Part 62

POSTE´RIOR (_posterior_, compar. of _posterus_, coming after, etc.), denotes a position or under side of the pileus adjacent to the stem; the end of a lamella next the stem is the posterior end.

PREMORSE´ (_premorsus_, pp. of _premordere_, bite in front or at the end), having the apex irregularly truncate as if bitten or broken off.

PRIMOR´DIAL (_primordium_, pl. _primordia_, origin, beginning), first formed; existing from the beginning.

PRIMOR´DIUM (_L._—commonly in pl. _primordia_, the beginnings, < _primus_, first, + _ordiri_, begin), first beginning of any structure.

PRIMROSE-YELLOW (_primulaceo-flavus_), a very delicate pale-yellow, of a more creamy tint than sulphur-yellow. (Pale cadmium + white.)

PROC´ESS, an outgrowth or projection from a surface.

PROCUM´BENT (_procumben(t-)s_, ppr. of _procumbere_, fall forward or prostrate, < _pro_, forward, + _cumbere_, _cubare_, lie), prostrate; unable to support itself, therefore lying on the ground.

PROJEC´TING, the anterior end jutting out beyond the margin.

PROLIF´EROUS (_proles_, offspring; _fero_, to bear), applied to an organ which gives rise to secondary ones of the same kind.

PRO´TEAN (_Gr_—the name of a sea-god), exceedingly variable; changeable in form.

PRO´TEID, albuminoid.

PROTO- (_Gr_—first), an element in compound words of Greek origin meaning “first” and denoting precedence in time, rank and degree.

PROTOBASID´IUM, basidium divided by transverse septa into four cells, each giving rise to a spore from a laterally inserted sterigma, or a basidium divided longitudinally by septa intersecting each other at right angles into four cells terminating in a long, tubular sterigma.

=Pro´toplasm= (_Gr_—first, + anything formed or molded), the nitrogenous fluid of variable composition found in living cells; it is the vital substance into which all food is assimilated, and from which all parts of the plant are formed.

PROX´IMAL (_proximus_, nearest), pertaining to the base or extremity of attachment.

PRU´INATE, PRU´INOSE (as if _pruinatus_, _pruina_, hoar-frost), covered with a bloom or powder so as to appear as if frosted.

PRUN´IFORM (_prunum_, a plum; _forma_, form), plum-shaped.

PSEUDO (_Gr_—false, counterfeit, etc.), prefix signifying “false” or “spurious.”

PSEUDO-PAREN´CHYMA, a fungus tissue formed of closely woven and felted hyphal threads, which on section has the appearance of the cellular structure of true parenchyma.

PUBES´CENCE (pubescen(t-) + ce), general term to describe hairyness; specifically covered with short, soft, downy hairs.

PUBES´CENT (_pubes_, of mature age), covered with soft, short hairs, downy; hairy.

PULLULA´TION (_pullulare_, pp. _pullulatus_, pullulate), a mode of cell multiplication in which a cell forms a protuberance on one side which enlarges to size of parent cell and is cut-off from it by a dividing wall; sprouting; budding.

PULVERA´CEOUS, PULVER´ULENT (_pulvis_ (_pulver_), dust, powder), covered as if with powder or dust.

PUL´VINATE (_pulvinatus_, < _pulvinus_, a cushion), cushion-shaped.

PUNC´TATE (_punctatus_, < _punctus_, a point), dotted with points.

PUNC´TIFORM (_punctum_, point; _forma_, form), like a point or dot.

PUS´TULAR, PUS´TULATE (_pustulatus_, pp. of _pustulare_, to blister, < _pustula_, a blister, pimple), having low elevations shaped like blisters or pustules.

PUTRES´CENT, soon decaying.

PYR´IFORM (_pyrum_, a pear; _forma_, form), pear-shaped.

QUAD-, QUADRI- (_quadru_, four-cornered, square, fourfold, < _quattuor_, four), prefix signifying “four.”

QUAD´RATE (_quadratus_, square, pp. of _quadrare_, make four-cornered, square, < _quadra_, a square), square; sometimes used to mean “of four equal parts.”

QUATER´NATE (_quaternatus_, < _quaterni_, four each), arranged in groups of four.

RA´DIATE, RA´DIATING (_radiatus_, pp. of _radiare_, furnish with spokes, give out rays, shine), arranged like the spokes of a wheel.

RAD´ICATING (_radicatus_, pp. of _radicare_, take root), rooting; having root-like strands which penetrate the matrix.

RAD´ICLE (_radicula_, dim. of _radix_, a root), a rootlet.

RA´MEAL, RA´MEOUS (_rameus_, a branch), growing on twigs or branches.

RAMIC´ULOUS, growing on branches.

RAM´IFICATION (_ramificare_, ramify), branching, or the manner of branching.

RAM´IFY (_ramus_, a branch, + _ficare_, < _facere_, make), to form branches.

RA´MOSE, RA´MOUS (_ramosus_, full of branches), having many small branches.

RECEP´TACLE, RECEPTAC´ULUM (_receptaculum_, place to receive things in), a part of the mushroom extremely varied in form, consistency and size, enclosing the organs of reproduction; usually implying a hollowed-out body containing other bodies; same as STROMA; same as SPOROPHORE; in Phalloids the stem, stem and pileus, or the clathrate body which supports the gleba.

REFLEXED´, REFLEC´TED (_reflexus_, pp. of _reflectere_, reflect), turned or bent back.

REMOTE´ (_remotus_, pp. _removere_, remove), of gills which do not reach the stem, but leave a free space between them and it.

REN´IFORM (_ren_, the kidney; _forma_, form), kidney-shaped.

REPAND´ (_repandus_, bent backward), bent or turned up or back; having a slightly undulating or sinuous margin.

REP´LICATE (_replicatus_, pp. of _replicare_, fold or bend back), folded back upon itself as when the margin of a cup turns outward and downward.

RESU´PINATE (_resupinatus_, pp. of _resupinare_, throw on the back), attached to the matrix by the back, the hymenium facing outward; said of fungi spread over the matrix without any stem and with the hymenium upwards.

RETIC´ULATE, RE´TIFORM (_reticulatus_, < _reticulum_, a little net), marked with crossed lines like the meshes of a net.

REV´OLUTE (_revolutus_, pp. of _revolvere_, revolved), rolled backwards or upwards; of the margin of a pileus _e.g._ the opposite of involute.

RHI´ZINES, RHI´ZOIDS (_Gr_—root, +), delicate filiform hyphal branches which serve to attach the sporophore to the substratum and supply nourishment.

RI´MOSE, RI´MOUS (_rimosus_, _rima_, a crack), cracked, full of clefts.

RHI´ZOMORPHS (_Gr_—root, + _L._—_forma_, form), long, branching or anastomosing, rigid, root-like cords of mycelium with a dark or black exterior, often growing between the bark and timber or about and penetrating the roots of dead and living trees, produced by Agaricus melleus and various other fungi.

RHIZOMOR´PHOID (_Gr_—root, + form), root-like in form.

RHODOSPO´RÆ (_Gr_—rose, + seed), rose or pink spores.

RIM´ULOSE, RIM´ULOUS (_rimula_, a little crack), covered with small cracks.

RIND, cortex; bark.

RING, a part of the veil adhering in the form of a ring to the stem of an agaric; same as annulus.

RI´VOSE (_rivus_, a stream, channel, groove), marked with furrows which do not run in parallel directions.

RIV´ULOSE (_rivulosus_, < _rivula_, a little stream), marked with lines like rivulets.

ROOT´ING, same as radicating.

ROSACEOUS (_rosaceus_, _pallidoroseus_, _caryophyllaceus_), a very pure purplish-pink color, like some varieties of roses.

ROSE-RED (_roseus_, _rosaceo-ruber_), the purest possible purplish-red color.

ROS´TRATE (_rostratus_, having a beak, hook or crooked point, _rostrum_, a beak), beaked; having a process resembling the beak of a bird.

ROTUND´, round or nearly so.

RUBES´CENT (_rubescents_, ppr. of _rubescere_, become red, < _rubere_, be red), tending to a red-color.

RUBIG´INOUS (_rubiginosus_, < _rubigo_, rust), rust-colored.

RUFES´CENT (_rufescere_, to become reddish), tending to rufous or a dull red color.

RUF´FLED, very strongly undulate.

RU´FOUS (_rufus_), a brownish-red color like the pigment called Venetian-red, light red, Indian-red, red chalk, etc., which represents various shades of rufous. The typical shade is light red.

RU´GOSE (_rugosus_, < _ruga_, a wrinkle), wrinkled.

RU´GULOSE (_rugula_, dim. of _ruga_, a wrinkle), minutely rugose.

RUN´CINATE (_runcina_, a plane), irregularly saw-toothed, the divisions or teeth hooked backward.

RUSSET (_russatus_), a bright tawny-brown color with a tinge of rusty.

SAB´ULINE, SAB´ULOSE (_sabulum_, sand, + _ine_), growing in sandy places.

SAC´CATE (_saccus_, a bag), in the form of a sack or pouch.

SAC´CHARINE (_saccharon_, sugar), of or resembling sugar, covered with shining grains like those of sugar.

SAC´CULE, SAC´CULUS (_sacculus_, dim. of _saccus_, a bag), a small sack or pouch.

SALMON-COLOR (_salmonaceus_) (_carneus_), a color intermediate between flesh color and orange, like the flesh of the salmon. (Saturn red or orange chrome + white.)

SANGUIN´EOUS (_sanguineus_, of blood, bloody), blood-colored; of a deep, somewhat brownish-red color; like the color of clotted blood.

SAP´ID (_sapidus_, having taste, savory, < _sapere_, have a taste), agreeable to the taste.

SAPROG´ENOUS (_Gr_—rotten, + _Gr_—producing), growing in decaying or decomposing animal or vegetable matter.

SAP´ROPHYTE (_Gr_—rotten, + _Gr_—a plant), a plant that lives on decaying vegetable or animal matter.

SAPROPHYT´IC, living upon and deriving its sustenance from dead organic matter.

SCA´BRATE, SCA´BROUS (_scabrosus_, < _scaber_, rough), rough on the surface; rugged.

SCALAR´IFORM (_scalaria_, a flight of steps; _forma_, form), in the form of a ladder.

SCAPH´OID (_Gr_—like a bowl or boat, + _Gr_—form), boat-shaped.

SCA´RIOSE, SCA´RIOUS (_scariosus_, from _scaria_, a thorny shrub), thin, dry, membranaceous; applied to a shriveled membrane.

SCIS´SILE (_scissilis_, to cleave), capable of being easily split or cleft; said of gills which can easily be split into two plates.

SCLERIT´IC, SCLE´ROID, SCLE´ROSE, SCLE´ROSED (_Gr_—hard, rough, harsh), having a hard texture.

SCLERO´TIOID (_Gr_—hard, + resemblance), in the form of a sclerotium; a form assumed by the mycelium of certain fungi.

SCLERO´TIUM (pl. SCLEROTIA) (_Gr_—hard), hard, black, compact, mostly tuber-like body, which is the resting stage of certain fungi, as in Peziza tuberosa; it remains dormant for a time and then sends up shoots, which develop into sporophores at the expense of the reserve material.

SCROBIC´ULATE (_scrobiculatus_, < _scrobiculus_, dim. of _scrobis_, a trench), marked with small pits; furrowed.

SCRUPOSE, rough with small irregular prominences.

SCU´TELLATE (_scutellatus_, < _scutella_, a salver, dish), shaped like a plate or platter.

SECTION, a cutting, cutting off, excision, amputation, etc.

SEMI-, prefix meaning “half” or “partial.”

SEP´ARABLE (_separabilis_, that can be separated, < _separare_, separate), capable of being detached.

SEP´ARATING, becoming detached, as lamellæ from the stem, or resupinate fungi from the matrix.

SE´PIA, a deep, dark-brown color, with a little red in its composition. The pigment called sepia is a carbonaceous matter, prepared from the natural ink of a species of cuttle-fish.

SEP´TATE (_septum_, a fence), having partitions.

SEP´TUM (pl. SEPTA) (_septum_, a fence), partition.

SE´RIATE (_seriatus_, pp. of _seriare_, arrange in a series), arranged in rows.

SERIC´EOUS (_sericum_, silk), silky.

SER´RATE (_serratus_, saw-shaped), having marginal teeth shaped like saw teeth.

SER´RULATE (_serrulatus_, < _serrula_, dim. of _serra_, a saw), minutely serrate.

SES´SILE (_sessilis_, < _sessus_, pp. _sedere_, sit), attached by the base; having no stem or support.

SE´TA (pl. SE´TÆ) (_seta_, a bristle), a stiff-bristle-like hair.

SETA´CEOUS, SETIG´EROUS, SE´TOSE (_seta_, bristle), beset with bristles.

SE´TOSE (_setosus_, abounding in bristles), bristly.

SET´ULOSE (_setula_ + _ose_), finely setose; covered with setules.

SIG´MOID (_Gr_—of the shape of a sigma), said of an elongated spore having the ends bent slightly in opposite directions; S-shaped.

SIMPLE, in botany not formed by a union of similar parts or groups of parts; a simple stem or trunk is one not divided at the base.

SIN´UATE, SIN´UOSE, SIN´UOUS (_sinuatus_, pp. _sinuare_, < _sinus_, a curve), waved; serpentine; applied to an edge the outline of which is alternately concave and convex; a sinuate lamella has a sudden wave or sinus in its edge near the stem.

SI´NUS (_sinus_, the fold of a garment, a curve, hollow), a rounded inward curve between two projecting lobes.

SLATE-COLOR (_schistaceus_), a dark gray or blackish gray color, less bluish in tint than plumbeous or lead color.

SMOKE-GRAY (_fumidio-canus_). (Black + white + raw umber.)

SMOOTH, glabrous; applied to a surface which is destitute of hairs; a surface may be uneven and yet smooth.

SOR´DID (_sordidus_, dirty, filthy, mean, < _sordere_, be dirty), of a dingy, dirty hue.

SPADIC´EOUS (_spadiceus_, < _spadix_, a palm branch), date-brown, duller and darker than bay-brown.

SPATH´ULATE, SPAT´ULATE (_spathula_, dim. of _spatha_, a broad, flat instrument for stirring liquids), shaped like a spathula or spoon; oblong or rounded and flattened at the top with a long, narrow, attenuate base.

SPE´CIES, an individual, or collectively those individuals which differ specifically from all other members of a genus and which do not differ from each other except within narrow limits of variability, and which produce by propagation other individuals of the same kind.

SPECIF´IC (_species_, kind, + _ficus_, < _facere_, make), of, pertaining to, constituting, peculiar to, characteristic of, designating species or a species; not generic, not of wider application than to a species.

SPHAG´NUM (_Gr_—a kind of moss), peat or bog moss.

SPHER´ICAL, SPHE´ROID, of the shape of a ball or globe or nearly so.

SPIC´ULAR, SPIC´ULATE, SPIC´ULOUS (_spicule_ + ar), covered with spicules.

SPIC´ULE (_spicula_, a little sharp point), in Hymenomycetes one of the small projections on the basidia which bear the spores.

SPIN´ULE (_spinula_, dim. of _spina_, a thorn), a small spine or prickle.

SPORAN´GIOPHORE (sporangium + _Gr_—bear), special mycelial branch bearing a sporangium.

SPORAN´GIUM (pl. SPORANGIA) (_spora_, a spore, + _Gr_—vessels), sac producing spores endogenously.

SPORE (_Gr_—a sowing, seed time, seed, etc.), the reproductive body of cryptogams analogous to the seed of phenogams; the terms spores, sporidia, sporules and conidia have been applied somewhat indiscriminately to all spore bodies.

SPORIDIF´ERA, a class of fungi in which the spores are enclosed in asci.

SPORIDIF´EROUS, SPORIDIIF´EROUS (_sporidium_, + _ferre_, bear), bearing sporidia; applied to a fungus of the class Sporidifera.

SPORID´IUM (pl. SPORID´IA) (dim. of _Gr_—spore), an ascospore or endospore. See SPORE.

SPORIF´ERA, a class of fungi in which the spores are free, naked or soon exposed.

SPORIF´EROUS (_spora_, spore + _ferre_, bear), bearing spores; applied to a fungus of the class Sporifera.

SPO´ROCARP (_spora_, spore, + _Gr_—fruit), in Ascomycetes the entire fruit, composed of the ascophore and the asci.

SPOROG´ENOUS (_spora_, spore, + _Gr_—producing), producing spores.

SPO´ROPHORE (_spora_, spore), branch or portion of thallus which bears spores or spore-mother-cells; said to be simple or filamentous when consisting of a single hypha or branch of a hypha; compound, when formed by the cohesion of the ramifications of separate hyphal branches (the common mushroom is a compound sporophore.)

SPORT, an animal or plant, or any part of one that varies suddenly or singularly from the normal type of structure, and is usually of transient character or not perpetuated; not so much deformed as “monster.”

SPO´RULE, see under SPORE.

SQUA´MA (pl. SQUA´MÆ) (_squama_, a scale), a scale or scale-like appendage.

SQUA´MOSE, SQUA´MOUS (_squamosus_, < _squama_, a scale), covered with appressed scales; scale-like.

SQUAM´ULA, SQUAM´ULE (dim. of _squama_, a scale), a small squama.

SQUAM´ULOSE (_squamulosus_, < _squamula_, dim. of _squama_, a scale), covered with small scales.

SQUAR´ROSE (_squarrosus_, scaly), rough with scales; roughened with projecting points.

STALK, stipe; any stem-like supporting organ.

STEL´LATE (_stellatus_, pp. of _stellare_, set or cover with stars, < _stella_, star), star-shaped.

STERIG´MA (pl. STERIGMATA) (_Gr_— a prop, support), stalk-like branch of a basidium bearing a spore.

STER´ILE, not fertile; producing no spores.

STIPE (_L._—a stock, trunk, post, etc.), stalk of a mushroom.

STIP´ITATE (_stipitatus_, < _stipes_, a stalk), stemmed, elevated on a stipe.

STO´MA (pl. STO´MATA) (_Gr_—the mouth, opening, entrance, out-let, etc.), a mouth or aperture; little orifices in the epidermis of leaves, etc., opening into air cavities or intercellular spaces.

STRAIGHT, applied to margin of pileus when not involute.

STRAMIN´EOUS (_stramineus_, made of straw, < _stramen_, straw), straw-colored.

STRA´TOSE (_stratum_, a layer), arranged in distinct layers or strata.

STRA´TUM (pl. STRA´TA) (_L._—coverlet, bed, pavement, etc.), a layer.

STRAW-COLOR, STRAW-YELLOW (_stramineus_), a very light impure yellow, like cured straw.

STRI´A (pl. STRI´Æ) (_stria_, a channel, furrow, hollow), parallel or radiating lines or markings.

STRI´ATE (_striatus_, pp. of _striare_, < _stria_, a channel, flute of a column), marked with striæ.

STRI´GOSE (_strigosus_, < _striga_, a swath), rough with stiff hairs.

STROBIL´IFORM (_strobilus_ + _forma_, form), resembling a pine cone.

STRO´MA (pl. STRO´MATA) (_stroma_, a covering, coverlet), a mass in which another object is imbedded; a compact mass of mycelium in the form of a cushion, crust, club or branched expansion upon or in which perithecia or other organs of fructification are borne.

STUFFED, of a stem filled with material of a different texture from its walls.

SUB- (sub, under, before, near), prefixed signifies “somewhat,” “almost” or “under.”

SU´BERIZED (_suber_, cork, + ized), transformed into suberin or cork.

SUB-EROSE´ (_sub_, under, + _erosus_, pp. of _erodere_, gnaw off or away, consume), slightly erose; appearing as if eaten or gnawed on the margin.

SU´BEROSE (_suber_, cork), corky.

SUBGLE´BA (_sub_, under; _gleba_, a clod), basal portion of the gleba.

SUBIC´ULUM (_subiculum_, an under layer), a more or less thin and dense felt of hyphæ covering the matrix; upon its surface is spread the hymenium, or from it arise stalks supporting sporophores.

SUBSTRA´TUM (_substratum_, neut. of _substratus_, spread under), sometimes used in the sense of matrix.

SUBTERRA´NEAN, under ground.

SU´BULATE, SU´BULIFORM (_subulatus_, < _subula_, an awl, < _suere_, sew), awl-shaped.

SUC´CULENT (_succulentus_, full of juice, sappy, < _succus_, prop. _sucus_, juice), fleshy, juicy.

SUL´CATE (_sulcatus_, pp. _sulcare_, < _sulcus_, a furrow), marked with furrows; grooved.

SUL´CUS (pl. SUL´CI) (_sulcus_, a furrow, trench), groove or furrow.

SULPHU´REOUS, SULFU´REOUS (_sulfureus_, _sulphureus_, of or like sulphur, < _sulfur_, sulphur), sulphur-colored.

SULPHUR YELLOW (_sulphureus_), a very pale pure yellow color, less orange in tint than dilute gamboge or lemon yellow.

SUPER-, SUPRA- (_super_, over, above, beyond), prefix meaning “above” in position or degree.

SUPERFIC´IAL (_superficialis_, of or pertaining to the surface, situated on or close to the surface.

SUPE´RIOR (_superus_, < _super_, above), the upper surface; or applied to a ring when it is near the apex of the stem.

SUPRAVENAL (_super_, over, above; _vena_, vein), situated or occurring above veins.

SYM´BION, SYM´BIONT (_Gr_—live together with), an organism which lives in a state of symbiosis.

SYMBIO´SIS (_Gr_—a living together), the co-existence in more or less mutual interdependence of two different organisms; mutualism; mutual parasitism; commensalism; consortism; with some authors commensalism implies an association less necessary or mutually helpful than symbiosis.

SYMBIOT´IC, living in that kind of consociation called symbiosis.

SYN´ONYM (_Gr_—a word having the same name with another), a discarded name for a species or genus; either of two or more names for the same species or genus.

SYNON´YMOUS, expressing the same idea; equivalent in meaning; having the character of a synonym.

TAPE´SIUM (_tapesium_, tapestry, carpet), a carpet or layer of mycelium on which the receptacle is situated.

TAWNY (_fulvus_, _fulvescens_, _alutaceus_), the color of tanned leather. (Nearly synonymous with fulvous.) (Neutral orange + raw sienna.)

TAWNY OCHRACEOUS (_fulvo-ochraceus_). (Yellow ocher + burnt sienna + raw umber.)

TAWNY OLIVE (_fulvo-olivaceus_). (Yellow ocher + raw umber.)

TENA´CEOUS (_tenax_ (_tenac-_), holding fast, < _tenere_, hold), tough.

TE´RETE (_teret_, round, smooth), cylindrical or nearly so, having a circular, transverse section; top-shaped.

TERRES´TRIAL (_terrestris_, of or belonging to the earth + al), growing on the ground.

TES´SELATED (_tessellatus_, made of small square stones, checkered + ed), arranged in small squares; checkered or reticulated in a regular manner.

TESTA´CEOUS (_testaceus_, consisting of tiles or sherds, < _testa_, tile, shell), same as brick-red.

TETAN´IC (_tetanicus_, affected with tetanus), pertaining to or characterized by tetanus; tetanic spasm; tonic spasm of the voluntary muscles as seen in tetanus, strychnic poisoning, etc.

TETRA- (_quatuor_, four), prefix signifying “four.”

TET´RASPORE (_Gr_—four, + seed), four spores forming one.

THALA´MIUM (_Gr_—inner chamber, bedroom, bed), synonym for hymenium.

THAL´LOGEN (_Gr_—a young shoot, + _Gr_—producing), same as thallophyte.

THAL´LOPHYTE (_Gr_—a young shoot, + _Gr_—a plant), one of the so-called “lower cryptogams,” plants in which the vegetative body usually consists of a thallus.

THAL´LUS (_Gr_—a young shoot or twig), a vegetative body which is not differentiated into a true root, stem and leaf, has no true vessels or woody fiber; in fungi it is the whole body of the plant not serving directly as an organ of reproduction, _i. e._: mycelium, if any, and sporophore but not including the hymenial layer.

THE´CA (_Gr_—a case, box, receptacle, + put, place), a sac or case, generally used in the sense of capsule.

THE´CASPORE, the spore thus enclosed by the wall of the sac; an ascospore.

TIS´SUE (_texere_, weave), the cellular fabric out of which plant structures are built up.

TOAD´STOOL (toad + stool), a general name applicable to any form of visible fungus; usually applied to fleshy fungi as distinguished from the molds, smuts, etc. Mushroom is a name given to a few species of toadstools known to commerce, and wrongly to other edible species, of which there are many.

TOMEN´TOSE, TOMENTOUS (_tomentum_, wool, etc.), densely pubescent with matted wool or tomentum.

TOMEN´TUM (_tomentum_, a stuffing of wool, hair, feathers, etc.), a species of pubescence consisting of longish, soft, entangled hairs pressed close to the surface.

TORN, said of pores which are superficially rough and jagged as if torn.

TO´ROSE, TOR´ULOSE (_torosus_, full of muscle or flesh, < _torus_, a bulging, protuberance), swollen at intervals.

TOR´SION (_torquere_, pp. _tortus_, twist, wring), the state of being twisted spirally.

TOR´SIVE (_torsus_, pp. _torquere_, twist), spirally twisted.

TOR´TUOUS, bending or turning in various directions.

TOX´IC (_toxicum_, poison), poisonous.

TRA´MA (_trama_, the weft or filling of a web), the substance proceeding from the hymenophore, between the plates of (central in) the gills in Agarics, and between the double membranes of which the dissepiments of the pores are composed in Polyporei; the hyphal plates forming the walls of the chambers of the gleba, in Gasteromycetes.