The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2

DOMESTICATION. NATURE AND CAUSES OF VARIABILITY. SELECTION. DIVERGENCE AND DISTINCTNESS OF CHARACTER. EXTINCTION OF RACES. CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE TO SELECTION BY MAN. ANTIQUIT...

DEFINITION OF CLOSE INTERBREEDING. AUGMENTATION OF MORBID TENDENCIES. GENERAL EVIDENCE OF THE GOOD EFFECTS DERIVED FROM CROSSING, AND ON THE EVIL EFFECTS FROM CLOSE INTERBREEDIN...

DIFFERENT FORMS OF REVERSION. IN PURE OR UNCROSSED BREEDS, AS IN PIGEONS, FOWLS, HORNLESS CATTLE AND SHEEP, IN CULTIVATED PLANTS. REVERSION IN FERAL ANIMALS AND PLANTS. REVERSIO...

between the views which he propounded in his 'Parthenogenesis' (1849 pages 5- 8), and which he now considers as erroneous, and my hypothesis of pangenesis: but a reviewer ('Jour...

which occasionally grow, even in young children, near old-standing inflamed surfaces or fractured bones by an increased flow of blood to the part. When Hunter inserted the spur...

In conclusion, some of the cases above given,--for instance, that of the trumpeter pigeon,--prove that there is a wide difference between mere inheritance and prepotency. This l...

villosity of plants. Gartner found that hybrid Verbascums became extremely woolly when grown in pots. Mr. Masters, on the other hand, states that the Opuntia leucotricha "is wel...

THE FUSION OF HOMOLOGOUS PARTS. THE VARIABILITY OF MULTIPLE AND HOMOLOGOUS PARTS. COMPENSATION OF GROWTH. MECHANICAL PRESSURE. RELATIVE POSITION OF FLOWERS WITH RESPECT TO THE A...

ON THE EFFECTS OF CROSSING. THE INFLUENCE OF DOMESTICATION ON FERTILITY. CLOSE INTERBREEDING. GOOD AND EVIL RESULTS FROM CHANGED CONDITIONS OF LIFE. VARIETIES WHEN CROSSED NOT I...

birds that are indigenous to Guiana, none are found to propagate among the Indians; yet the common fowl is reared in abundance throughout the country.") In Jamaica, a resident n...

that about three-fourths of white-faced horses have white legs.) With white rabbits and cattle, dark marks often co-exist on the tips of the ears and on the feet. In black and t...

NATURAL SELECTION AS AFFECTING DOMESTIC PRODUCTIONS. CHARACTERS WHICH APPEAR OF TRIFLING VALUE OFTEN OF REAL IMPORTANCE. CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE TO SELECTION BY MAN. FACILITY I...

Turning to poultry, the old Roman gourmands thought that the liver of a white goose was the most savoury. In Paraguay black-skinned fowls are kept because they are thought to be...

Some facts on the effects of grafting, in regard to the variability of trees, deserve attention. Cabanis asserts that when certain pears are grafted on the quince, their seeds y...

ancon sheep see 'Phil. Transact.' 1813 page 90.) With respect to fallow-deer, which live in a semi-domesticated condition, Mr. Bennett (16/7. White 'Nat. Hist. of Selbourne' edi...

FREE INTERCROSSING OBLITERATES THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALLIED BREEDS. WHEN THE NUMBERS OF TWO COMMINGLING BREEDS ARE UNEQUAL, ONE ABSORBS THE OTHER. THE RATE OF ABSORPTION DETER...

insects have no power of regrowth, excepting in one order, whilst the larvae of many kinds have this power. Animals low in the scale are able, as a general rule, to reproduce lo...

51.) If a considerable number of improved cattle, sheep, or other animals of the same race, were allowed to breed freely together, with no selection, but with no change in their...

FIXEDNESS OF CHARACTER APPARENTLY NOT DUE TO ANTIQUITY OF INHERITANCE. PREPOTENCY OF TRANSMISSION IN INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME FAMILY, IN CROSSED BREEDS AND SPECIES; OFTEN STRONGE...

Reproduction may be divided into two main classes, namely, sexual and asexual. The latter is effected in many ways--by the formation of buds of various kinds, and by fissiparous...

SLIGHT MODIFICATIONS IN PLANTS FROM THE DEFINITE ACTION OF CHANGED CONDITIONS, IN SIZE, COLOUR, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND IN THE STATE OF THE TISSUES. LOCAL DISEASES. CONSPICUOUS...

wrote to the Archbishop of Canterbury, begging for the loan of any choice stallion, and promising its return at the end of the season. (20/43. Michel 'Des Haras' page 90.) There...

VARIABILITY DOES NOT NECESSARILY ACCOMPANY REPRODUCTION. CAUSES ASSIGNED BY VARIOUS AUTHORS. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. VARIABILITY OF EVERY KIND DUE TO CHANGED CONDITIONS OF LIFE....

SELECTION A DIFFICULT ART. METHODICAL, UNCONSCIOUS, AND NATURAL SELECTION. RESULTS OF METHODICAL SELECTION. CARE TAKEN IN SELECTION. SELECTION WITH PLANTS. SELECTION CARRIED ON...

mammals and birds not breeding when kept by the Indians, cannot be wholly accounted for by their negligence or indifference, for the turkey and fowl are kept and bred by various...

EXPLANATION OF TERM CORRELATION. CONNECTED WITH DEVELOPMENT. MODIFICATIONS CORRELATED WITH THE INCREASED OR DECREASED SIZE OF PARTS. CORRELATED VARIATION OF HOMOLOGOUS PARTS. FE...

rigorous selection together with crossing, a complete metamorphosis. The first exhibition for poultry was held in the Zoological Gardens in 1845; and the improvement effected si...

asserts, "Nothing can be more clearly established in agriculture than that the continual growth of any one variety in the same district makes it liable to deterioration either i...

the effects of the removal of the anthers see Mr. Leitner in Silliman's 'North American Journ. of Science' volume 23 page 47; and Verlot 'Des Varietes' 1865 page 84.) Long-conti...

NISUS FORMATIVUS, OR THE CO-ORDINATING POWER OF THE ORGANISATION. ON THE EFFECTS OF THE INCREASED USE AND DISUSE OF ORGANS. CHANGED HABITS OF LIFE. ACCLIMATISATION WITH ANIMALS...

page 307.) These facts, and innumerable others which could be added, indicate that a change of almost any kind in the conditions of life suffices to cause variability--different...

DIFFICULTIES IN JUDGING OF THE FERTILITY OF VARIETIES WHEN CROSSED. VARIOUS CAUSES WHICH KEEP VARIETIES DISTINCT, AS THE PERIOD OF BREEDING AND SEXUAL PREFERENCE. VARIETIES OF W...

marshes or in thick woods, that they are certainly well adapted for these stations, yet scarcely ever produce seeds; but when accidentally growing on the outside of the marsh or...

constitute a distinct species, were undoubtedly formed (15/27. 'The Poultry Book' by W.B. Tegetmeier 1866 page 58.) in the United States, within a recent period, by a cross betw...

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. FIRST PART: THE FACTS TO BE CONNECTED UNDER A SINGLE POINT OF VIEW, NAMELY, THE VARIOUS KINDS OF REPRODUCTION. REGROWTH OF AMPUTATED PARTS. GRAFT-HYBRIDS. T...

Of the smaller graminivorous birds, many kinds have been kept tame in their native countries, and have lived long; yet, as the highest authority on cage- birds (18/37. Bechstein...

of diseases; in Mexico the yellow fever does not extend above 924 metres; and in Peru, people are affected with the verugas only between 600 and 1600 metres above the sea; many...

ON THE GOOD DERIVED FROM SLIGHT CHANGES IN THE CONDITIONS OF LIFE. STERILITY FROM CHANGED CONDITIONS, IN ANIMALS, IN THEIR NATIVE COUNTRY AND IN MENAGERIES. MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND...

I have now enumerated the chief facts which every one would desire to see connected by some intelligible bond. This can be done, if we make the following assumptions, and much m...

During the formation or improvement of a breed, its members will always be found to vary much in those characters to which especial attention is directed, and of which each slig...

inconspicuous flowers, valued solely for their fragrance, "remains in the same unimproved condition as when first introduced." (21/52. Mr. Abbey 'Journal of Horticulture' Decemb...

young. As these birds were formerly caught whilst young, at great expense, being imported from Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, there can be little doubt that, if possible, they wou...

him) apply to all animals. Similar rules have been announced for plants, and have been proved by Gartner (14/19. 'Bastarderzeugung' s. 264-266. Naudin 'Nouvelles Archives du Mus...

NATURAL SELECTION AS AFFECTING DOMESTIC PRODUCTIONS--CHARACTERS WHICH APPEAR OF TRIFLING VALUE OFTEN OF REAL IMPORTANCE--CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE TO SELECTION BY MAN--FACILITY I...

FIXEDNESS OF CHARACTER APPARENTLY NOT DUE TO ANTIQUITY OF INHERITANCE-- PREPOTENCY OF TRANSMISSION IN INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME FAMILY, IN CROSSED BREEDS AND SPECIES; OFTEN STRONG...

DIFFERENT FORMS OF REVERSION--IN PURE OR UNCROSSED BREEDS, AS IN PIGEONS, FOWLS, HORNLESS CATTLE AND SHEEP, IN CULTIVATED PLANTS--REVERSION IN FERAL ANIMALS AND PLANTS--REVERSIO...

DEFINITION OF CLOSE INTERBREEDING--AUGMENTATION OF MORBID TENDENCIES--GENERAL EVIDENCE OF THE GOOD EFFECTS DERIVED FROM CROSSING, AND ON THE EVIL EFFECTS OF CLOSE INTERBREEDING-...

SLIGHT MODIFICATIONS IN PLANTS FROM THE DEFINITE ACTION OF CHANGED CONDITIONS, IN SIZE, COLOUR, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND IN THE STATE OF THE TISSUES--LOCAL DISEASES--CONSPICUOUS...

VARIABILITY DOES NOT NECESSARILY ACCOMPANY REPRODUCTION--CAUSES ASSIGNED BY VARIOUS AUTHORS--INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES--VARIABILITY OF EVERY KIND DUE TO CHANGED CONDITIONS OF LIFE-...

FREE INTERCROSSING OBLITERATES THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALLIED BREEDS--WHEN THE NUMBERS OF TWO COMMINGLING BREEDS ARE UNEQUAL, ONE ABSORBS THE OTHER--THE RATE OF ABSORPTION DETER...

ON THE GOOD DERIVED FROM SLIGHT CHANGES IN THE CONDITIONS OF LIFE--STERILITY FROM CHANGED CONDITIONS, IN ANIMALS, IN THEIR NATIVE COUNTRY AND IN MENAGERIES--MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND...

ON THE EFFECTS OF CROSSING--THE INFLUENCE OF DOMESTICATION ON FERTILITY--CLOSE INTERBREEDING--GOOD AND EVIL RESULTS FROM CHANGED CONDITIONS OF LIFE-- VARIETIES WHEN CROSSED NOT...

EXPLANATION OF TERM CORRELATION--CONNECTED WITH DEVELOPMENT--MODIFICATIONS CORRELATED WITH THE INCREASED OR DECREASED SIZE OF PARTS--CORRELATED VARIATION OF HOMOLOGOUS PARTS--FE...

SELECTION A DIFFICULT ART--METHODICAL, UNCONSCIOUS, AND NATURAL SELECTION-- RESULTS OF METHODICAL SELECTION--CARE TAKEN IN SELECTION--SELECTION WITH PLANTS--SELECTION CARRIED ON...

DIFFICULTIES IN JUDGING OF THE FERTILITY OF VARIETIES WHEN CROSSED--VARIOUS CAUSES WHICH KEEP VARIETIES DISTINCT, AS THE PERIOD OF BREEDING AND SEXUAL PREFERENCE--VARIETIES OF W...

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. FIRST PART:--THE FACTS TO BE CONNECTED UNDER A SINGLE POINT OF VIEW, NAMELY, THE VARIOUS KINDS OF REPRODUCTION--REGROWTH OF AMPUTATED PARTS--GRAFT-HYBRIDS -...

towards any part which is performing work, and sinks again when the part is at rest. Consequently, if the work is frequent, the vessels increase in size and the part is better n...

THE FUSION OF HOMOLOGOUS PARTS--THE VARIABILITY OF MULTIPLE AND HOMOLOGOUS PARTS--COMPENSATION OF GROWTH--MECHANICAL PRESSURE--RELATIVE POSITION OF FLOWERS WITH RESPECT TO THE A...

NISUS FORMATIVUS, OR THE CO-ORDINATING POWER OF THE ORGANISATION--ON THE EFFECTS OF THE INCREASED USE AND DISUSE OF ORGANS--CHANGED HABITS OF LIFE-- ACCLIMATISATION WITH ANIMALS...