Tableau Géologique de l’Amérique méridionale. _Journ. Phys._, t. liii, pp. 30-59 [1801].

105. =⸺.= Account of the Earthquake which destroyed the Town of Carácas on the 26th March, 1812. _Edinb. Phil. Journ._, vol. i, pp. 272-80 [1819].

106. =Karsten, H.= [Letter from Puerto Cabello on the Geology of Western Venezuela.] _Ber. Acad. Wiss. Berlin_, 1849, pp. 197-200.

107. =⸺.= [On Neocomian Rocks near Trujillo.] _Ibid._, pp. 370-6.

108. =⸺.= [Tertiary and Cretaceous in Cumaná and Barcelona.] _Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges._, bd. ii, pp. 86-8 [1850].

109. =⸺.= Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Gesteine des nördlichen Venezuela. _Ibid._, pp. 345-61.

110. =⸺.= Ueber die geognostische Verhältnisse des nördlichen Venezuela. _Archiv. Min. Geogn._, bd. xxiv, pp. 440-79 [1851].

111. =⸺.= Geognostische Bemerkungen über die Umgebungen von Maracaibo und über die Nordküste von Neu Granada. _Ibid._, bd. xxv, pp. 567-73 [1853].

112. =Karsten, H.= Reise-notizen über die Provinz Cumaná in Venezuela. _Westermann’s Monatshefte_, 1859.

113. =⸺.= Die geognostische Beschaffenheit der Gebirge der Provinz Carácas. _Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges._, bd. xiv, pp. 282-7 [1862].

114. =⸺.= Geologie de l’ancienne Colombie Bolivarienne. Pp. 62, map, 4to. _Berlin_, 1886.

115. =Lorié, J.= Fossile Mollusken von Curaçao, Aruba und der Küste von Venezuela. _Samml. geol. Reichs-Mus. Leyden_, sér. 2, bd. i, pp. 111-49, [1887].

116. =Salomon, W.= Ueber angebliches Untersilur in Venezuela. _Monatsb. deutsch. geol. Ges._, 1909, pp. 193. [Shows that specimens described by Drevermann (No. 101) were bought in U.S.A. and not from Venezuela.]

117. =Sievers, W.= Das Erdbeben vom 26 März, 1812, an den Nordküste Südamerikas. _Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Hamburg_, pp. 265-71.

118. =⸺.= Reiseberichte aus Venezuela. _Ibid._, pp. 272-87; 1885-6, pp. 1-133.

119. =⸺.= Venezuela. Pp. viii, 359. _Hamburg_, 1888.

120. =⸺.= Karten zur physikalischen Geographie von Venezuela. _Petermann’s Mitt._, bd. xlii, pp. 149-55, 197-201, 3 maps, 1: 3,000,000 [1896].

121. =⸺.= Das Erdbeben in Venezuela von 26 Okt., 1900. _Jahrb. Veroffnet. Geogr. Ver. Bonn_, 1905, pp. 35-50.

122. =Stevens, R. P.= [Geology and Mineralogy of Venezuela.] _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia_, 1868, pp. 303, 304.

123. =Tate, R.= Notes on the Geology of Guyana, in Venezuela. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xxv, pp. 343-50 [1869].

_See also_ Nos. 314, 319, 320, 342.

IV. BOTANICAL AND ZOOLOGICAL.

124. =Appun, K. F.= Beiträge zur Insecten-Fauna von Venezuela und Britisch Guyana. _Ausland_, bd. xlv, pp. 41-7, 67-70 [1872].

125. =Bellermann, P.= Landschaft- und Vegetations-Bilder aus den Tropen Südamerika’s nach der Natur Gezeichnet. _Berlin_, 1894. [Text by =Karsten=.]

126. =Berlepsch, H. v.= and =E. Hartert=. On the Birds of the Orinoco Region. _Novitates Zoologicae_, vol. ix, 1902.

=Bonpland, A.= _See_ =Humboldt, F. H. A. v.=

127. =Braun, A.= Uebersicht der Characeen aus Colombien und Guyana. _Monatsb. k. preuss. Akad. Wiss._, 1858, pp. 354-67.

128. =Dozy, F.= Prodromus floræ bryologicæ Surinamensis. Accedit pugillus specierum novarum floræ bryologicæ Venezuelanæ. Pp. 54. _Düsseldorf_, 1854.

129. =Ernst, A.= On the Medicinal Plants of Carácas, Venezuela, and their Venezuelan Names. _Journ. Botany_, vol. iii, pp. 143-50, 277-84, 306-22 [1865].

130. =⸺.= Plants growing in the Streets of Carácas. _Ibid._, pp. 322, 323 [1865].

131. =⸺.= Formas caracteristicas de la flora Venezolana. Las palmas. _El Porvenir_, vol. i, no. 6; vol. ii, no. 7; vol. iii, no. 8 [1866].

132. =⸺.= List of Venezuelan Woods, with their Venezuelan Names and Specific Gravity. _Journ. Botany_, vol. iv, pp. 359, 360 [1866].

133. =⸺.= On the Plants cultivated or naturalised in the Valley of Carácas, and their Vernacular Names. _Ibid._, vol. v, pp. 264-75, 287-90 [1867].

134. =⸺.= On the Plants common to the Southern United States and Venezuela. _Ibid._, pp. 290-6 [1867].

135. =⸺.= Los Helechos de la Flora Caracasana. _Vargasia_, 1868-9, pp. 100-103.

136. =⸺.= Plantas interesantes de la Flora Caracasana. _Ibid._, pp. 178-94.

137. =⸺.= Verzeichniss der auf den venezuelanischen Inselgruppe Los Roques im Sept., 1871, beobachteten Pflanzen. _Botan. Zeit._, bd. xxx, pp. 539-41 [1872].

138. =⸺.= Sertulum Naiguatense.... _Journ. Botany_, vol. x, pp. 261-4 [1872].

139. =⸺.= Observationes aliquot in plantas nonnullas rariores vel novas floræ Caracasanæ. _Flora_, vol. lvii, pp. 209-15 [1874].

140. =⸺.= Descriptive Catalogue of the Venezuelan Department at the Philadelphia International Exhibition, 1876. Pp. 55. _Philadelphia_, 1879.

141. =Ernst, A.= Estudios sobre la flora y fauna de Venezuela. Pp. 330. _Carácas_, 1877.

142. =⸺.= Florula Chelonesiaca. _Journ. Botany_, vol. xiv, pp. 176-9 [1876].

143. =⸺.= Vargas considerado como botanico. _Carácas_, 1877.

144. =⸺.= Enumeracion de las plantas mas notables que fueron observadas en la excursion a Naiguatá. _Repertoria Caraqueño_, 1879, pp. 141-6.

145. =⸺.= On some Interesting Cases of Migration of Marine Fishes on the Coast of Venezuela at Carúpano. _Nature_, vol. xxxiii, pp. 321, 322 [1886].

146. =⸺.= Eine botanische Excursion auf der Insel Margarita. _Nederl. Kruidk. arch. Nijmegen_, bd. iv [1886].

147. =⸺.= La vegetacion de los Páramos de los Andes Venezolanes. _Bol. Ministr. Obras. Publicas, Carácas_, 1892, pp. 159-63.

148. =⸺.= Sertulum Aturense.... _Rev. Cient. Univ. Central Venezuela_, t. i, pp. 219-23 [1900].

149. =⸺.= Bibliographia. _Jena_, 1900.

=Gaillard, A.= _See_ =Patouillard, N.=

150. =Goebel, K.= Die Vegetation der venezolanischen Páramos. _Pflanzenbiol. Schild._, 1889-93, pt. 2, no. 1. and _Marburg_, 1891.

151. =Goering, A.= Zur Thiergeographie Venezuelas. _Mitt. Ver. Erdk. Leipzig_, 1876, pp. 14-24.

=Hartert, E.= _See_ =Berlepsch, H. v.=

152. =Humboldt, F. H. A. v.= and =A. Bonpland=. Plantæ æquinoctiales. 2 vols. _Paris_, 1808.

153. =⸺= and =C. S. Kunth=. Nova genera et species plantarum. 7 vols. _Paris_, 1815-25. [Vol. 7 has lists of Venezuelan plants.]

154. =Jahn, A.= Las palmas de la flora venezolana. Pp. 126, 8vo. _Carácas_, 1908.

155. =Johnston, J. R.= Flora of the Islands of Margarita and Coche, Venezuela. _Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist._, vol. xxxiv, pp. 163-212, map [1909].

156. =Karsten, H.= Auswahl neuer und blühender Gewächse Venezuelas. 4to. _Berlin_, 1848.

157. =⸺.= Floræ Colombiæ terrarumque adjacentium specimina selecta.... _Berlin_, 1858-69.

=Kunth, G. S.= _See_ =Humboldt, F. H. A. v.=

158. =Loefling, P.= Reise nach den spanischen Ländern in Europa und America in den Jahren 1751 bis 1756. Pp. 406. _Berlin_ and _Stralsund_, 1766.

159. =Loriol, P. de.= Note sur quelques espéces nouvelles appartenant à la classe des Echinoderms. _Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Genève_, t. xxiv, pp. 659-73 [1876].

160. =Maury, P.= Enumération des plantes du Haut-Orénoque récoltées par Mm. J. Chaffanjon et A. Gaillard. _Journ. Botanique_, t. iii, pp. 129, 157, 196, 209, 260, 166 [1889].

161. =Patouillard, N.= and =A. Gaillard=. Champignons du Vénézuéla et principalement de la région du Haut-Orénoque, récoltées en 1887 par M. A. Gaillard. _Bull. Soc. Mycol. France_, t. iii, pp. 7-46, 92-129 [1887].

162. =Ritter, C=. Ein Blick auf die Vegetation der Cordilleren in Venezuela (über 12-13° N. Br.) aus handschriftlichen Mittheilungen der Herrn. Berg. _Monatsb. Ges. Erdk. Berlin_, sér. 2, bd. viii, pp. 152-6 [1851].

_See also_ Nos. 51, 315, 317, 401.

V. HISTORICAL.

163. =Acosta, Joaquin.= Compendio historico del descubrimiento y colonizacion de la Nueva Granada en el siglo decimo sexto. 8vo. _Paris_, 1848.

164. =Alcala, A. P. de.= Consectario de la ciudad de Cumaná. 1790.

165. =Altoguirre y Duvale, A. de.= Relaciones geograficas de la Gobernacion de Venezuela (1767-8) con prologo y notas. _Madrid_, 1908.

166. =Anglerius, Petrus Martyr.= De rebus oceanicis et novo orbe decades tres. _Basiliæ_, 1516 etc. _Coloniæ_, 1574. [Many editions and translations.]

167. =Austin, J. B.= Venezuela’s Territorial Claims. _Bull. Geogr. Club Philadelphia_, vol. ii, pp. 1-19 [1896].

168. =Baker, M.= The Anglo-Venezuelan Boundary Dispute. _Nat. Geogr. Mag._, vol. xi, pp. 129-44, map [1900].

169. =Baralt, R. M.= and =R. Diaz.= Résumen de la Historia de Venezuela. Tt. ii. Pp. 398, 370. _Paris_, 1841.

170. =Benzoni, G.= La historia del mondo nuevo. 8vo. _Venice_, 1565.

171. =Berthelot, S.= Analyse du premier volume de l’Histoire du Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Paris_, sér. 2, t. xv, pp. 319-29 [1841].

172. =Blanco, E.= Venezuela heroica; cuadros historicos. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1881.

173. =Briceño, Manuel.= Los Ilustres. Paginas para la Historia de Venezuela. Pp. 239, 8vo. _Bogotá_, 1884.

174. =Barney, J.= A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. 5 vols. 4to. _London_, 1803-17.

175. =Casas, B. de= las. Brevissima relacion de la destruycion de las Indias.... 4to. _Seville_, 1552.

176. =Cassani, J.= Historia de la Provincia de la Compañía de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada. Fol. _Madrid_, 1741.

177. =Castellanos, J. de.= Elegias de Varones ilustres de Indias. _Madrid_, 1589.

178. =Caulin, A.= Historia coro-graphica, natural y evangelica de la Nueva Andalusia. Provincias de Cumaná, Guayana y Vertiente del Rio Orinoco. Pp. 482, map. _Madrid_, 1779, and 8vo. _Carácas_, 1841.

179. =Colón, Cristobal.= Relaciones y cartas de.... In _Biblioteca Classica_, t. clxiv. _Madrid_, 1892.

180. =Daly, C. P.= Is the Monroe Doctrine involved in the Controversy between Venezuela and Great Britain? _New York_, 1896.

181. =Davie, R.= The Victorious Voyage of Captaine Amyas Preston, now Knight, and Captaine George Sommers to the West India, begun in March, 1595. In _Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations_ ... Hakluyt Society edition, 1904, vol. x, pp. 213-26.

182. =Diaz, J. D.= Recuerdos sobre la rebelion de Carácas. 4to. _Madrid_, 1829.

=Diaz, R.= _See_ =Baralt, R. M.=

183. =Ducoudray-Holstein, H. L. V.= Historia de Bolivar ... 2 t., 8vo. _Paris_, 1831.

184. =Dudley, R.= [Voyage to Trinidad and the Coast of Paria.] _Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations_, 1600, vol. iii, pp. 574-8.

185. =Esteller, A.= Catecismo de historia de Venezuela, desde su descubrimiento hasta la muerte del Libertador. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1886, &c.

186. =Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, G.= La historia general de los Indias. Fo. _Seville_, 1535.

187. =Figueiras, G.= Une première occupation allemande au Vénézuéla (xviᵉ siècle). _Questions Diplom. et Col._, t. xv, pp. 240-4 [1903].

188. =Flinter, G. D.= The History of the Revolution of Carácas ... with a Description of the Llaneros or people of the Plains of South America. 8vo. _London_, 1819.

=Fortoul, J.= _See_ =Gil Fortoul, J.=

189. =Gaffarel, P.= Étude sur les rapports de l’Amérique et de l’ancien continent avant Christophe Colomb. 8vo. _Paris_, 1869.

190. =Gil Fortoul, J.= Historia Constitucional de Venezuela. Tom i. Pp. 570. _Berlin_, 1907.

191. =Gilij, F. S.= Saggio di Storia Americana. 4 Tt. 8vo. _Rome_, 1780-4.

=Gomara, F. L. de.= _See_ =Lopez de Gomara, F.=

192. =Guinan, F. G.= Historia del Gobierno del Doctor J. P. Rojas Paul ... 1888 à 1890. Pp. 560. 8vo. _Valencia_, 1891.

193. =Gumilla, J.= El Orinoco illustrado y defendido. 4to. _Madrid_, 1745.

194. =Hassert, K.= Die Welserzüge in Venezuela. _Beiträge Kolonial-politik_, bd. iii, pp. 297-317 [1902].

195. =Heilprin, A.= Notes on the Schomburgk Line and the Guayana Boundary. _Bull. Géogr. Club Philadelphia_, vol. ii, pp. 20-30, map [1896].

196. =Herrera Tordesillas, A. de.= Descripcion de los Indias Occidentales. 8 Dec. Fo. _Madrid_, 1601-15.

197. =Hippisley, G.= A Narrative of the Expedition to the Rivers Orinoco and Apure. Pp. 653. _London_, 1819.

198. =Humbert, J.= La première occupation allemande du Vénézuéla au xviᵉ siècle, période dite des Welser (1528-56). _Journ. Soc. Americanistes_, _Paris_, t. i, no. 3 [1904]. _See_ =Vincent, L.=

199. =Hylacomylus, M.= Cosmographiæ Introductio ... Insuper quatuor Americi Vespucci navigationes. 4to. _St. Dié_, _Lorraine_, 1507.

200. =Keymis, L.= A Relation of the second Voyage to Guiana, performed and written in the Year 1596. 4to. _London_, 1596.

201. =Klöden, K. v.= Die Welser in Augsburg als Besitzer von Venezuela und die von ihnen veranlassten Expeditionen der Deutscher dahin. _Zeitschr. Allgem. Erdk. Berlin_, bd. v, pp. 433-55 [1855].

202. =Laet, J. de.= Nieuvve Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien.... Pp. 510, maps, fo. _Leyden_, 1625. Other editions in Latin. Fo. _Leyden_, 1633, &c.

203. =Lameda, L.= and =M. Landaeta Rosales.= Historia militar y politica del general Joaquin Crespo. 2 vols. Pp. xcii, 528; xlii, 528. 4to. _Carácas_, 1897.

204. =Landaeta Rosales, M.= Gobiernos de Venezuela desde 1810 hasta 1905. Pp. 115, 8vo. _Carácas_, 1905.

205. =Lopez de Gomara, F.= La Istoria de las Indias, y Conquista de Mexico. 2 parts. Fo. _Zaragoza_, 1552.

206. =MacNutt, F. A.= Bartholomew de las Casas: his Life, his Apostolate, and his Writings.... 8vo. _New York_ and _London_, 1909.

207. =Mendoza, L. Torres de.= Coleccion de Documentos ineditos ... del archivo de Indias. 8vo. _Madrid_, 1864.

208. =Olavarria, D. A.= Estudios historico-politicos, 1810 à 1889. Pp. 289, 8vo. _Valencia_, 1894.

209. =Oviedo y Baños, J. de.= Historia de la conquista, y poblacion de la provincia de Venezuela. Pt. I. Pp. 380, fo. _Madrid_, 1723.

=Oviedo y Valdes, G. F. de.= _See_ =Fernando de Oviedo y Valdes, G.=

=Pacheco, J. F.= _See_ =Mendoza, L. T. de.=

210. =Páez, J. A.= Autobiografia. 2 vols., 8vo. _New York_, 1867-9.

211. =Pepper, E.= Apuntes para la historia contemporanea de Venezuela, 1892-4. Pp. 93, 8vo. _Curaçao_, 1895.

=Petrus Martyr d’Anghiera.= _See_ =Anglerius, P. M.=

212. =Raleigh, W.= The Discoverie of the large, rich and bewtiful Empyre of Guiana, with a relation of the great and Golden Citie of Manoa (which the Spaniards call El Dorado). Pp. 112, 4to. _London_, 1596.

213. =Rivero, J.= Historia de las Misiones de las Llanos de Casanare y los rios Orinoco y Meta, escrita en el año de 1736. 8vo. _Bogotá_, 1883.

214. =Robinson, J. H.= Journal of an Expedition 1,400 miles up the Orinoco and 300 up the Arauca. Pp. 397. _London_, 1822. [An absurd title, the total length of the Orinoco being about 850 miles, and the portion below the mouth of the Arauca only 360.—L.V.D.]

215. =Rodway, J.= The West Indies and the Spanish Main (Story of the Nations Series). _London_, 1896.

216. =Rojas, A.= Estudios indigenas. Contribuciones a la historia antiqua de Venezuela. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1888.

217. =⸺.= Primeras paginas de un libro de leyendas historicas de Venezuela. 8vo. _Carácas_. 1888.

218. =⸺.= Historia Patria. Leyendas historicas de Venezuela. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1890.

219. =⸺.= Do. Estudios historicos. Origenes Venezolanos. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1891.

220. =Scruggs, W. L.= British Aggressions in Venezuela. _Atlanta, Ga._ Map. 1895.

221. =Simon, Pedro.= Primera Parte de las Noticias historiales de las Conquistas de tierra firme en las Indias Occidentales. Pp. 671, fo. _Cuenca_, 1627.

222. =Steinen, K. v. den.= Ausgrabungen am Valenciasee. _Globus_, bd. lxxxvi, pp. 101-8 [1904].

223. =Strickland, J.= Documents and Maps on the Boundary Question between Venezuela and British Guayana from the Capuchin Archives in Rome. _London_, 1896.

224. =Tavera-Acosta, B.= Anales de Guayana, vol. i. _Ciudad Bolivar_, 1905.

225. =Tejera, F.= Manual de Historia de Venezuela. Ed. iii. Pp. 291. _Carácas_, 1895.

226. =Tejera, M.= Compendio de la Historia de Venezuela. 12mo. _Paris_, 1875.

227. =Tello Mendoza, R.= Viaje del General Cipriano Castro ... al Centro, sur y Oriente de Venezuela en Abril y Mayo de 1905. Pp. 427, 4to. _Carácas_, 1905.

228. =⸺.= Complemento. [General Cipriano Castro.] Pp. 326, 8vo. _Carácas_, 1905.

229. =Tello Mendoza, R.= Documentos del General Cipriano Castro. 5 vols. _Carácas_, 1906.

230. =Ulloa, A. de.= Noticias Americanas. 4to. _Madrid_, 1772.

231. =Vespucci, A.= _See_ =Hylacomylus, M.=

232. =Vincent, L.= and =J. Humbert=. Le Vénézuéla; période des Welser (1528-46). _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Comm. Bordeaux_, t. xx, pp. 444-57 [1897]: t. xxi, pp. 7-12 [1898].

=Waldsee Mueller, M.= _See_ =Hylacomylus, M.=

233. =Weinhold, M.= Ueber Nicolaus Federmann’s Reise in Venezuela, 1524-31. 3 _Jahresb. Ver. Erdk. Dresden_, 1867, Appendix, pp. 91-112, maps.

234. =Yanes, F. J.= Historia de Venezuela. 1840.

235. =Anon.= _Cartas edificantes de la Compañía de Jesus_, t. xvi., p. 92 [1757].

236. =⸺.= Documentos para los anales de Venezuela desde el movimiento separatista de la Union Colombiana hasta nuestros días. _Carácas_, 1889.

237. =⸺.= The United States of Venezuela in 1893. (World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago.) Pp. 149, map, 8vo. _New York_, 1893.

238. =⸺.= Brief submitted by Venezuela to the Commission appointed to investigate and report upon the true Divisional Line between the Republic of Venezuela and British Guiana. Pp. 28. _Washington._

239. =⸺.= U. S. Commission on Boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana. Documents, &c. 8 vols. _Washington_, 1897.

_See also_ Nos. 293, 324, 325, 338, 343.

VI. ETHNOLOGICAL

240. =Appun, K. F.= Die Goajira-Indianer. _Ausland_, 1868, pp. 1220-22.

241. =Breton, R.= Dictionnaire Caraibe-Français. Tt. 2., 4to. _Auxerre_, 1665-6.

242. =⸺.= Grammaire Caraibe. 8vo. _Ibid._, 1667.

243. =Brinton, D. G.= The Dwarf Tribe of the Upper Amazon. _Washington_, 1898.

244. =Calcaño, J.= El Castellano en Venezuela. Estudio Crítica. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1897.

245. =Costambert, E.= Coup d’Œil sur les productions et sur les peuplades géophages et les autres populations des bords de l’Orénoque. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Paris_, sér. 5. t. i, pp. 205-20 [1861].

246. =D’Orbigny, A.= L’homme Américain (de l’Amérique méridionale). Tt. 2. _Paris_, 1839.

247. =Du Pouget, J. F. A.= L’Amérique préhistorique. 8vo. _Paris_, 1883.

248. =Engel, F.= Pfahlbauten in Venezuela. _Ausland_, 1865, pp. 254-8.

249. =⸺.= Die Goajiros. _Ibid._, pp. 798-802, 834-9.

250. =⸺.= Volksbilder aus Venezuela. _Ibid._, 1867, pp. 11-14.

251. =Ernst, A.= Anthropological Remarks on the Population of Venezuela. _Mem. Anthrop. Soc._, vol. iii, pp. 274-87 [1870].

252. =⸺.= Ueber die Reste der Ureinwohner in den Gebirgen von Mérida. _Zeitschr. Ethnol._, vol. xvii, p. 190 [1885].

253. =Garcia, G.= Origen de los Indios de el Nuevo Mundo, e Indias occidentales. Pp. 525. _Valencia_, 1607.

254. =Goering, A.= A Visit to the Guajiro Indians of Maracaibo. _Illustr. Travels H. W. Bates_, vol. ii, pp. 19-21 [1869].

255. =⸺.= Venezuelanische Alterthümer. _Mitt. Ver. Erdkunde Leipzig_, 1874, pp. 21-3.

256. =⸺.= Bei den Chaymas-Indianern von Caripe. _Mitt. Ver. Erdk. Halle_, 1879, pp. 40-48.

257. =Hervas y Panduro, L.= Catalogo de las lenguas de las naciones conocidas.... 6 vols. 4to. _Madrid_, 1800-1805.

258. =Level, A. A.= Informe sobre el estado actual de los Distritos de reducción de indigenas Alto Orinoco, Central y Bajo Orinoco. _Carácas_, 1850.

259. =Lopez Borreguero, R.= Los Indios Caribes. 2 vols. 16mo. _Madrid_, 1875.

260. =Lugo, B. de.= Gramatica en la lengua general del Nuevo Reyno, llamado Mosca. 8vo. _Madrid_, 1619.

261. =Marcano, G.= Ethnographie précolombienne de Vénézuéla. [Valleys of Aragua and Carácas and Atures district.] _Mém. Soc. Athrop. Paris_, sér. 2, t. iv, pp. 1-86, 99-218 [1889-93].

262. =Marcano, G.= Ethnographie précolombienne du Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Paris_, sér 4, t. i, pp. 857-65, 883-95 [1890].

263. =⸺.= Ethnographie précolombienne du Vénézuéla. _Ibid._, t. ii, pp. 238-54 [1891].

264. =Morisot=, =⸺.= Notes ethnographiques recueillies dans le bassin de l’Orénoque. _Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Lyon_, t. viii, pp. 115-20 [1890].

=Nadaillac, Marquis de.= _See_ =Du Pouget, J. F. A.=

265. =Orsi di Broglia di Mombella, G.= Sculture di Indigene del Alto Orinoco. _Bull. Soc. Geogr. Ital._, ser. 3, t. iii, pp. 474-9 [1890].

266. =Plassard, L.= Les Guaraunos. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Paris_, sér. 5, t. xv, pp. 568-92 [1868].

267. =S— M. D. L.= Dictionnaire Galibi.... Précédé d’un essai de grammaire. 8vo. _Paris_, 1763.

268. =Tauste, F. de.= Arte y Bocabulario de la Lengua de los Indios Chaymas, Cumanagotos, Coros, Parias.... 4to. _Madrid_, 1680.

269. =Tavera Acosta, B.= En el Sur (dialectos indigenas de Venezuela). _Ciudad Bolivar_, 1907.

270. =Anon.= Dr. Crevaux’ Besuch bei den Guaraunos im. Orinoko Delta. _Globus_, bd. xliii, pp. 1-8 [1883].

_See also_ No. 313, 376.

VII. CARÁCAS AND THE “CENTRO.”

271. =Andral, —.= Trade of Carácas District for the Year 1899. _Foreign Office Cons. Rep._, Ann. Ser., No. 2466 [1900].

272. =Appun, C. F.= and =L. Martin=. Beobachtungen auf ihrer Reise nach Venezuela im December, 1848, und Januar, 1849. _Monatsb. Ges. Erdk. Berlin_, ser. 2, bd. vi, pp. 123-30 [1849].

273. =Blume, —.= Die Verhältnisse von Venezuela und die dortige deutsche Colonie Tovar nach neueren handschriftlichen Mitteilungen und eigner Erfahrung. _Monatsb. Ges. Erdk. Berlin_, ser. 2, bd. x, pp. 111-27 [1853].

274. =Curtis, W. E. C.= The Capitals of Spanish America. 8vo. _New York_, 1888.

275. =Engel, F.= Die Küste von Carácas. _Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin_, bd. iv, pp. 404-29 [1869].

276. =⸺.= Carácas, die Hauptstadt von Venezuela. _Globus_, bd. xv, pp. 210-12, 234-6 [1869].

277. =Ernst, A.= Das Thal von Carácas in Venezuela. _Globus_, bd. xx, pp. 25-9, 43-6, 56-9 [1871].

278. =⸺.= Die Witterungsverhältnisse der Thäler von Carácas. _Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin_, bd. vii, pp. 248-58, map [1872].

279. =Fendler, A.= [Meteorology of Colonia Tovar.] _Smithson Rep._, 1857, pp. 178-282 [1858].

280. =Fitzgerald, H. D.= Valencia (Vénézuéla). _Bull Soc. Géogr._ _Comm. Bordeaux_, t. ii, pp. 417-24 [1879].

281. =Galli, A.= Del Discoprimiento di un Nuovo Baco da Seta nelle vicinanze di Carácas. _Boll. Consol. Firenze_, t. v, pt. 2, pp. 343-8 [1868-9].

282. =Goering, A.= [Puerto Cabello to Valencia.] _Globus_, bd. xiv, pp. 281-3 [1868].

283. =Gronen, D.= Puerto Cabello. _Deutsche Rundschau_, bd. ix, pp. 123-6 [1887].

284. =Herzog, A.= Eine Besteigung der Silla de Carácas. _Globus_, bd. lvi, pp. 277-81 [1889].

285. =Hesse-Wartegg, E. v.= Beobachtungen über den See von Tacarigua im nördlichen Venezuela. _Petermann’s Mitt._, bd. xxxiv, pp. 321-31, map, 1: 420,000 [1888].

286. =Kiesselbach, W.= Von Bremen nach Carácas und der deutschen Niederlassung Tovar in Venezuela. _Globus_, bd. ix, pp. 276-9 [1866].

=Martin, L.= _See_ =Appun, C. F.=

287. =Ritter, C.= Ein Tag in San Estevan. Geschildert von Herrn Carl Appun. _Monatsb. Ges. Erdk. Berlin_, ser. 2, bd. vi, pp. 131-42 [1849].

288. =Rivera, A.= An Illustrated Guide to Carácas. _Philadelphia_, 1897.

289. =Spence, J. M.= Primera Ascension al Pico de Naiguatá. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1872.

_See also_ Nos. 5, 13, 20, 21, 98, 105, 113, 119, 133, 222, 381, 382, 383, 387.

VIII. ZULIA.

290. =Delechaux, —.= Renseignements sur le port et sur la barre de Maracaibo. _Ann. Hydrogr. Paris_, t. xiii, pp. 126-7 [1857].

291. =Eggers, H.= Die Asphalt-Quellen am See von Maracaibo. _Deutsche Geogr. Blätter_, bd. xix, pp. 183-94 [1896].

292. =Engel, F.= Maracaibo. _Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin_, bd. v, pp. 418-52 [1870].

293. =Humbert, J.= Un Gibraltar ignoré. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Comm. Bordeaux_, sér. 2, t. xxiv, pp. 109-12 [1901].

294. =Plümacher, O.= Maracaibo. _Ausland_, bd. lxi, pp. 781-5, 812-14, 836-9 [1888].

295. =Pocaterra, J. D.= Derrotero del Golfo de Venezuela ó saco de Maracaibo. _New York_, 1864.

_See also_ Nos. 6, 111, 119, 248, 254, 393, 395.

IX. THE ANDES.

296. =Engel, F.= Eine Ersteigung der Sierra Nevada de Mérida in Venezuela. _Globus_, bd. xv, pp. 278-81, 298-301, 330-32 [1869].

297. =⸺.= Auf der Sierra Nevada de Mérida. _Samml. gem. verstand. Wiss. Vorträge_, n.f., bd. iii, no. 58. _Hamburg_, 1888.

298. =Goering, A.= Sierra Nevada von Mérida. _Mitt. Ver. Erdkunde Leipzig_, 1875, pp. 101-5.

299. =⸺.= Vom tröpischen Tieflande zum ewigen Schnee. _Leipzig_, n.d. [1895?].

300. =Guerrero, E. C.= El Táchira fisico, politico é ilustrado. Pp. 306. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1905.

301. =⸺.= El Táchira. _Bol. R. Soc. Geogr. Madrid_, t. xlviii, pp. 133-6 [1906].

302. =Sievers, W.= [Communication relative to his journey to the Cordillera of Mérida.] _Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Hamburg_, 1884, pp. 339-45.

303. =⸺.= Ueber Schneeverhältnisse in der Cordillere Venezuela’s. _Jahresb. Geogr. Ges. München_, 1885, pp. 54-7.

304. =⸺.= Bemerkungen zur Original Routenkarte der Venezolanische Cordillere. _Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Hamburg_, 1885-6, pp. 309-16, map, 1: 1,000,000.

305. =Sievers, W.= Landschaftlicher Charakter der Anden Venezuelas. _Globus_, bd. li. pp. 8-11, 26-9, 41-4 [1887].

306. =⸺.= Die Cordillere von Mérida nebst bemerkungen über das Karibische Gebirge. _Geogr. Abhand._, bd. iii. Pp. 238, map [1888].

_See also_ Nos. 99, 107, 119, 147, 150, 162, 252.

X. FALCÓN, &c.

307. =Sievers, W.= Richard Ludwig’s Reisen auf Paraguana (Venezuela). _Globus_, bd. lxxiii, pp. 303-9 [1898].

308. =⸺.= Die Inseln von der Nordküste von Venezuela. _Ibid._, bd. lxxiv, pp. 163-5, 291-4, 302-7 [1898].

309. =⸺.= Richard Ludwig’s Reisen in Coro. _Ibid._, bd. lxxv, 177-10 [1899].

_See also_ Nos. 43, 106, 119, 137, 403, 404.

XI. THE “ORIENTE.”

310. =Ahrenburg, H.= Die Perlenfischerei auf der Insel Margarita. _Mem. Geogr. Ges. Jena_, bd. xxv, pp. 37-9 [1907].

311. =Beebe, Mary B.= and =C. W.= Our Search for a Wilderness. _London_, 1910.

312. =Erbach-Erbach, E. Graf zu.= Im Delta des Orinoko. _Jahresb._ ix _u._ x _Württemberg Ver. Handelsgeographie_, pp. 50-66 [1892].

313. =Ernst, A.= Bemerkungen über das Delta des Orinoco und die Guaraunen. _Globus_, bd. xvii, pp. 316-18 [1870].

314. =Fostin, E.= Une plaine de bitume au Vénézuéla. _Compt. Rend. Soc. Geogr. Paris_, 1895, pp. 221-4.

315. =Goering, A.= Ausflug nach den neuen Guacharo-höhlen in der Venezolanischen Provinz Cumaná. _Globus_, bd. xiii, pp. 161-7 [1868].

316. =Hirzel, H.= Erdöl und Asphalt auf der Inseln Pedernales, Pesquero und del Plata in Venezuela. _Chem. Rev. Fett. Harz. Ind._, bd. x, pp. 275-7 [1903].

317. =Humboldt, P. H. A. v.= Account of the Great Cavern of the Guacharo. _Edinb. Phil. Journ._, vol. iii, pp. 83-92 [1820].

318. =Level, A. A.= Esbozos de Venezuela. I. Margarita. _Carácas_, 1881.

319. =Sievers, W.= Ein Schlammvulkan, Hervidero, in der Llanos von Maturín. _Deutsche Rundschau Geogr._, bd. xx, pp. 394-8 [1898].

320. =Wall, G. P.= On the Geology of a Part of Venezuela and Trinidad. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xvi, pp. 460-70 [1860].

321. =Anon.= Recollections of Cumaná. _Orient. Herald_, vol. xv, pp. 495-501 [1827].

322. =⸺.= Wanderungen an der Küste Venezuela’s. _Ausland_, 1865, pp. 745-51.

_See also_ Nos. 5, 21, 108, 146, 155, 164, 178, 256, 270, 386, 397.

XII. THE LLANOS.

323. =Bingham, H.= The Journal of an Expedition across Venezuela and Colombia. 8vo. _New Haven_ and _London_, 1909.

324. =Carvajal, J. de.= Relacion del descubrimiento del Rio Apure hasta su ingreso en el Orinoco.... MSS. Printed _Leon_, 1892.

325. =Cortes de Madariaga, J.= Diario y observaciones ... en su regreso de Santafé a Carácas. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1832.

326. =Gagliardi, —.= Le condizioni delle colonie italiane nel Venezuela e la miniera di Naricual. _Bol. Soc. Geogr. Ital._, sér. 4, t. vii, pp. 1251-3 [1906].

327. =Humboldt, F. H. A. v.= Ansichten der Natur.... 16mo. _Stuttgart_ and _Tübingen_, 1826.

328. =Páez, R.= Travels and Adventures in South and Central America. Life on the Llanos. 8vo. _New York_, 1868.

329. =Anon.= Die Landschaft am Apurestrom in Venezuela. _Globus_, bd. v, pp. 244-7 [1864].

_See also_ Nos. 34, 108, 188, 197, 213, 214.

XIII. BOLIVAR CITY AND STATE.

330. =André, E.= The Caura Affluent of the Orinoco. _Geogr. Journ._, vol. xx, pp. 283-306 [1902].

331. =⸺.= The Caura. 4to & fo., map. _Trinidad_, 1902.

332. =André, E.= A Naturalist in the Guianas. Pp. 310, map. _London_, 1904.

333. =Bendrat, T. A.= Karte der Umgebung von Caicara in Venezuela. _Petermann’s Mitt._ 1910, pl. xlvi.

334. =⸺.= Ciudad Bolivar. _Journ. Geogr._, bd. viii, pp. 218-22 [1910].

=Blair, Dr.= _See_ No. 354.

335. =Campbell, W. H.= By the Cuyooni to the Orinoco in 1857. _“Timehri,” Demerara_, vol. ii, pp. 133-58 [1883]. _See_ No. 354, _infra._

336. =Du Marais, —.= Renseignements sur l’Orénoque. _Ann. Hydrogr. Paris_, t. xiii, p. 127 [1857].

337. =Eckermann, —.= Orinoco Fahrten. _Ann. Hydrographie_, bd. xxxi, pp. 166-72 [1903].

338. =Elliot, C.= Proposed Exploration of the River Orinoco, &c. _Proc. R. G. S._, vol. i, pp. 251-5 [1856-7].

339. =Ernst, A.= Die Goldregion des venezuelanischen Guayana. _Globus_, bd. xvi, pp. 124-6, 137, 138 [1869].

340. =Fernandez-Duro, C.= Rios de Venezuela y de Colombia. Relaciones ineditas (Antonio de la Torre, &c.). _Bol. Soc. Geogr. Madrid_, t. xxviii, pp. 76-174 [1890]; t. xxix, pp. 161-219 [1890].

341. =Foster, C. Le Neve.= A Journey up the Orinoco to the Caratal Goldfield—Raleigh’s “El Dorado.” _Illustr. Trav. H. W. Bates_, vol. i, pp. 257-63, 297-302, 335-8, 376-8, map [1869].

342. =Galli, G.= Sulle Miniere Aurifere delia Guayana. _Bol. Consol. Firenze_, t. vi, pt. 2, pp. 24-35 [1870].

343. =Gumilla, P. J.= Histoire naturelle, civile et géographique de l’Orénoque. 3 vols., 12mo. _Avignon_, 1758.

=Holmes, —.= _See_ No. 354.

344. =Lemos, — de.= Trade of Ciudad Bolivar for the Year 1899. _For. Off. Cons. Rep._, Ann. Ser., No. 2388 [1900] and others.

345. =Morisse, L.= Excursion dans l’Eldorado (El Callao). 4 maps. _Paris_, 1904.

346. =Paquet, N.= L’Or en Guyane Vénézuélien. 8vo. _Paris_, 1904.

347. =Passarge, S.= Reise im venezolanischer Guiana. _Mitth. Geogr. Ges. Hamburg_, bd. xix, pp. 253-5 [1903].

348. =⸺.= Reise im Gebiet des Orinoko. _Mitt. Ver. Erdk. Leipzig_, 1903, pp. 33-6.

349. =Passarge, S.= Bericht über eine Reise in venezolanischer Guyana. _Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin_, 1903, pp. 5-43, map, 1: 300,000. [Astronomical work by W. M. S. Selwyn.]

350. =Paterson, S.= In the Wilds of Venezuela. _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. xiv, pp. 591-9 [1898].

351. =⸺.= In the Valley of the Orinoco. _Geogr. Journ._, vol. xiii, pp. 39-50, map [1899].

=Selwyn, W. S.= _See_ =Passarge, S.=

352. =Wears, W. G.= Prospects of Gold Mining in Venezuela. Plan. 8vo. _London_, 1888 [2 editions].

353. =Anon.= Journal of a Trip from San Thomé de Angostura, in Spanish Guayana, to the Capuchin Missions of the Caroni. _Quart. Journ. Sci._, vol. viii, pp. 260-87; vol. ix, pp. 1-32 [1820].

354. =⸺.= Die Expedition der Herren Dr. Blair, Holmer und Campbell nach den Goldwäschen von Caratal in Venezuela, im Spätsommer 1857. _Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin_, n.f., bd. iv, pp. 365-78. Map [1858].

_See also_ Nos. 21, 34, 85, 97, 102, 123, 193, 245.

XIV. THE TERRITORIO AMAZONAS.

355. =Chaffanjon, J.= Le Bassin de l’Orénoque. _Gazette Géogr. Paris_, t. ii, pp. 201-4 [1885].

356. =⸺.= Das Becken des Orinoco. _Ausland_, bd. lix, pp. 323-7 [1886].

357. =⸺.= L’Orénoque et ses Sources. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Comm. Bordeaux_, t. x, pp. 682-8 [1887].

358. =⸺.= Exploration du bassin de l’Orénoque. _Compt. Rend. Soc. Géogr. Paris_, 1887, pp. 97-100.

359. =⸺.= Mon dernier Voyage au Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Comm. Paris_, t. x, pp. 9-20 [1887-8].

360. =⸺.= Un Voyage au Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Géogr._ & _Mus. Comm. St. Nazaire_, t. iv, pp. 13-25 [1888].

361. =⸺.= Le Bassin de l’Orénoque. _Rev. Géogr. Internat. Paris_, t. xiii, pp. 64, 133-5 [1888].

362. =⸺.= Voyage à travers les Llanos du Caura, et aux sources de l’Orénoque. _Jour. du Monde_, t. lvi, pp. 305-84. Sketch map [1888].

363. =⸺.= Voyage au sources de l’Orénoque. _Bull. Union Géogr. Nord. France_, t. ix, pp. 97-147 [1888].

364. =⸺.= L’Orénoque et le Caura. 2 maps. _Paris_, 1889.

365. =Hübner, G.= Reise in das Quellgebiet des Orinoco. _Deutsche Rundschau Géogr._, bd. xx, pp. 14-20, 55-65 [1897].

366. =Humboldt, F. H. A. v.= Note sur la communication qui existe entre l’Orénoque et la rivière des Amazonas. _Journ. École Poly._, t. iv, pp. 65-8. Map [1810].

367. =⸺.= Ueber die Verbindung zwischen dem Orinoco und Amazonen fluss. _Zach’s Monatl. Correspondenz_, bd. xxvi, pp. 230-35 [1812].

368. =Michelena y Rojas, F.= Exploracion Official por la primera vez desde el Norte de la America del sur siempre par Rios.... Map. 8vo. _Brussels_, 1867.

369. =Montolieu, F.= L’Ynirida. _Bull Soc. Géogr. Paris_, sér. 6, t. xix, pp. 289-301 [1880].

370. =Morisse, L.= Le Caoutchouc du Haut-Orénoque. _Arch. Miss, Sci. Litt. Paris_, sér. 4, t. i, pp. 177-200 [1891].

371. =Rusby, H. H.= Concerning Exploration upon the Orinoco. _Alum. Journ. Coll. Pharm. N.Y._, vol. iii, pp. 185-91 [1896].

372. =Schomburgk, R. H.= Journey from Fort San Joaquim, on the Rio Branco, to Roraima, and thence by the Rivers Parima and Merevari to Esmeralda on the Orinoco in 1838-9. _Journ. R. Geogr. Soc._, vol. x, pp. 191-247 [1841].

373. =⸺.= Journey from Esmeralda on the Orinoco to San Carlos and Moura on the Rio Negro.... _Ibid._, pp. 248-67 [1841].

374. =Stradelli, E.= [Expedition up the Orinoco.] _Boll. Soc. Géogr. Ital._, ser. 2, t. xii, pp. 354-6, 500 [1887].

375. =⸺.= Nell’ alto Orinoco. _Ibid._, ser. 3, t. i, pp. 715-44, 832-54. Map [1888].

376. =Tavera-Acosta, B.= Rio Negro. Pp. 149. 8vo. _Ciudad Bolivar_, 1906.

377. =Anon.= Robert Schomburgk und seine Reise in Guyana, am Orinoco, &c. _Globus_, bd. xiv, pp. 151-4, 186-9 [1868].

378. =⸺.= J. Chaffanjon’s Reisen im Gebiete des Orinoko und Caura. _Globus_, bd. lvi, pp. 70-74, 88, 99, 195, 212, 231 [1889].

_See also_ Nos. 148, 160, 161, 245, 265, 327.

XV. RESOURCES, COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNICATIONS, &c.

379. =Berthelot, S.= Notice sur les nouveaux établissements agricoles fondés au Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Paris_, sér. 2, t. xviii, pp. 37-55 [1842].

380. =Briceño, M. de.= La gran cuestion fiscal de Venezuela.... Reforma del sistema aduanero. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1864.

381. =Carruthers. J.= The Trincheras Steep Incline on the Puerto Cabello and Valencia Railway, Venezuela. _Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng._, vol. xcvi, pp. 120-30 [1888-9].

382. =Church, G. E.= The Venezuela Central Railway and its Sources of Traffic. 8vo. _London_, 1888.

=Diaz, M. V.= _See_ =Rojas, A.=

383. =Engel, F.= Die Fahrstrasse von La Guayra nach Carácas. _Globus_, bd. xiv, pp. 334-7 [1868].

384. =Ernst, A.= A Descriptive Catalogue of the Venezuelan Department at the Philadelphia International Exhibition. 12mo. _Philadelphia_, 1876.

385. =⸺.= La Exposicion Nacional de Venezuela en 1883. Fo. _Carácas_, 1884.

386. =Fiebeger, G. J.= Report on Bermudez Asphalt. _Rep. Operat. Eng. Dept. D.C._, 1894, pp. 143-6.

387. =Heinke, E. H. A.= “La Guaira and Carácas Railway.” _Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng._, vol. cx, pp. 299-303 [1892].

388. =Hortensio, G. and M.= Literatura venezolana. 2 vols. _Carácas_, 1883.

=Houston, J. L.= _See_ =Punchard, W. C.=

=Humbert, J.= _See_ =Vincent, L.=

389. =Magliano, R.= L’Industrie delle Miniere e del Caffe nel Venezuela. _Bol. Ministr. Afari Esteri_, 1891, vol. ii, pp. 357-60 [1891].

390. =Navarro, E.= Venezuela. Ferrocarriles, comercio y navegacion. _Rev. Géogr. Col. y Mercantil_, t. iv, pp. 182-219 [1907].

391. =Oppel, A.= Die wirtschaftliche Verhältnisse von Venezuela. _Globus_, bd. lvii, pp. 171-4 [1890].

392. =Palacio, R. M.= El Progreso de Venezuela. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1877.

393. =Plümacher, E. H.= Petroleum Deposits in Venezuela. _Rep. Comm. Rel. U.S._, 1880, pp. 11-16.

394. =⸺.= Petroleum Development in Venezuela. _Rep. Cons. U.S._, vol. xxi, pp. 556, 557 [1887].

395. =Plümacher, E. H.= Asphalt and Petroleum Deposits in Venezuela. _Ibid._, vol. xxvi, pp. 487-91 [1888].

396. =Punchard, W. C.= and =J. L. Houston=. La Guaira Harbour Works. _Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng._, vol. cxv, pp. 332-42 [1893-4].

397. =Quievreux, H.= La pêche des perles au Vénézuéla. _Rev. Maritime_, t. cxlvi, pp. 444-8 [1900].

398. =Richardson, C.= On the Nature and origin of Asphalt. _Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind._, vol. xvii, pp. 13-32 [1898].

399. =⸺.= The Modern Asphalt Pavement. _New York_, 1905 and 1908.

400. =Rizzetto, R.= Un episodio della Emigrazione Italiana nel Venezuela. _Boll. Soc. Géogr. Ital._, t. ii, pp. 141-56 [1886].

401. =Rojas, A.= and =M. V. Diaz=. Apuntes para el repertorio de plantas utiles de Venezuela. 8vo. _Carácas_, 1866.

402. =Ruiz, P. M.= Anuario Estadístico de Venezuela, 1908. Pp. lxxx, 495. _Carácas_, 1910.

403. =Schottky, A.= Die Kupfererze der Districtes von Aroa, Venezuela. Pp. 36. _Breslau_, 1877.

404. =⸺.= Ueber die Kupfererze des Minen-Districtes von Aroa in Venezuela. _55 Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Kultur_, pp. 45, 46 [1878].

405. =Sievers, W.= Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung Venezuela’s und die deutschen Interessen daselbst. _Die Natur_, bd. li, pp. 61-4 [1902].

406. =Vincent, L.= and =J. Humbert=. L’instruction publique au Vénézuéla. _Bull. Soc. Géogr. Comm. Bordeaux_, t. xx, pp. 241-6, 381-9, 422-30 [1897].

407. =Anon.= The London Venezuelan Guyana Mutual Emigration Society. Prospectus, with Code of Laws, etc., in the Settlement and Colony of Pattisonville. 12mo. _London_, 1869.

408. =⸺.= Petroleum in Venezuela. _London Iron Trades Exchange_, vol. xxviii, p. 397 [1880].

409. =⸺.= Les Sources du Pétrole de Vénézuéla. _Ann. Industr._, t. xix, p. 393 [1887].

410. =⸺.= The Asphalt Deposits of Venezuela. _Eng. Min. Journ._, vol. lxxi, p. 303 [1901].

411. =⸺.= Der Bermudez Asphalt-streit. _Asphalt Teerind. Zeit._, bd. v, pp. 287, 288 [1905].

_See also_ Nos. 68, 69, 70, 132, 281, 291, 314, 316, 326, 342, 345, 346, 352, 370.

INDEX

_Names of persons in capitals._

Aborigines (119-134); bibliography, 302-304; measures for civilisation of, 79, 97, 234

Achaba, Mt., 220

Administrative divisions, 108, 109

AGUIRRE, LOPE DE, 74-76

ALDAMA, JUAN DE, 200, 201

ALFINGER, AMBROSIUS, 71, 72, 151

Altagracia (Zulia), 154

AMALIVACA, legend of, 64

Amazon basin, communication with Orinoco, 232-234

Amazonas territory, 223-234; population, 273; bibliography, 310, 311

Amazons, villages and communities of, 123, 124

Améha, Mt., 220, 221

AMPIES, JUAN DE, 71, 72

Andes of Venezuela, 31, 32, 157-170; principal heights, 282; bibliography, 306, 307

ANDRÉ, E., 49, 220, 221

Angostura. _See_ Ciudad Bolivar

ANZOÁTEGUI, General, 89

Anzoátegui, State of, 199-202, 208; population of, &c., 269

Apure, State of, 199, 258; population of, &c., 269

Aragua de Barcelona, 202; population and climate, 282

Aragua de Maturín, 188

Aragua, State of, 143-145; population of, &c., 269

Arawak Indians, 125, 133

Araya, Castle of, 69, 70, 185; Salina of, 244

Area of the Republic, 25

Arecuna Indians, 122

Areo, 207, 208

ARIAS, DOMINGO, 186

Arichi, Mt., 220

ARISMENDI, JUAN BAUTISTA, 87, 90

Army, 117, 118

Aroa, 173, 174; copper-mines of, 246

Arrowroot. _See_ Manioc

Asphalt, 45, 46, 150, 188, 190, 191, 202, 203, 245

Asunción, 182; foundation of, 70; population and climate, 281

Atabapo, River, 224

Atures Rapids, 225, 226

Atures (town), 227

AYARES, PEDRO, 216

Bailadores, 167; copper near, 245

Balatá, 49, 212, 215, 218, 250

Baniba Indians, 125, 130-133, 230

Banking, 113, 239, 240

BARALT, R., 97, 152

Barbacoas, 209

Barcelona, 199-202; salt of, 244; railway to Guanta, 255; population and climate, 281

Baria Indians, 125

Barinas, 210; population and climate, 282

BARING BROTHERS, 242

Barquisimeto, 172, 247; population and climate, 281

Barrancas, 192

BASTIDAS, DON RODRIGO DE, 73

BATES, H. W., 53

_Bejucal_, 48

BERMUDEZ, GEN. JUAN, 87

“Bermudez” Asphalt Lake, 188, 203, 245

BERRIO Y ORUÑA, DON ANTONIO DE, 78

Betijoque, 169

Bibliography, 287-314

Bifurcation of the Casiquiare (Orinoco and Amazon), 230, 232, 233

Birds, 55-58

Birth-customs, Indian, 128

Bishop of Coro, first, 73

BLANCO, GUZMAN, 100, 101

BOBADILLA, DON FRANCISCO DE, 231

Bobures, 165

Boconó, 169; population and climate, 281

BOLIVAR, SIMON: early life and character of, 87; dispatched to England, 82; work as liberator, 87-95; death, 95; publicly honoured, 97, 98

Bolivar Railway, 145, 158, 172-174, 255

Bolivar, State of, 211-222; population of, &c., 270; Bibliography, 308-310

Botany, 47-52; Bibliography, 294-297

BRASCHI, SÑR. ANTONIO, 169

Brazil, frontier with, 106

Brazil nuts, 49, 228

British Guiana, frontier with, 107, 108; dispute over, 102, 103

British legion, 91, 93, 94

British trade with Venezuela, 266, 267. _See_ Trade

Budget, 283, 284

Burial-customs, Indian, 121, 128

BURKE, WILLIAM, 85

Cable Company, 254

Cadupinapo Indians, 122

Caicara, 221

Calabozo, 209; population and climate, 282

Callao goldfields, 213-217, 246

Camaguan, 209

CANADIAN-VENEZUELAN ORE CO., LTD., 244

Cannibalism of the Conquistadores, 72; alleged cannibalism of Indians, 122, 123

Caño Colorado, 203

_Caños_, 29

Capatárida, 178; tobacco of, 249

Capital, returns on, 243; British capital in Venezuela, 266

Capitania General of Venezuela established, 80

Capuchin missions, 79

Carabobo, Battle of, 93, 94

Carabobo, State of, 145-148; population of, &c., 270

Carácas, 138-141; foundation of, 76; university founded, 80; Junta of, 82; brewery, 251; Academy of History, 251; telephones, 254; tramways, 256; population and climate, 281; bibliography, 304, 305

Carache, 169, 170

Carapo, 218

Caratal, 216

Carenero-Rio Chico Railway, 142, 143, 255

Carib Indians, 122-125

Caribbean Hills, 29, 30; towns of, &c., 135-148, 181-192; bibliography, 304, 305, 307, 308

_Caribe_ (fish), 59

Caroni, River, 213, 218, 219

Carora, 176

Carúpano, 188, 189; sulphur near, 245; population and climate, 281

Caruzana Indians, 125

“_Casa Fuerte_,” Barcelona, 90, 200, 201

Casiquiare bifurcation, 230, 232, 233

Cassava. _See_ Manioc

CASTELLON, JACOME DE, 70

CASTRO, CIPRIANO, 103, 104, 176, 189, 190

CASTRO, JULIAN, 99

Cataniapo, River, 227, 228

Catatumbo, River, 33, 153

Cattle. _See_ Stock-farming

Caura, River, 219-221

Ceiba tree, 49

Central Railway, 141, 142, 255, 256

Centralists. _See_ Oligarca

CHALBAUD, GEN. R. D., 226

Chama, River, 164

CHAMBERLAIN, COL. C., 201

Chaparro, 50

_Chimo_, 46

_Cienagas_, 28

Cinchona, 50, 52

Cinnabar, 222

Ciudad Bolivar, 212; Congress of Angostura, 91; population and climate, 282

Climate, 33-36, 196, 222, 281, 282

Coal, 44, 45, 150, 159, 161, 176, 202, 243, 244

Coche (island), 185; salt of, 244

Cocoa, 141-143, 155, 159, 188, 248, 249; wild, 228, 248

_Cocuiza_ (fibre). _See_ Fibre

CODAZZI, COL. A., 97, 251

Coffee, 141-143, 159, 161, 248

Coinage, 112-114, 239

Cojedes, State, 199, 210; population of, &c., 270

Cojoro; Harbour of, 151

Colombia; frontier with, 106, 107

Colombia; Republic of Great, 92, 94, 95

Colón, 161

Colonisation, 234, 263, 264; Bibliography, 313

COLUMBUS, 64, 65

Communications, 252-260, 266; Bibliography, 312-314

COMPAÑÍA ANÓNIMA DE NAVEGACION FLUVIAL Y COSTANERA, 226

COMPAÑÍA DE PETROLEO DE TÁCHIRA, 161, 245

COMPAÑÍA GUIPUZCOANA, 80, 209, 236

_Conquistadores_; character of the, 61, 62; cruelties of, 66-70

Constitution of Venezuela; of 1811, 85, 86; of 1819, 91; changes in, 104, 105; modern form, 109

Copaiba-balsam, 49, 155, 219, 250

Copper, 45, 143, 159, 173, 174, 228, 245, 246

Coro, 177, 178, 247; foundation of, 71; population and climate, 281; first bishop of, 73; coal of, 243; Coro-La Vela Railway, 178, 256

Cotton, 144-146, 170, 172, 249

CRESPO, President, 101, 102

Cristobal Colón (Puerto), 189, 190

Cúa, 143

Cuacua Indians, 122

Cubagua (island), 183, 184; history of, 67, 70, 73

Cuchivero, River, 221, 222

Cucuhy, 234

_Cuestas_, 169

Cumaná, 185, 186; foundation of, 69, 70; population and climate, 281

Cumanacoa, 186

Cura, 218

Curaçao, 179, 180

_Curare_, 124, 227

Curasicana Indians, 122

Curataquiche, 208

Currency, 112-114, 239

Debt of Venezuela, 240-243, 285

DE LESSEPS, F., 138

Delta Territory, 191, 192; Indians of, 125-130, 191; population, 273; Bibliography, 307, 308

DISKONTO GESELLSCHAFT (BERLIN), 242

Dividive. _See_ Dye-woods, &c.

Dominican missionaries, 67, 68

D’ORBIGNY, A., on Quichuas, 130

DRAKE, SIR F., 77

Duaca, 173

DUDLEY, SIR R., 45

Duida, Mt., 230, 231

Dye-woods, 51, 170, 191

Earthquakes, 43, 44, 86, 164, 185

Education, 112, 234, 251, 266

Egret-plumes, 57

Ejido, 165

El Callao, 215-217; goldmine of, 246

El Cobre, 162

“EL DORADO,” legend of, 73, 78, 79; origin of, 63, 64

Erewato, River, 220

Escuque, 169

Esmeralda, 224

Estanques, 165

Ethnology, 119-134; Bibliography, 302-304

Executive; departments of, 110, 117, 118

Falcón, State of, 177, 178; population of, &c., 270; Bibliography, 307

FAXARDO, FRANCISCO, 74

Federal District, 135-141; population, 273; Bibliography, 304, 305

Federalists. _See_ Liberal

FEDERMANN, NICOLAUS, 73

Fibre, 172, 178, 189

Finance; National, 264-266, 283-285

Foreigners; laws relating to, 111

Franciscan missionaries, 67, 68, 79

FREITES, PEDRO MARIA, 90, 201

Galera; La, 41

GENERAL FINANCE AND CREDIT CO., 242

Geology, 38-46; Bibliography, 292-294

German residents, 152, 212, 239

Gibraltar, 154, 155; occupied by patriots in 1821, 93

Goajiro Indians, 119-122, 155

Goat-farming, 150, 176, 178, 247

Gold, 45, 159, 165, 189, 213-217, 228, 231, 232, 236, 246

GOMEZ, GEN. JUAN VICENTE, 104, 105, 145, 265, 266

Government; policy of, 265, 266

GRAMONT (buccaneer), 155

Great Táchira Railway, 154, 256

Great Venezuelan Railway, 143-146, 256

_Guacharo_ (bird), 56, 57; cave of, 187

Guaharibo Indians, 125, 231

Guahibo Indians, 125

Guaica Indians, 126

Guainia River, 233, 234

Guaipunavi. _See_ Puinabi

Guaiqueria Indians, 67

Gual and España Revolution, 80

Guanare, 210; population and climate, 282

Guaniamo, River, 222

Guano, 180

Guanta, 202

Guarapiche River, 203

“_Guarapo_,” 137

Guaraunos. _See_ Warraus

Guareca. _See_ Wareca

Guárico, River, 195

Guárico, State of, 199, 209; population of, &c., 270

Guasipati, 215; population and climate, 281

Guatavita Indians, 63

Guaviare, River, 224

Guayabal, 209

Guayana, 26, 27, 211-234; geology of, 38-40; trees and plants of, 47-50; goldfields of, 213-217, 246; cocoa, 248; old roads in, 257; possibilities of, 263; bibliography, 308-311

Guayana Vieja, 192, 210; foundation of, 78; taken by Raleigh, 79

Guayungomo. _See_ Maquiritare

GUERRA, L. and C., expedition to West Indies, 66

Guipuzcoana Company. _See_ Compañía Guipuzcoana

HARRISON, J. B., 45

Headless men, 123

Health, public, 36, 37, 111

History, 61-105; Bibliography, 297-302

Hospitality, 115, 165, 166, 205, 206

Hot springs, 44, 168, 169

HUMBOLDT, F. H. A. VON, 46, 56, 209, 225

HUTEN, PHILIP VON, 73

HYLACOMYLUS, MARTIN, 66

Imataca Mts., 192; iron of, 244

IM THURN, SIR E., on Arawaks, 133

Independence, Declaration of, 83

Industries, 250, 251

Inirida, River, 224

Insignia of the republic, 118

Iron, 45, 192, 228, 244

_Jefe Civil_; functions of, 110

Jesuit missions, 79, 122, 133, 134

Justice, administration of, 111

KARSTEN, H., 44

KINGSLEY, C. (“Westward Ho!”), 77

La Ceiba Railway, 158, 169, 255

La Grita, 162, 163

La Guaira, 135-137; population and climate, 281

La Guaira-Carácas Railway, 137, 138, 255

LA GUAIRA HARBOUR CORPORATION, 136

Lagunillas, 165

“_Lajas_,” 220; minerals in, 228

LANDAETA ROSALES, MANUEL, 201

Languages; Indian, 126

Lara, State of, 171-173, 175-177; population of, &c., 271

Las Aves Islands, 180

LAS CASAS, BARTOLOMÉ DE, 69, 70, 185

“_Las Laderas_,” 166

Las Trincheras hot-springs, 44

La Vela, 178

La Victoria, 144; population and climate, 281

Lead, 45

LEDESMA, DON ALONSO ANDREA DE, 77

Legislature of Venezuela, 110, 111

_Liberal_ party, 97

LIDUEÑA, GONZALO PIÑA, 154

Liquid fuel, 262, 263

Llanos, 27-29, 193-210, 246, 247; houses on, 204-207; commercial possibilities of, 262; bibliography, 308

Lobatera, 161

LOSADA, DIEGO DE, founder of Carácas, 76

Los Apartaderos, 167

Los Castillos (de Guayana), 192

Los Roques Islands, 180

Los Teques, 143, 144; population and climate, 281

Macanao, 182

Maco or Macapure Indians, 122

Macusi Indians, 122

Macuto, 136

Mahogany, 49

Maipures Rapids, 225, 226

Maiquetia, 136

Maiquetia-Macuto Railway, 136, 255

Mandawak Indians, 126

Manganese, 228

Manioc, 116, 131, 142

Mapoyo. _See_ Cuacua

Maquiritare Indians, 122, 221, 232

Maracaibo, 149-153; Indians in, 120; Bank of, 240; coal of, 243; Lake of, 33, 149, 150, 153, 154, 156; “Lights” of, 156; salt of, 244; population and climate, 281

_Maracas_ (rattles), 124, 125

Maracay, 144, 145

Marapizano. _See_ Caruzana

Margarita (island), 181-183; named by Columbus, 65

MARIÑO, SANTIAGO, 87-90, 94, 96, 265; deserts Freites, 90

Maroa, 233

Marriage customs; Indian, 125, 128, 131-133

Marriage laws, 111

Massacre of Spaniards by Indians, 231, 232

Maturín, 202-208; population and climate, 282

MEAT PRODUCTS SYNDICATE, 147, 247, 249

Medicine-men, 121, 122, 130

MENDOZA, DON JOAQUIN MORENO DE, 212.

Merevari River, 232. _See also_ Caura

Mérida (city), 163-165; population and climate, 281

Mérida; Cordillera of, 32; Sierra Nevada of, 32, 164, 165, 282

Mérida, State of, 163-167; population of, &c., 271

“_Mesas_”; 28, 163, 194

_Mestizos_; rising of, 88; transfer support to patriots, 92

Milk; vegetable, 155

Mineral wealth and mining, 44-46, 148, 159, 173, 174, 243; early exploitation, 74

MIRANDA, DON FRANCISCO, 81, 82; dictatorship and death, 86

Miranda, State of, 141-144; population, &c., 271

Missions, 67, 70, 79, 80, 133, 134

MONÁGAS; General, 89, 98, 99

Monágas; State of, 187, 188, 199, 202-208; population, &c., 271

Montalbán, 146

MONTEVERDE, DON DOMINGO DE, 86, 88

Mora (tree), 48, 49

MORALES; General, 89, 94

MORGAN; SIR HENRY, sacks Gibraltar, 155

MORILLO; General, 89, 90, 92

Mosquitoes, 221; mistaken use of name, 59

Motatán, 168

Motilones Indians, 155

Mucuchíes, 167

Naiguatá (Peak), 29; height of, 282

Naricual coalmines, 202, 244

Navy, 117; dockyard, 147

New Andalusia; Eastern Venezuela, 50; named by Ojeda, 65

New Cadiz, 70, 73, 183, 184

Nichare, River, 220

NIÑO, PEDRO ALONSO, 66

Nirgua, 175

Nueva Esparta; State of, 181-185; population, &c., 271; Bibliography, 307, 308

OCAMPO; GONZALEZ DE, 69, 70

Ocumare de la Costa, 148

Ocumare del Tuy, 141; population and climate, 281

Oil-bird. _See_ Guacharo

Oil-fields, 263. _See_ Petroleum, &c.

OJEDA, ALONSO DE, first to land in Venezuela, 65, 149; his father, 68

O’LEARY, DANIEL F., 91, 201

_Oligarca_ party, 97

ORDAZ, DIEGO DE, 72

Orinoco, 211-234; steamers on, 212, 224, 225, 258; climate of, 222

Ortiz, 209

Otomak tribe, 122

OVIEDO Y BAÑOS, the historian, quoted, 74

PACHECO, ALONSO DE, 73, 151

PÁEZ, JOSÉ ANTONIO, 90, 95-97

Pampatar, 182

Panama Canal; importance of, to Venezuela, 261-263

Pao copper-mine, 245

Pará; Falls of, 220

Paragua, River, 219

Paraguana, 178

Páramos, 162, 167, 169; vegetation of, 52

Pareca Indians, 122

Paria; Gulf and Peninsula of, 189, 190

Parima, Mts., 224

Pasimonabi Indians, 126

PATERSON, MAJOR S., 222

Pauare Indians, 122

Pearl-fisheries, 182, 184, 236

Pedernales, 190, 245

Pedraza, 210

Pericos, 224

Petare, 141, 142

Petroleum, 45, 46, 150, 159, 161, 169, 177, 183, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 245, 262, 263

Philanthropic institutions, 111, 112

Phosphate of lime, 180

Piapoco Indians, 125

PIAR, MANUEL, 87, 89, 90

Piaroa Indians, 125, 227

PIMENTEL, DON JUAN, 76

Pimichin, 234

PLASSARD, on Warraus, 129, 130

PONCE DE LEON, DON DIEGO, 76

Population, 26; density of, 109

Porlamar, 182, 183

Portuguesa chain, 31

Portuguesa, State of, 199, 210; population, &c., 272

Post Office, 252-254

Pregonero, 162

Press, 118

PRESTON, SIR AMYAS; takes Carácas, 77, 78

Protective duties, 144, 146, 250, 251

Puerto Cabello, 147, 148; and Valencia Railway, 147, 256; Meat Syndicate and, 247; population and climate, 281

Puerto San Juan, 188

Puerto Sucre, 185

Puerto Tablas, 213, 214

Puerto Villamizar, 154

Puinabi Indians, 125

Punceres, 188

Putucual; Lake of, 30

Quíbor, 176

Quichua Indians, 125

Quinine. _See_ Cinchona

Railways, 154, 158, 159, 255, 256, 266; Bibliography, 312-313

RALEIGH, SIR WALTER, 78, 79, 192

Raudales. _See_ Rapids

Religions, 121, 129, 130, 131, 133, 208

Revolutions; of Gual and España, 80, 81; Wars of Independence, 82-94; internal, 95, 98-105

Rice, 220, 221

Rio Caribe, 189

Rio Chico, 143

Rio Negro, 233, 234

RIVAS, FRANCISCO ESTEBAN, 201

Roads, 137, 158, 159, 170, 172, 214, 246, 256-258, 266

“_Rocas pintadas_,” 63

RODRIGUEZ, CRISTOBAL, 197

RODRIGUEZ, SEÑORITA DOLORES, 291

ROJAS, DOÑA JUANA DE JESUS, 201

ROLANDO, GEN. A., 201

Rubber, 49, 50, 147, 220, 227, 229, 230, 249, 250

Rubio, 160, 161

Saliba Indians, 125

Salón Elíptico, 139

Salt, 46, 150, 155, 185, 186, 244

San Antonio (Monágas), 187

San Antonio (Táchira), 161

San Carlos (Cojedes), 210; population and climate, 282

San Carlos (Rio Negro), 233

San Carlos (Zulia), 155

San Cristobal, 159, 160; population and climate, 281

San Felipe, 174; population and climate, 281

San Felix, 213, 214; massacre of, 90

San Fernando (de Apure), 199; population and climate, 282

San Fernando de Atabapo, 224; Population, 282

San Luis, 177

San Pedro (de Coche), 185

Santa Ana, 93, 169

Santa Barbara Railway, 154, 158, 256

“Santa Barbara,” Savannah, 234

Santa Rita, 154

Santa Teresa, 142

Sarrapia. _See_ Tonka-bean

Sarsaparilla, 222

SCHRÖDER, MR. VICE-CONSUL (Maracaibo), 152

Seasons, 34-36

Seboruco, 163; copper of, 245

Segovia Highlands, 30, 31; rocks of (Segovia Group), 41. _See_ Falcón, Lara, &c.

Sernambi, 250

Serrania Costanera, 29; Heights of, 282

Serrania Interior, 29; Heights of, 282

Shipping, 258-260

Sicapra, 218

Sierra Nevada of Mérida, 32; Heights of, 282. _See_ Mérida

SIEVERS, DR. W., 41, 153

Silla Peak, La, 29; Height of, 282

Silver, 159

Sinamaica, 155

Sipapo River, 227, 228

Siquisique, 177

Slavery, abolition of, 99

SOTO, FRANCISCO DE, 70

SOUBLETTE, President, 98

SPEYER, GEORGE VON, 73

SPIRA, JORGE DE. _See_ SPEYER, GEORGE VON

Starch. _See_ Manioc

Stock-farming, 143, 150, 197, 198, 227, 232, 246, 247, 262

SUCRE, JOSÉ DE, 87, 185

Sucre, State of, 185-190; Population, &c., 272; Bibliography, 307, 308

Sugar, 137, 144, 161, 249

Sulphur, 46, 189, 245

Surveys, 251

Táchira, State of, 159-163; Population, &c., 272; Táchira Railway, 154, 256

Tamanaco tribe, 122

Tanneries, 250

Tanning barks, 51

Taparita Indians, 122

Táriba, 162

TAVERA-ACOSTA, quoted, 122, 125, 126, 130, 227

Telegraphs and telephones, 254

_Tierra caliente_, _templada_ and _fria_, 34-36; vegetation of, 50-52

Timber, 150, 155, 159, 219, 228

Timotes, 168

Tobacco, 155, 159, 187, 249

Tocuyo, 175, 176; foundation of, 73

Tonka-beans, 49, 219, 220, 250

Torbes, River, 159, 160, 162

Tovar, 167

Trade, 235-251; British trade with Venezuela, 266, 267; statistics, 274-280; Bibliography, 312-314

Transport. _See_ Shipping, Roads, &c.

Travelling; difficulties of, 257

Trona. _See_ Urao

Trujillo (city), 168; armistice of, 92; population and climate, 281

Trujillo, State, 168-170; population, &c., 272

Tucacas, 172, 173, 246

Tucupita, 191; population and climate, 282

Tumeremo, 218

Tupuquen, 216

Turimquiri (peak), 29; height of, 282

Uaica Indians, 122

Uajiba. _See_ Guahibo

Uayamara Indians, 122

Uayungomo. _See_ Maquiritare

Uiquire Indians, 122

Universities, 80, 251

Upata, 214

Uracá, 161, 162

Uracoa; reported gold near, 45

_Urao_, 46, 165

URDANETA, GENERAL, 98

Urica, 208

URPIN, JUAN, 199

URRE, FELIPE DE. _See_ HUTEN, PHILIP VON

Valencia, 145, 146; Lake of, 30, 145; population and climate, 281

Valera, 168, 169

Vargas (town). _See_ El Cobre

VARGAS, President, 96, 97, 265

Venamo valley, 217

_Venezuela_; origin of name, 65

Venezuelan Railway. _See_ Great Venezuelan Railway

Ventuari, River, 230-232

VESPUCCI, AMERIGO, fraudulent claims of, 65, 66

Vichada River, 229

Villa de Cura, 145; population and climate, 281

Vineyards, 146

Waiomgomo. _See_ Maquiritare

WALDSEEMUELLER, M. _See_ HYLACOMYLUS, M.

WALL, G. P., 40, 42, 44

Wareca Indians, 125

Warrau Indians, 125-130, 191

Water power, 226, 227, 256

Waterways, 210, 258

Welser, rule of the, 71-73

Wheat, 141, 144, 159

Women; education of, 112

Yabarana Indians, 122

Yaracuy; State of, 173-175; population, &c., 272

Yaritagua, 175

Yaruro Indians, 126

Yavita, 234

Yavitera Indians, 125

Zamora; State of, 199, 210; population, &c., 273

ZARAZA, General, 89

Zaraza (town), 209

Zoology, 52-60; Bibliography, 294-297

Zulia, State of, 149-156; population, &c., 273; Bibliography, 306

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON.