Category: Philosophy & Ethics
If the _intellect_ were not of a subordinate nature, as the two preceding chapters show, then everything which takes place without it, _i.e._, without intervention of the idea, such as reproduction, the development and maintenance of the organism, the healing of wounds, the re...
If the _intellect_ were not of a subordinate nature, as the two preceding chapters show, then everything which takes place without it, _i.e._, without intervention of the idea,...
3. Chapter XXII.(1) Objective View of the Intellect.There are two fundamentally different ways of regarding the intellect, which depend upon the difference of the point of view, and, much as they are opposed to each other in cons...
4. Chapter XXIII.(3)On The Objectification Of The Will In Unconscious Nature.That the will which we find within us does not proceed, as philosophy has hitherto assumed, first from knowledge, and indeed is a mere modification of it, thus something seconda...
5. volume I have fully explained the relation between cause, force of nature,and will as thing in itself. One sees from that explanation that metaphysics never interrupts the course of physics, but only takes up the thread where physics leaves it, at the...
6. Chapter XXIV. On Matter.Matter has already been spoken of in the fourth chapter of the supplements to the first book, when we were considering the part of our knowledge of which we are conscious _a pri...
7. Chapter XXV. Transcendent Considerations Concerning The Will As Thing InEven the merely empirical consideration of nature recognises a constant transition from the simplest and most necessary manifestation of a universal force of nature up to the li...
8. Chapter XXVI.(4) On Teleology.The universal teleology or design of organised nature relative to the continuance of every existing being, together with the adaptation of organised to unorganised nature, canno...
9. chapter I have merely indicated the account which our system of thoughtgives of this subject, since I have already expounded it in the passage of the first volume referred to below, and with special clearness and fulness in “The Will in Nature,” un...
10. Chapter XXVII. On Instinct And Mechanical Tendency.It is as if nature had wished, in the mechanical tendencies of animals, to give the investigator an illustrative commentary upon her works, according to final causes and the adm...
11. Chapter XXVIII.(6) Characterisation Of The Will To Live.Our second book closed with the question as to the goal and aim of that will which had shown itself to be the inner nature of all things in the world. The following remarks may...
12. Chapter XXIX.(9) On The Knowledge Of The Ideas.The intellect, which has hitherto only been considered in its original and natural condition of servitude under the will, appears in the third book in its deliverance from that...
13. Chapter XXX.(10) On The Pure Subject Of Knowledge.The comprehension of an Idea, the entrance of it into our consciousness, is only possible by means of a change in us, which might also be regarded as an act of self‐denial; for...
14. Chapter XXXI.(11) On Genius.What is properly denoted by the name genius is the predominating capacity for that kind of knowledge which has been described in the two preceding chapters, the knowledge from w...
15. Chapter XXXII.(14) On Madness.The health of the mind properly consists in perfect recollection. Of course this is not to be understood as meaning that our memory preserves everything. For the past course of...
16. Chapter XXXIII.(17) Isolated Remarks On Natural Beauty.What contributes among other things to make the sight of a beautiful landscape so exceedingly delightful is the perfect _truth and consistency_ of nature. Certainly nature does...
17. Chapter XXXIV.(18) On The Inner Nature Of Art.Not merely philosophy but also the fine arts work at bottom towards the solution of the problem of existence. For in every mind that once gives itself up to the purely objective...
18. Chapter XXXV.(19) On The Æsthetics Of Architecture.In accordance with the deduction given in the text of the pure æsthetics of architecture from the lowest grades of the objectification of the will or of nature, the Ideas of whi...
19. Chapter XXXVI.(20) Isolated Remarks On The Æsthetics Of The Plastic AndIn sculpture beauty and grace are the principal things; but in painting expression, passion, and character predominate; therefore just so much of the claims of beauty must be ne...
20. Chapter XXXVII.(21) On The Æsthetics Of Poetry.I might give it as the simplest and most correct definition of poetry, that it is the art of bringing the imagination into play by means of words. How it brings this to pass I h...
21. Chapter XXXVIII.(23) On History.In the passage of the first volume referred to below I have fully shown that more is achieved for our knowledge of mankind by poetry than by history, and why this is so; inasmuc...
22. Chapter XXXIX.(25) On The Metaphysics Of Music.The outcome, or result, of my exposition of the peculiar significance of this wonderful art, which is given in the passage of the first volume referred to below, and which will...
23. Chapter XL. Preface.The supplements to this fourth book would be very considerable if it were not that two of its principal subjects which stand specially in need of being supplemented—the freedom...
24. book I have assumed it with regard to the work “On the Will in Nature.” Ingeneral I make the demand that whoever wishes to make himself acquainted with my philosophy shall read every line of me. For I am no voluminous writer, no fabricator of compendi...
25. Chapter XLI.(27) On Death And Its Relation To The Indestructibility Of OurDeath is the true inspiring genius, or the muse of philosophy, wherefore Socrates has defined the latter as θανατου μελετη. Indeed without death men would scarcely philosophise....
26. chapter 43, that the character, _i.e._, the will, is inherited from thefather, and the intellect, on the other hand, from the mother, it agrees very well with our view that the will of a man, in itself individual, separated itself in death from the...
27. Chapter XLII. The Life Of The Species.In the preceding chapter it was called to mind that the (Platonic) Ideas of the different grades of beings, which are the adequate objectification of the will to live, exhibit t...
28. Chapter XLIII. On Heredity.The most ordinary experience teaches that in generation the combined seed of the parents not only propagates the peculiarities of the species, but also those of the individual,...
29. chapter 22) are so just as much through the qualities of their character,thus through what is inherited from the father, as through the superiority of their mind. On the other hand, among artists, poets, and philosophers, to whose works alone _genius...
30. Chapter XLIV. The Metaphysics Of The Love Of The Sexes.“Ye wise men, highly, deeply learned, Who think it out and know, How, when, and where do all things pair? Why do they kiss and love? Ye men of lofty wisdom, say What happened to...
31. Chapter XLV.(40) On The Assertion Of The Will To Live.If the will to live exhibited itself merely as an impulse to self‐ preservation, this would only be an assertion of the individual phenomenon for the span of time of its natural...
32. Chapter XLVI.(41) On The Vanity And Suffering Of Life.Awakened to life out of the night of unconsciousness, the will finds itself an individual, in an endless and boundless world, among innumerable individuals, all striving, suffer...
33. Chapter XLVII.(43) On Ethics.Here is the great gap which occurs in these supplements, on account of the circumstance that I have already dealt with moral philosophy in the narrower sense in the two prize es...
34. Chapter XLVIII.(44) On The Doctrine Of The Denial Of The Will To Live.Man has his existence and being either _with_ his will, _i.e._, his consent, or _without_ this; in the latter case an existence so embittered by manifold and insupportable suffe...
35. xvi. 19) of the rich man and Lazarus given, which nowhere mentions anyfault of the former or any merit of the latter, and takes as the standard of the future recompense, not the good done or the wickedness practised, but the evil suffered here and...
36. Chapter XLIX. The Way Of Salvation.There is only one inborn error, and that is, that we exist in order to be happy. It is inborn in us because it is one with our existence itself, and our whole being is only a pa...
37. Chapter L. Epiphilosophy.At the conclusion of my exposition a few reflections concerning my philosophy itself may find their place. My philosophy does not pretend to explain the existence of the world i...
38. Chapter I.Schopenhauer points out that Plato and Kant agree in recommending, as the method of all knowledge, obedience to two laws:—that of Homogeneity, and that of Specification. The for...
39. Chapter II.Schopenhauer in this chapter traces historically the forms in which the principle had been stated by his predecessors, and their influence. He points out that in Greek philosoph...
40. Chapter III.In the third chapter Schopenhauer points out that the two applications of the principle of sufficient reason distinguished by his predecessors, to judgments, which must have a g...
41. Chapter IV.In the fourth chapter Schopenhauer deals with the first class of objects for the subject and the form of the principle of sufficient reason which obtains in it. This first class...
42. Chapter V.The fifth chapter commences with an examination of the distinction between man and the brutes. Man possesses _reason_, that is to say, he has a class of ideas of which the brute...
43. Chapter VI.The third class of objects for the subject is constituted by the formal element in perception, the forms of outer and inner sense, space and time. This class of ideas, in which...
44. Chapter VII.The remaining class of objects for the subject is a very peculiar and important one. It comprehends only one object, the immediate object of inner sense, the subject in volition...
45. Chapter VIII.In this, the concluding chapter, Schopenhauer sums up his results. Necessity has no meaning other than that of the irresistible sequence of the effect where the cause is given....
46. ii. 258;insufficiency of, i. 72, ii. 248‐251; opposite of idea of perception, i. 7; philosophy must not start from, ii. 261 _seq._; relation to intuitive knowledge, ii. 54, 55, 91; use...
47. ii. 258;eight spheres of, ii. 265; rhetorics of, ii. 285; his επαγωγη and απαγωγη, ii. 290; his syllogistic figures, ii. 297; analysis of syllogisms, ii. 303; on the prudent man, ii. 34...
48. iii. 59;the quantity of a motion, ii. 226; opinion of mathematics, ii. 323; slept a great deal, ii. 465; criticism of his doctrines, ii. 494‐496; relation to Spinoza, iii. 475.
49. ii. 377;identity of essence of man and the brutes, i. 192; difference between man and brutes, i. 46‐48, 110‐112, 170, 171, 230, 384, 385, ii. 228‐233, 358, iii. 14‐17, 380, 381; transce...
50. i. 69, 70;51. ii. 78;Spinoza, on benevolence, i. 486; biography of, i. 497; explanation and use of concepts, i. 111, ii. 241, 266; ethical teaching of, i. 114, 367, iii. 403; God of, iii. 106; on kn...