Part 24
Argentina, Spanish conquest of northern areas of, 112-113; area and coast-line, 190; natural resources, 191-192; government, 192-193; population, 193; volume of trade with Europe as compared with that with United States, 194; division into Buenos Aires and “the Camp,” 194-195; political history, 195-197; rapid advance of, since 1862, 197-198; railways, immigration, and education in, 198; conditions of life in Buenos Aires, 198-213; “the Camp,” 214 ff.; cattle, horses, sheep, goats, etc., of, 216-217; gradual introduction of small landholders into, 219; territory known as Patagonia, 223-225; Tierra del Fuego, 225; tropical wilds of the north, 226-227.
Asphalt deposits, 415, 419.
Asses, in Argentina, 216.
Asunción, Paraguay, 241; population and character, 245-246, 251-252.
Atacama, Province of, 277, 287.
Atacames, Ecuador, 358.
Atahualpa, defeat of Huascar by and accession to Inca throne, 59-61; made a prisoner by Pizarro, 61-65; ransom paid by, 66; Pizarro’s treachery toward and murder of, 66-68.
Atrato River, 376.
Aucasquilucha, Mt., 278.
Ayacucho, battle of, 132.
Aymara Indians, 48.
Bahia, State of, black diamonds in, 189.
Bahia Blanca, city of, 195.
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 22-25, 35, 36.
_Balsa_ rafts, Guayaquil, 363.
_Balsas_, reed boats on Lake Titicaca, 57.
Banana trees, Ecuador, 364.
Barranquilla, 391, 392, 396-397.
Barrett, John, _Independent_ article by, quoted, 315; on Colombia’s commercial possibilities, 397.
Belém, city of, 137, 139, 146-153.
Belgrano, Manuel, 123.
Belgrano, suburb of Buenos Aires, 202.
Bello Horizonte, city of, 186-187.
Benalcázar, Sebastian de, 76, 92, 95, 96, 370.
Bermudez, asphalt lake of, 419.
Bio-bio River, 101, 102, 105, 106, 108, 111.
Bitumen from Venezuela, 419.
Black diamonds, 189.
Blanco, Guzmán, 422.
_Blancos_, Uruguayan political faction, 238.
Boers in Patagonia, 225.
Bogotá, 95, 383, 384, 385-389.
Bolívar, Simon, 123, 129; San Martín’s retirement in favor of, 129-130; career of, 130-133; Bolivia named for, 259; period of residence in Bogotá, 387-388; tomb of, Caracas, 412; relics of, at Caracas, 412-413.
Bolivia, Pizarro’s expedition into, 82; position, 257-258; people, 259; area and climate, 259-260; scenery, 261-262; agricultural productions, 262-264; mineral wealth, 264-266; cities and ruins in, 266-274.
Bolognesi, Colonel, 328.
Bomfim, Senhor, quoted, 175.
Botafogo Bay, 163, 167.
Botanical garden, at Belém, 150; at Rio de Janeiro, 168-169.
Boyacá, battle of, 131.
Brandão, Frei Caetano, statue of, Belém, 150-151.
Brazil, discovery of, 18; exploration of, by Vespucci, 18-19; secures independence, 133; area and population of present republic, 134-135; international commerce, 135-136; the Amazon country, 137-153; railways, 153-154; cities of coast, 154-160.
Brazil wood, 19, 33.
British, capital of, invested in Argentine railways, 197-198; residing in Buenos Aires, 203; club life of, Buenos Aires, 207-208; investments of, in Argentine land, 219; in Patagonia, 224; as investors in Montevideo, 231.
British Guiana, 426, 427-428.
Bucarmanga, Colombia, 397.
Buenaventura, Colombia, 397.
Buenos Aires, first settlement on site of, 113; pride of citizens of, in their city, 194-195; in character similar to Chicago, 198-199; impressive dock system of, 199-200; commerce of, 200-201; the æsthetic side of, 201-202; influence of Paris on the culture, dress, and customs of, 202-203; foreign colonies in, 203; patriotism of citizens of, 203-204; newspapers of, 204-205; places of amusement, opera, cafés, etc., of, 205-206; club life in, 207-210; the Jockey Club, 208-210; contrasts of prodigality and destitution in, 211; narrowness of streets, 212-213; expense of living in, 213; a well-appointed city in all respects, 213-214.
Buenos Aires, Province of, 197.
Buenos Aires, University of, 198.
Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of, 116.
Bull, papal, dividing New World between Spain and Portugal, 14, 17.
Caaguazú Mountains, 241.
Cabot, Sebastian, 31-32.
Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, 18.
Cacao trees, Ecuador, 356-357.
Cafés, at Belém, 152-153; at Rio de Janeiro, 171; Buenos Aires, 211-212.
Callao, description of, 318-319.
Cape Horn, 225-226.
Caquetá River, 376.
Carabobo, State of, 406.
Caracas, Venezuela, 409-414.
Carriage parade, Buenos Aires, 210.
Cartagena, Colombia, 90, 392-396.
Cartier, Jacques, 22.
Casapalca, town of, 331.
Casas, Bartolomé de las, 86, 402-403.
Castro, Cipriano, 421, 422-423.
Castro, Vaca de, 83, 86.
Cattle-raising, in Rio Grande do Sul, 186; in Argentina, 191, 216; in Uruguay, 235.
Cauca River, 376, 391.
Cauchi tribe of Indians, 47.
Caupolican, Araucanian chief, 102-103, 106, 107, 108.
Cayenne, Island of, 428.
Cedar from Colombia, 380.
Century plant in Ecuador, 354.
Chacabuco, battle of, 125, 279.
Chachacomani, Mt., 258.
Chaco region, 218, 226, 240.
Charrúa Indians, 237.
Chaves, Francisco, 84.
Chibcha Indians, 94-95.
Chicago, comparison of Buenos Aires and, 199, 201-202.
Chile, Almagro leads a force into, 76; Valdivia undertakes conquest of, 82; Spanish wars in attempts to conquer native tribes of, 97-112; War of Independence in, 124-126; proclamation of independence of, 126; the matter of a name for, 275-276; shape, location, and area, 276-277; commerce, 277; mountains, passes, and other surface features, 278-288; nitrate of soda deposits, 288-292; cities, 293-307; war between Peru and, 297; islands of southern, 307 ff.; mountain ranges along Strait of Magellan, 310-313.
Chiloé, Island of, 286, 307.
Chiloé, Province of, 286.
Chimborazo, Mt., 365-366.
Chincona trees, 263.
Chonos Archipelago, 307.
Christ of the Andes, the, 222-223.
Chubut, Territory of, 224.
Church, F. E., “Heart of the Andes,” by, 365.
Cigars, Brazilian, 159.
Cipango, island of (Japan), 9, 14.
Ciudad Bolívar, 412, 416.
Club life in Buenos Aires, 207-210.
Coast Range, Brazilian, 163-164.
Coati, island of, 57, 336.
Coca, 357.
Coca leaf, chewing of the, 262-263.
Cochabamba, 261.
Cochrane, Lord, 127.
Cocoa, 357-358.
Coelho, Duarte, 34.
Coffee, production of, in Brazil, 136; in State of São Paulo, 176; exportation of, from Santos, 182-183; beginnings and increase in growth of, in Brazil, 183-184; description of plantations, 184-185; production of, in Colombia, 380; in Venezuela, 401; Maracaibo coffee, 404.
Colleges, at São Paulo, 179.
Colocolo, Araucanian chief, 106.
Colombia, early exploration of, 90-97; formation of Republic of, 131; location and area, 375; mountains and river systems, 375-376; mineral wealth, 376-379; agricultural products, 379-380; range in climate, 380-381; railways, 381-382; mountain scenery, 382-384; trip down the Magdalena River, 389-392; cities and seaports, 392-396; commercial possibilities of, 397-399.
Colonial system, Spanish, in South America, 113-120.
Colón Opera House, Buenos Aires, 206-207.
_Colorados_, Uruguayan political faction, 238.
Columbus, Bartholomew, 7, 10, 15.
Columbus, Christopher, 7-11; personal appearance, 11; historic voyage of, 11-13; second voyage of, 15-16; later voyages and death, 16-17.
Columbus, Diego, 15.
Coluna, Mt., 405.
Commerce, of Argentina, 191-192; at Buenos Aires, 200-201; of Uruguay, 235; of Chile, 277; possibilities for, in Colombia, 397-399; of Venezuela, 419; of the Guianas, 427-428.
Compilation of Laws of the Kingdoms of the Indies, code known as, 113, 114.
Concepción, Chile, 105, 287.
Concha, Mt., 405.
Conway, Sir Martin, quoted, 280-282, 311-313.
Copper, in Bolivia, 266. _See_ Mineral resources.
Coquimbo, Chile, 100, 101.
Coquimbo, Province of, 287.
Córdoba, city of, 195.
Córdoba, University of, 198.
Coro, Venezuela, 405-406.
Corrientes, 245.
Cortés, Hernando, 30-31, 81.
Cosmas, Egyptian monk, 2-3.
Cotopaxi, Mt., 367.
Council of the Indies, 35, 117.
Cucutá, battle of, 131.
Cumaná, Venezuela, 402.
Curaçao, Island of, 406.
Curtis, W. E., quoted, 164-165, 301.
Cuzco, founding of, in 12th century, 48; appearance of, at time of the Incas, 52; Pizarro’s march on and occupation of, 68-70; description of, 342-344, 349-351; ruins at, 343-349.
Darwin, Mt., 311.
D’Aubigny, quoted, 262.
Davila, Pedrarias, 36.
Dawson, T. C., quoted, 6, 23, 37, 41, 83-85, 88-89, 100-101, 111, 158-159, 246-249, 250-251.
Desiderato, Cape, 28.
Desolation Island, 310.
De Soto, Hernando, 43-44, 68.
Devil’s Island, French Guiana, 428.
Diamantina, town of, 189.
Diamonds, Brazilian, 189; black, mined in State of Bahia, 189.
Dias, Arthur, quoted, 140.
Dias, Bartholomew, 7.
Docks, of Buenos Aires, 199-200; of Montevideo, 229.
Dutch Guiana, 426-427, 428.
Earthquake, of 1859 in Ecuador, 368; of 1877, 371-372.
Earthquakes, in Venezuela, 413.
Ecuador, invasion of, by a lieutenant of Pizarro’s, 76; area, population, and political divisions, 352; river systems, 352-353; climate, 353-354; plants, shrubs, and trees, 354-358; voyage along coast of, 360-361; mountains, 365-372.
Eden, Richard, 27.
Education, in Brazil, 178-180; in Argentina, 198.
El Dorado, legend of, 91-96, 425.
Emeralds of Colombia, 35, 377-379.
_Encomiendas_, system of, 86, 87.
England, commerce between Brazil and, 136; capital from, invested in Argentine railways, 197-198.
English, in Valparaiso, 297. _See_ British.
Episcopal seminary, São Paulo, 179.
Ercilla, Alonso de, 102-103.
Esmeraldas, Province of, 358.
Essequibo, 426, 427.
Estates or ranches of Argentina, 214-219.
Eucalyptus trees, Montevideo, 232.
Exposition of 1910 at Buenos Aires, 198.
Federmann, Nicolaus, 95, 96.
Fiske, John, quoted, 15, 17, 80-81.
Forests, of Brazil, 136; of Paraguay, 241; of southern Chile, 286-287, 308-310; of Ecuador, 356, 363-364.
Formosa, territory of, in Argentina, 226.
Fortaleza, city of, 154.
Fletcher, James C., quoted, 161-162.
Francia, José Rodríguez Gaspar, 246-249.
Fray Bentos, Liebig Company plant at, 235-236.
French, in Buenos Aires, 203; in Valparaiso, 297, 298.
French Guiana, 426, 428.
Froward, Cape, 311.
Fruit-raising at Mendoza, 221.
Fuegian Archipelago, 225-226.
Funza River, 385.
Gallo, Island of, 39.
Gama, Vasco da, 7, 16-17.
Garcilaso, de la Vega. _See_ Vega.
Gasca, Pedro de la, 89-90.
_Gaucho_, Argentine cowboy, 217-218.
Georgetown, British Guiana, 427.
Germans, steamships of, at Buenos Aires, 200; resident at Buenos Aires, 203; investments of, in Argentine land, 219; in Patagonia, 224; in Valparaiso, 297.
Gilded Man, legend of the, 91, 425.
Goats, in Argentina, 216; in Uruguay, 235.
Gold, of the Incas, 54, 58, 73-74; mining of, in State of Minas Geraes, 187-189; in Venezuela, 419; in the Guianas, 425. _See also_ Mineral resources.
Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, quoted, 54.
Grains, production of, in Argentina, 192.
Gran Chaco, 218, 226, 240.
Great Western Railroad, Argentina, 220.
Guadelupe, Mt., 385, 387.
Guallatiri, Mt., 257.
Guano deposits, Peru, 321.
Guarany Indians, 242.
Guatavita, Lake, 425.
Guayaquil, founding of, 76; manufacture of Panamá hats at, 359-360; description of city, 360-363.
Guayas River, 76, 353, 361.
Guayra, cataract of, 244-245.
Guiana Highlands, 417-418.
Guianas, location and topography, 424; discovery, naming, and occupation by the Spanish, 424-425; Dutch, English, and other nations in, 426-427; area, population, and productions, 427-428.
Hancock, A. U., “History of Chile” by, cited, 103.
Harvard Observatory, Arequipa, 333-334.
Hawthorne, Julian, quoted, 5, 13-14, 22, 27-28, 46-49, 68, 80-81, 89-90, 93, 104-105, 106-109, 110-111, 112.
Helps, Sir Arthur, quoted, 81.
Heredia, Pedro de, 90, 91, 392.
Herndon, W. H., exploration of Amazon by, 139, 140, 141, 144-145.
Herveo, Mesa de, 385, 391.
Holmes, Burton, quoted, 161, 172-173, 283-284.
Honda, Colombia, 390.
Hope emerald, the, 379.
Horse-raising, in Argentina, 191, 216; in Uruguay, 235.
Hospitals, Buenos Aires, 213.
Houses, in Santiago, 305-306; of Guayaquil, 361-362; of Quito, 373.
Huallaga River, 322.
Huarina, battle of, 89.
Huascar, Inca sovereign, 59-61, 65.
Huatanay River, 343.
Huayna Capac, 45, 59.
Humboldt, Baron von, exploration of Amazon by, 138; quoted, 364, 381; house occupied by, in Bogotá, 389.
Iguazú Falls, 227.
Illampú, Mt., 258.
Illimani, Mt., 258.
Immigration, to Argentina, 198.
Imperial, Chile, 105.
Inca’s Head, the, 368.
Incas, extent of empire, 44; question of origin, 44-49; lack of written records among, 46; peoples who antedated, 46-47; history of, previous to conquest by Spanish, 47-49; highways of the, 49; worship of sun and moon by, 50, 57-58, 335; marriage of sovereigns, 50; trade carried on by water only, 51; irrigation of land practiced under the, 51; common ownership of land, 51-52; temple and palaces of, at Cuzco, 52-54; different type of people from Peruvian Indians of to-day, 55-56; dress, 56-57; birthplace and legend of birth, 335-336.
Indians, of northern Argentina, 226; in El Chaco, 240; work of Jesuits among Paraguayan, 242-245; natives of Tierra del Fuego, 285-286.
Iquima, Mt., 278.
Iquique, city of, 294.
Irala, Domingo, 113, 242.
Irrigation, practiced by Incas, 51; possibilities of, in Peru, 321.
Islands of southern Chile, 307-308.
Italians, as laborers in State of São Paulo, 184; resident in Buenos Aires, 203; in Montevideo, 231; in Valparaiso, 297.
Jamacchppeke plant, 263.
Jamaica, discovery of, 16.
Jaques, Christovão, 32.
Jesuit missions in the Parana basin, 242-245.
Jews, in Patagonia, 225.
Jockey Club, Buenos Aires, 208-210.
Juliaca, town of, 334.
Junín, battle of, 132.
Jurujuba Bay, 163.
Karkaake, Mt., 258.
Koati, Island of, 57, 336.
Koebel, W. H., “Modern Argentina” by, 218.
La Condamine, explorer of Amazon, 138.
Ladrone Islands, discovery of, by Magellan, 28.
Lage, Fort, 163.
La Guayra, Venezuela, 407-408.
Landed estates of Spanish conquerors, 77, 82.
La Paz, naming of, 267-268; altitude and location, 268; description of, 268-270, 273-274.
La Plata, city of, 195, 197.
Lara, State of, 406.
Largo da Polvora, Belém, 151-152.
Las Cuevas, station of, 222.
La Serena, Chile, 287.
Lautero, Araucanian hero, 103, 107, 108; death of, 108-109.
Lenglet, Dr., quoted, 255-256.
Leon, Cieza de, quoted, 55.
Liebig Company’s plant, Fray Bentos, 235-236.
Lima, founding of, by Pizarro, 74-75, 324; attracts other Spanish adventurers, 75-76; description of modern, 325-330.
Linseed, production of, in Argentina, 191.
Llamas, in Peru, 47, 340-342; in Argentina, 216.
_Llanos_ of Venezuela, 418.
Llanquihue, Province of, 278.
Llulaillaco, Mt., 278.
Los Patos Pass, 279.
Lopez, Carlos Antonio, 249.
Lopez, Francisco, 249-251.
Luque, Hernando de, 38.
Macareo River, 416.
Mackenzie College, São Paulo, 179.
Magdalena River, 376; scenery in valley of, 389-392.
Magellan, Ferdinand, voyage and discoveries of, 25-29.
Magellan, Strait of, 27-28, 225, 310-311.
Mahogany, from Colombia, 380.
Maize, production of, in Argentina, 191.
Manãos, city of, 144-146.
Manco Capac, 45, 69.
Manco Capac II, 69-70.
Mapocho River, 99.
Maracaibo, city of, 404-405.
Maracaibo, Gulf of, 404.
Maracaibo, Lake, 404; asphalt on shores of, 419.
Maracaibo coffee, 404.
Markham, Sir Clements, quoted, 53-54, 55, 346-349.
Maule River, 97, 101.
Maypú, battle of, 126.
Mbaracayú Mountains, 241.
Medellín, Colombia, 397.
Meiggs, Henry, 331.
Meiggs, Mt., 331.
Mendoza, Pedro de, 113.
Mendoza, city of, 220-221.
Mendoza, Province of, 105.
Mendoza River, 221-222.
Mercedario, Mt., 281.
Mérida range, Venezuela, 404, 405.
Mexico, Cortés in, 30-31.
Michelena, Venezuelan artist, 413.
Minas Geraes, State of, 186-189.
Mineral resources, of Chile, 288; of Peru, 315; of Ecuador, 356; of Colombia, 377-379.
Mining, in Brazil, 136; in State of Minas Geraes, 187-189.
Miniquis, Mt., 257.
Miranda, Francisco, 130, 421.
Misiones territory of Argentina, 226, 227.
Misti, volcano, Peru, 334.
Mitré, Bartolomé, 197.
Mollendo, city of, 332.
Mompóz, Colombia, 397.
Monserrate, Mt., 385, 387.
Montaña region of Peru, 320, 321-322.
Monteagudo, Bernardo, 129.
Montesino, _Anales del Perú_ by, quoted, 40.
Montevideo, 229 ff.; comparison with Buenos Aires, 230; material prosperity of, 230-231; foreigners, theaters, and club life of, 231; the Prado Park, 231-232; houses, gardens, and social life of, 232-234.
Montezuma, Señor, 31.
Moon, worship of, by Peruvian Indians, 50, 57-58, 335-336, 337.
Mosquera Rebellion, 389.
Mountain sickness, 266.
Mozans, H. J., quoted, 23-25, 45, 57, 70, 74-75, 140-141, 271-273, 333, 335-338, 349, 371-372.
Mules, in Argentina, 216; in Uruguay, 235.
Muzo, emerald mines of, 377, 378, 379.
Nabuco, Joahim, 175.
Negro River, 144, 223.
New Granada, Viceroyalty of, 116, 384-385.
New Spain, Viceroyalty of, 114.
Newspapers of Buenos Aires, 204-205.
Nictheroy, city of, 163.
Nitrate of soda beds, Chile, 288-292.
Nombre de Dios, 118.
North Americans, small number of, in Buenos Aires, 203.
Obydos, city of, 146.
O’Higgins, Bernardo, 124, 125, 126, 279.
Oil, production of, in Argentina, 192.
Ojeda, Alonso de, 20, 37; Venezuela named by, 402.
Olinda, suburb of Recife, 158.
Opera in Buenos Aires, 206.
Orellana, Francisco de, discovers and explores the Amazon, 82, 138.
Organ Mountains, 162.
Orgoñez, Rodrigo de, 81.
Oriente River system, 353.
Orinoco River, 401, 403; delta of the, 415-416; entrance upon, from the sea, 416-417.
Oroya Railroad, 330-331.
Orton, James, quoted, 354, 369.
Ossorio, General, 124-125.
Pacific Ocean, Balboa’s discovery of, 22-25; named by Magellan, 28.
Paillamachu, Araucanian chief, 109-110.
Pampas of Argentina, 214 ff.
Pamplona, Colombia, 397.
Panamá Canal, importance of, to relations between the two Americas, xv-xvii; influence on trade between Venezuela and United States, 420.
Panamá hats, manufacture of, 359-360.
_Pan American Bulletin_, quoted, 288-290, 377-379, 419.
Pan American Union, vii-xi; publications of, ix-x; library of, x.
Pará (Belém), city of, 146-153.
Pará River, 137, 147-148.
Paraguay, situation and area, 239-240; climate and surface features, 240-241; forests, 241; Indians and mestizos in, 242; Jesuit missions in, 242-244; character of interior, 244-245; stormy political history of, 246-251; great commercial possibilities of, 253.
Paraguay River, 245.
Paraguay tea, 185-186, 192, 253-256.
Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, 428.
Paraná, city of, 195.
Paraná, River, Cabot’s exploration of, 32; trip on the, 226-227; picturesqueness of, 227; Great Cataract of, 244-245.
Patagonia, 215, 218-219, 223-225.
Patia River, 376.
Pearl fisheries of Colombia, 35, 377.
Pedro II of Brazil, 174.
Pernambuco, city of, 154, 156-157.
Pernambuco, colony of, 34.
Peru, the ancient civilization of, 46-47 (_see under_ Incas); War of Independence in, 126-128; war with Chile over nitrate provinces, 292; products of, in the world’s commerce, 315-316; voyage along coast of, 316-318; area, surface features, and rainfall, 320-322; population and its disposition, 322-323; railways, 330-332; ruins of the Incas and their predecessors in, 339, 343-349.
Peru, Viceroyalty of, 114-116.
Peruvian bark, 263.
Petropolis, city of, 169-170.
Pezuela, Joaquín de la, 126-127.
Picacho, Mt., 407.
Pichincha, battle of, 131.
Pichincha, Mt., 369.
Pigs, in Argentina, 216; in Uruguay, 235.
Pilcomayo River, 245.
Pillar, Cape, 310.
Pizarro, Francisco, early history of, 37; first expedition of, to Peru, 38-42; ennobled by the King of Spain, 42; treacherous dealings of, with Atahualpa, 61-68; murder of Atahualpa by, 68; advances to and occupies Cuzco, 68-70; takes possession of government, 72-73; founds city of Lima as his capital, 74-75; holds his new empire against Almagro, 80-81; assassination of, by adherents of Almagro, 83-85; tribute to great qualities of, 85; relics of, in modern Lima, 327.
Pizarro, Gonzalo, 42, 78, 80, 81, 87-88, 90.
Pizarro, Hernando, 42, 75, 78, 80, 81.
Pizarro, Juan, 42, 78.
Plata River, 26, 191, 228-229.
Platinum deposits, Colombia, 377.
Pororoca, the, 147-148.
Portezuelo de Come Caballo, 279.
Porto Alegre, 153, 186.
Portuguese, as discoverers, 5-7; lands granted to, in division of New World by papal bull, 14-15; attempt to colonize Brazil, 32-34.
Potato, discovery of the, in Peru, 47.
Potatoes as a food among Peruvians, 342.
Potosí, silver mines of, 82, 88, 265, 266.
Prado Park, Montevideo, 231-232.
Precious stones, mining of, in Brazil, 189; in Bolivia, 266; in Colombia, 377-379.
_Prensa_ newspaper, building of, Buenos Aires, 204-205.
Prescott, W. H., quoted, 40-41, 69, 73-74, 343-346.
Promaucian Indians, 101.
Puente del Inca, 222.
Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 406, 414.
Puerto Colombia, 396.
Pular, Mt., 278.
Puna, island of, 43.
Punta Arenas, city of, 224, 285, 311.
Quebracho tree, the, 226-227.
Quesada, Gonzalo Jiminez de, 92-96.
Quichua Indians, 47.
Quinine, production of, 263.
Quinsay, city of (Pekin), 9, 12, 15.
_Quintas_, in Montevideo, 232, 233.
Quinze Puntas range, 241.
Quito, 48, 363, 369, 372-374.
Quizquiz, Atahualpa’s general, 67, 70.
Rada, Juan de la, 83.
Railways, Brazilian, 153-154; Argentine, 191, 220; English capital invested in Argentina, 197-198; trans-Andine, 222-223, 280; of Uruguay, 234; Bolivian, 261; Peruvian, 330-332; of Ecuador, 363; of Colombia, 381-382; of Venezuela, 409.
Ramalho, João, 33.
Ranches, Argentine, 214-219.
Recife, city of, 153, 157-158.
_Repartimientos_ of the Spanish conquerors, 82, 86.
Revolutions, outgrowing of, xiii.
Ringmann, Mathias, 21.
Riobamba, city of, 370.
Rio Branco, Baron, 174-175.
Rio de Janeiro, 153; the approach to, 160-164; scenic wonders of bay of, 160-164; description of city, 164 ff.
Rio Grande do Sul, production of _yerba maté_ in, 185-186.
Rio Negro, Territory of, 224.
Rodadero River, 343.
Rojas, Diego de, 112.
Root, Elihu, quoted, 177.
Rosario, city of, 195, 226.
Rosario College, Bogotá, 389.
Rubber, production of, in Brazil, 136-137.
Rubber estate, description of a, 149-150.
Rubber trees, 143.
Ruhl, Arthur, quoted, 169, 173-176, 303-305.
Ruins, prehistoric, 46; of Tiahuanaco, 48, 271-273; about Lake Titicaca, 338-339; of Sacsahuaman, 343, 346-349.
Sabanilla, 391, 392.
Sacsahuaman, ruins of, 52, 78, 343, 346-349.
St. Julian, harbor of, 26.
St. Louis, French Guiana, 428.
Salt mines of Colombia, 377.
Salta, battle of, 123.
San Francisco Xavier, University of, 267.
Sangai, Mt., 366.
San José, Mt., 278.
San Lazaro, Church of, in Cuzco, 350.
San Marcos, University of, 330.
San Martín, General José de, 123-124; crossing of the Andes by, 125-126, 279; defeats Royalist army in Chile, 126; liberates Peru from Spanish rule, 127-128; voluntary retirement of, 129-130; tomb of, in Buenos Aires, 130.
San Miguel, Gulf of, 23.
San Rafael Lake, 285.
San Ruiz, Mt., 391.
San Salvador, Island of, 12.
Santa Candelaria, convent of, Cartagena, 396.
Santa Catalina, convent of, in Cuzco, 350.
Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 261.
Santa Cruz, Fort, 163.
Santa Cruz, Territory of, 224.
Santa Lucia, hill and fortress of, 99-100, 301.
Santa Marta, Colombia, 90.
Santarem, city of, 146.
Santiago, Chile, founding of, by Valdivia, 99-100; mentioned, 287; description of, 299-307.
Santo Domingo, convent of, in Cuzco, 350.
Santos, city of, 153, 176, 181-182.
San Valentín, Mt., 284.
São João, Fort, 163.