Part 40
Smell and taste pleasant. Cooked, the quality is of the best in Boleti.
=B. rubinel´lus= Pk.—dim. of _ruber_, red. =Pileus= broadly conical or convex, viscid when moist, subtomentose or slightly pubescent when dry, _red fading to yellow on the margin_. =Flesh= whitish or yellowish, taste _mild_. =Tubes= adnate or slightly depressed around the stem, dingy-reddish, becoming subferruginous. =Stem= equal, slender, even, colored like the tubes, _yellow within_, sometimes yellow at the base. =Spores= oblong-fusiform, ferruginous-brown, 12.5–15×4µ.
=Pileus= 1–2 in. broad. =Stem= 1–2 in. long, 1–3 lines thick.
Mixed woods or under or near coniferous trees in open places. New York, _Peck_. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=B. pipera´tus= Bull.—_piper_, pepper. =Pileus= convex or nearly plane, glabrous, _slightly viscid_ when moist, _yellowish, cinnamon or subferruginous_. =Flesh= white or yellowish, taste _acrid, peppery_. =Tubes= rather long and large, angular, often unequal, plane or convex, adnate or subdecurrent, _reddish-rust color_. =Stem= slender, subequal, tawny-yellow, bright yellow at the base. =Spores= subfusiform, ferruginous-brown, 9–11×4µ.
=Pileus= 1–3 in. broad. =Stem= 1.5–3 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.
Woods and open places. Common and variable.
This species may easily be recognized by its peppery flavor. The pileus sometimes appears as if slightly tomentose, and both this and the preceding species recede from the character of the tribe by the slight viscidity of the pileus. This is sometimes cracked into areas and sometimes the margin is very obtuse by the elongation of the tubes. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
Haddonfield, N.J., 1892. _McIlvaine._
This fungus is reckoned poisonous by Stevenson. Massee gives its taste as very hot. The taste of the American plant is peppery but not offensively so. This pepperiness it loses in cooking. It has been eaten by the writer and his friends with enjoyment and without any discomfort.
FIG. PAGE. FIG. PAGE. 1. BOLETUS ECCENTRICUS, 470 4. BOLETUS SUBSANGUINEUS, 420 2. BOLETUS BADICEPS, 436 5. BOLETUS CRASSIPES, 452 3. BOLETUS FULVUS, 465
=B. subsanguin´eus= Pk.—_sub_ and _sanguineus_, bloody. (Plate CXVI, fig. 4, p. 420.) =Pileus= convex or slightly depressed in the center, glabrous, viscid, bright-red or scarlet. =Flesh= thick, firm but flexible, white, slowly changing to a pale brownish-lilac on exposure to the air, taste slightly bitter. =Tubes= very short, 2–4 mm. long, adnate, but often separating from the stem with the expansion of the pileus, reddish, the mouths minute, stuffed at first, pinkish, then brownish-yellow, changing to a light-brown where wounded. =Stem= short, thick, uneven, often tapering downward, streaked with red, pale-yellow at the top, white at the base, marked at the top by the decurrent walls of the tubes.
=Pileus= 2.5–10 cm. broad. =Stem= 2.5–5 cm. long, 2–4 cm. thick.
Solitary, gregarious or cespitose. Under beech trees. West Philadelphia, Pa. August. _C. McIlvaine._
This is a very showy species, easily recognized by its bright-red viscid pileus and its short, thick and uneven or somewhat lacunose stem. It is closely related to the European B. sanguineus With., from which it is separated by its minute tubes, its uneven stem and the brownish hues assumed where wounded.
The spore characters of this and the four succeeding species are unknown, but the other characters are quite distinctive and apparently sufficient for the recognition of the species. The descriptions have been derived from colored figures and other data furnished by Mr. McIlvaine, who says all are edible. _Peck_, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, No. 27.
When slowly stewed for thirty minutes, there is no better Boletus.
PULVERULENTI.
=Pileus= clothed with a yellow dust or a yellow powdery down. =Stem= more or less yellow powdered, neither bulbous nor distinctly reticulated.
The species which constitute this tribe are easily distinguished from all others by the sulphur-colored pulverulence which coats the pileus and stem like a universal veil. They appear thus far to be peculiar to this country. Though strongly resembling each other in the tribal character they are very diverse in other respects. One species, by its viscidity, connects with the preceding tribe; another by its differently colored tube mouths is related to the Luridi; and the third is peculiar in its ligneous habitat.
Plant growing on the ground 1 Plant growing on wood B. hemichrysus 1. Tubes adnate, of one color B. Ravenelii 1. Tubes free, with red mouths B. auriflammeus _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S., p. 103.
=B. hemichry´sus= B. and C.—half-golden. =Pileus= convex, at length plane or irregularly depressed, floccose-squamulose, covered with a yellow powder, sometimes cracked, bright golden-yellow. =Flesh= thick, _yellow_. =Tubes= adnate or decurrent, yellow, becoming reddish-brown, the mouths large, angular. =Stem= _short, irregular, narrowed below_, sprinkled with a yellow dust, yellowish tinged with red; mycelium yellow. =Spores= oblong, minute, dingy-ochraceous.
Var. _muta´bilis_. =Flesh= slightly changing to blue where wounded. =Stem= reddish, yellow within, sometimes eccentric. =Spores= oblong-elliptical, 7.5–9×3–4µ.
=Pileus= 1.5–2.5 in. broad. =Stem= about 1 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.
Roots of pine, _Pinus palustris_. The variety on stumps of _Pinus strobus_.
South Carolina, _Ravenel_; North Carolina, _Curtis_; New York, _Peck_.
The species is remarkable for its habitat, which is lignicolous. The New York variety grew on a stump of white pine. By its eccentric stem it connects this genus with Boletinus, through Boletinus porosus. According to the authors of this species it resembles Boletus variegatus. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=B. Ravenel´ii= B. and C.—after Ravenel. =Pileus= convex or nearly plane, _slightly viscid when young or moist_, covered with a sulphur-yellow powdery down, becoming naked and dull-red on the disk. =Flesh= whitish. =Tubes= at first plane, _adnate_, pale-yellow, becoming yellowish-brown or umber, dingy-greenish where bruised, the mouths large or medium size, subrotund. =Stem= nearly equal, clothed and colored like the young pileus, yellow within, with a slight evanescent webby or tomentose ring. =Spores= ochraceous-brown, 10–12×5–6µ.
=Pileus= 1–3 in. broad. =Stem= 1.5–4 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.
Woods and copses. South Carolina, _Ravenel_; North Carolina, _Curtis_; New York, _Peck_; New England, _Frost_.
This is a very distinct and very beautiful species. Mr. Ravenel remarks in his notes that “this plant is not infested by larvæ and preserves more constant characters than any other Boletus with which I am acquainted.” The webby powdered filaments constitute a universal veil which at first covers the whole plant and conceals the young tubes. As the pileus expands this generally disappears from the disk, and, separating between the margin and the stem, a part adheres to each. The flesh is sometimes stained with yellow. The tubes in some instances become convex and slightly depressed around the stem. They are almost white when young, and often exhibit brownish hues where wounded. The plant is sometimes cespitose. I have observed a greenish tint to the freshly shed spores, but it soon disappears. Boletus subchromeus Frost Ms. is this species. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=B. auriflam´meus= B. and C.—flaming yellow. =Pileus= convex, _dry_, powdered, bright golden-yellow. =Flesh= white, unchangeable. =Tubes= plane or convex, _free_, yellow, their broad angular _mouths scarlet_. =Stem= slightly tapering upward, powdered, colored like the pileus. =Spores= 10–12.5×5µ.
=Pileus= 8–12 lines broad. =Stem= 1–1.5 in. long.
Woods. North Carolina, _Curtis_; New York, _Peck_.
This is evidently a rare species and as beautiful as it is rare. The whole plant is bright-yellow except the tube mouths, and is sprinkled with yellow dust or minute yellow branny particles. In the New York specimen the scarlet color is wanting in the marginal tube mouths and the stem is marked with fine subreticulating elevated lines. In other respects it agrees well with the diagnosis of the species. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
SUBPRUINOSI—_sub_, _pruina_, hoar frost.
=Pileus= glabrous, but more often pruinose. =Tubes= adnate, yellowish. =Stem= equal, even, neither bulbous nor reticulated.
The species of this tribe have the pileus neither viscid nor distinctly and permanently tomentose. Typically it is glabrous or merely pruinose, but Fries has admitted into the group one species with a pulverulent, and one with a silky pileus. The species are not sharply distinguished from those of the following tribes, and possibly some have been admitted here which might as well have been placed there. Some of the species are variable in color and their characters are not sufficiently well known.
Tubes bright-yellow, golden or subochraceous 1
1. Tubes pale or whitish-yellow 6
1. Tubes changing to blue where wounded 2
1. Tubes not changing to blue 3
2. Stem pallid, with a circumscribing red B. glabellus line at the top
2. Stem yellow, sometimes with red stains B. miniato-olivaceus
2. Stem red, yellow at the top B. bicolor
3. Stem viscid or glutinous when moist B. auriporus
3. Stem not viscid 4
4. Plant growing on Scleroderma B. parasiticus
4. Plant terrestrial 5
5. Tubes greenish-yellow B. alutaceus
5. Tubes golden-yellow B. tenuiculus
6. Pileus reticulated with subcutaneous brown B. dictyocephalus lines
6. Pileus not reticulated 7
7. Tubes changing to blue where wounded B. pallidus
7. Tubes not changing to blue 8
8. Stem uniformly colored B. subglabripes
8. Stem yellowish, streaked with brown B. innixus
_Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=B. minia´to-oliva´ceus= Frost—olive-red. =Pileus= at first convex and firm, then nearly plane, soft and spongy, glabrous, vermilion, becoming olivaceous. =Flesh= pale-yellow, changing to blue where wounded. =Tubes= bright lemon-yellow, adnate or subdecurrent. =Stem= glabrous, enlarged at the top, pale-yellow, brighter within, sometimes lurid at the base. =Spores= 12.5×6µ.
Var. _sensi´bilis_ (Boletus sensibilis Rep. 32, p. 33).
=Pileus= at first pruinose-tomentose, red, becoming glabrous and ochraceous-red with age. =Tubes= bright-yellow tinged with green, becoming sordid-yellow. =Stem= lemon-yellow with red or rhubarb stains at the base, contracted at the top when young, subcespitose. =Spores= 10–12.5×4–5µ.
=Pileus= 2–6 in. broad. =Stem= 3–4 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.
Woods and their borders. New England, _Frost_; New York, _Peck_.
Though the sensitive Boletus differs considerably in some respects from the olive-red Boletus, it is probably only a variety, and as such I have subjoined it here. In it every part of the plant quickly changes to blue where wounded, and even the pressure of the fingers in handling the fresh specimens is sufficient to induce this change of color. I have not found the typical plant in New York, but specimens received from Mr. Frost are not, in the dry state, distinguishable from the variety. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
Indiana, _H.I. Miller_; West Virginia. Haddonfield, N.J. Cheltenham, Pa., _McIlvaine_.
Years ago I marked it edible and excellent when young. My friends have eaten it, and continue to do so. Yet Professor Peck (48th Rep., p. 202) reports a case brought to his notice of an entire family being sickened by eating B. sensibilis. All recovered. It may, therefore, be one of those species which, while disagreeing with some persons, can be eaten by the majority. Clitocybe illudens, Lepiota Morgani and others of the Agaricaceæ are such species.
FIG. PAGE. FIG. PAGE. 1–2. BOLETUS BICOLOR, 425 4. BOLETUS PALLIDUS, 429 3. BOLETUS RUBROPUNCTUS, 429
=B. bi´color= Pk.—two-color. (Plate CXVII, figs. 1, 2, p. 424.) =Pileus= convex, glabrous or merely pruinose-tomentose, dark-red, firm, becoming soft, paler and sometimes spotted or stained with yellow when old. =Flesh= yellow, not at all or but slightly and slowly changing to blue where wounded. =Tubes= nearly plane, adnate, bright-yellow, becoming ochraceous, slowly changing to blue where wounded, their mouths small, angular or subrotund. =Stem= subequal, firm, solid, _red, generally yellow at the top_. =Spores= pale, ochraceous-brown, 10–12.5×4–5µ.
=Pileus= 2–4 in. broad. =Stem= 1–3 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.
Woods and open places. New York, _Peck_; Wisconsin, _Bundy_.
The color of this plant is somewhat variable. In the typical form the pileus and stem are dark red, approaching Indian red, but when old the color of the pileus fades and is often intermingled with yellow. The surface sometimes cracks and becomes cracked in areas. From the European B. Barlæ this species is separated by its solid stem; from B. versicolor by its small tube mouths and its red stem. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
Plentiful at Mt. Gretna, Pa., July, August, September, 1898, in mixed woods. Very variable in shape and color. Identified by Professor Peck from painting and description.
Fine eating, one of the very best.
=B. glabel´lus= Pk.—smooth. =Pileus= fleshy, thick, broadly convex or nearly plane, soft, dry, subglabrous, _smoky-buff_. =Flesh= _white_, both it and the tubes changing to blue where wounded. =Tubes= nearly plane, adnate, ochraceous, tinged with green, their mouths small, subrotund. =Stem= subequal, glabrous, even, reddish toward the base, pallid above, with a _narrow reddish circumscribing zone or line at the top_. =Spores= oblong, brownish-ochraceous, tinged with green when fresh, 10–12.5×4µ.
=Pileus= 3–5 in. broad. =Stem= 1–3 in. long, 5–10 lines thick.
Grassy ground under oaks. New York, _Peck_.
The species is well marked by the reddish band or line on the stem just below the tubes, but this disappears in drying. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=B. aluta´ceus= Morgan—yellowish. =Pileus= cushion-shaped, glabrous, _alutaceous_ with a tinge of red. =Flesh= _white, inclining to reddish_. =Tubes= semifree, medium in size, unequal, angular, greenish-yellow. =Stem= nearly equal, striate, reticulate at the apex, colored like the pileus. =Spores= fusiform, brownish-olive, 12.5×5µ.
=Pileus= 3 in. broad.
Rocky woods of oak and chestnut. Kentucky, _Morgan_.
The general aspect of the figure of this species recalls some of the forms of Boletus subtomentosus. The tubes are nearly equal in length to the thickness of the flesh of the pileus. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
Quite frequent at Mt. Gretna, Pa., in mixed woods, principally oak and chestnut.
Stem should be removed, and tubes when old. It cooks well and is especially good.
=B. tenui´culus= Frost—thin. =Pileus= nearly plane, _thin_, lurid-red on a yellow ground. =Flesh= unchangeable. =Tubes= short, adnate, small, _golden-yellow_. =Stem= _slender_, equal, colored like the pileus. =Spores= 10×6µ.
=Pileus= 1–2 in. broad. =Stem= 4–6 in. long.
Woods. New England. _Frost._
The thin pileus and long slender stem readily distinguish this species. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=B. auri´porus= Pk.—golden-pore. =Pileus= convex or nearly plane, glabrous or merely pruinose-tomentose, grayish-brown, yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown. =Flesh= white, unchangeable. =Tubes= plane or slightly depressed around the stem, adnate or subdecurrent, _bright golden-yellow, retaining their color when dried_. =Stem= equal or slightly thickened at the base, _viscid or glutinous when moist_, especially toward the base, colored like or a little paler than the pileus. =Spores= 7.5–10×4–5µ.
=Pileus= 1–3 in. broad. =Stem= 1–3 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.
Thin woods and shaded banks. New York, _Peck_; New England, _Frost_.
This species is remarkable for the rich yellow color of the tubes, which is retained unchanged in the dried specimens, and for the viscid stem. This character, however, is not noticeable in dry weather and was overlooked in the original specimens.
Boletus glutinipes Frost Ms. is not distinct. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
Hopkins' Woods, Haddonfield, N.J. Grassy oak woods. 1891–1894. _McIlvaine._
The caps are delicious.
=B. innix´us= Frost. =Pileus= convex or nearly plane, glabrous, yellowish-brown, slightly cracked in areas when old, yellow in the interstices. =Flesh= white. =Tubes= adnate, lemon-yellow, unchangeable. =Stem= slender, short, much thickened at the base in large specimens, yellowish, streaked with brown, brownish within. =Spores= 10×5µ.
Grassy woods. New England. _Frost._
The whole plant often reclines as if for support, _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=B. parasi´ticu=s Bull.—a parasite. =Pileus= convex or nearly plane, dry, silky, becoming glabrous, _soon tessellately cracked_, grayish or dingy-yellow. =Tubes= decurrent, medium size, _golden yellow_. =Stem= equal, rigid, incurved, yellow without and within. =Spores= oblong-fusiform, pale-brown, 12.5–15×4µ.
=Pileus= 1–2 in. broad. =Stem= 1–2 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.
Parasitic on species of Scleroderma. New York, _Gerard_; New England, _Sprague_, _Bennett_.
This species is very rare in this country. It is remarkable for its peculiar habitat. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
New York, _Lydia M. Patchen_; Westfield, on Scleroderma vulgare.
I found many specimens of this rare species during August, 1897, growing on Scleroderma vulgare.
Professor Peck, to whom I sent specimens, identified them as B. parasiticus. The tubes were large, unequal, dissepiments thin, decurrent. The Sclerodermas frequently appear to be parasitic upon the Boletus. I have seen the host plant thrown entirely free from the ground by the Boletus.
B. parasiticus is edible, but it is not of agreeable flavor.
=B. dictyoceph´alus= Pk.—reticulate. =Pileus= convex, glabrous, _reticulate with brown lines beneath the thin separable cuticle_, brownish-orange, darker in the center and there tinged with pink. =Flesh= white, unchangeable. =Tubes= nearly plane, slightly depressed around the stem, grayish-yellow, becoming brown where bruised. =Stem= equal or slightly tapering at the top, solid, rimose, dotted with scales, lemon-yellow, darker toward the base. =Spores= 15–20×6µ.
=Pileus= 2.5 in. broad. =Stem= 3–4 in. long, 5–6 lines thick.
Mixed woods. North Carolina. _C.J. Curtis._
The description here given has been derived from a single dried specimen and from the notes kindly sent by Mr. Curtis. The species is apparently well marked and very distinct by the peculiar reticulations of the pileus. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=B. subgla´bripes= Pk.—rather smooth. =Pileus= convex or nearly plane, glabrous, reddish inclining to chestnut color. =Flesh= white, unchangeable. =Tubes= adnate, nearly plane in the mass, pale yellow, becoming convex and darker or greenish-yellow with age, the mouths small, subrotund. =Stem= equal, solid, scurfy, pale yellow. =Spores= oblong-fusiform, 12.5–15×4–5µ.
The smoothish-stemmed Boletus is well marked by its cylindric minutely scurfy stem which is colored like the tubes. Its cap is smooth and nearly always some shade of red or bay. Specimens occur occasionally in which it approaches grayish-brown or wood-brown. The flesh is white and unchangeable when cut or broken.
The tubes at first have a nearly plane surface, but this becomes somewhat convex with age, and slightly depressed around the stem. The tube mouths are small and nearly round. The color of the tubes is at first a beautiful pale yellow, but it becomes darker or slightly greenish-yellow with age.
The stem is colored very nearly like the tubes, but sometimes it has a slight reddish tint toward the base. Its peculiar feature consists of the minute, branny particles upon it. They are so small and pale that they are easily overlooked.
There is a variety in which the cap is corrugated or irregularly pitted and wrinkled. Its name is Boletus subglabripes corrugis Pk.
The =cap= is 1½-4 in. broad, the =stem= is 2–3 in. long and 4–8 lines thick. The plants are found in woods in July and August. _Peck_, 51st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
=B. pal´lidus= Frost—pale. (Plate CXVII, fig. 4, p. 424.) =Pileus= convex, becoming plane or centrally depressed, soft, glabrous, pallid or brownish-white, sometimes tinged with red. =Flesh= white. =Tubes= plane or slightly depressed around the stem, nearly adnate, _very pale or whitish-yellow_, becoming darker with age, _changing to blue where wounded_, the mouths small. =Stem= equal or slightly thickened toward the base, rather long, glabrous, often flexuous, whitish, sometimes streaked with brown, often tinged with red within. =Spores= pale ochraceous-brown, 10–12×5–6µ.
=Pileus= 2–4 in. broad. =Stem= 3–5 lines long, 4–8 lines thick.
Woods. New England, _Frost_; New York, _Peck_.
The species is readily recognized by its dull pale color, rather long stem, and tubes changing to blue where wounded. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
Common in West Virginia mountains, Angora, West Philadelphia, Mt. Gretna, Pa. Solitary, on ground in mixed woods.
The caps are tender and delicately flavored.
=B. rubropunc´tus= Pk.—red-dotted. (Plate CXVII, fig. 3, p. 424.) =Pileus= convex, glabrous, reddish-brown. =Flesh= yellowish, unchangeable. =Tubes= nearly plane, depressed about the stem, their mouths small, round, bright golden-yellow, not changing color where bruised. =Stem= firm, solid, tapering upward, yellow, punctate with reddish dots or squamules. =Spores= olive-green, 12.5×4–5µ.
=Pileus= 1–2 in. broad. =Stem= 1–2 in. long, 3–6 lines thick.
Woods. Port Jefferson. July. Cold Spring Harbor, _H.C. Beardslee_.
This is a pretty Boletus, well marked by the red dots of the stem. It is apparently a very rare species. B. radicans is said to have the stem sprinkled with red particles, but that is a larger plant with the margin of the pileus persistently involute or incurved and with a radicating stem, characters which are not shown by our fungus. _Peck_, 50th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
I found my specimens at Mt. Gretna, Pa., August-September, 1898.
Identified for the writer by Professor Peck from painting and description.
Taste and smell slight. Cooks well and is pleasant to the taste. The tubes should be removed.
SUBTOMENTO´SI—_sub_, _tomentosus_, downy.
=Pileus= when young villose or subtomentose, rarely becoming glabrous with age, destitute of a viscid pellicle. =Tubes= of one color, adnate. =Stem= at first extended, neither bulbous nor reticulated with veins, wrinkled or striated in some species. =Flesh= in some changing color where wounded.
The tubes are generally yellow or greenish-yellow. In some species they are occasionally somewhat depressed around the stem, but they do not form a rounded free stratum, nor, with the exception of B. rubeus, are they stuffed when young as in most of the Edules. The species are scarcely separable from those of the preceding tribe except by the more evidently tomentose young pileus.
Tubes brown, becoming cinnamon B. variegatus
Tubes not having these colors 1