Part 14

OS, OSSIS. A bone; a portion of the skeleton, constituting a _passive_ organ of locomotion, as distinguished from a muscle or _active_ organ of this faculty.

OSSIFICATION. The formation of bone; the deposition of calcareous phosphate, or carbonate, on the soft solids of animal bodies.

OXIDES. Substances combined with oxygen, without being in the state of an acid.

OXYGEN. A gas which forms about one-fifth of atmospheric air, is capable of supporting flame, and is essential to the respiration of animals.

P

PANCREAS. A gland, situated transversely across the posterior wall of the abdomen. In cattle it is called the _sweet-bread_.

PANCREATIC JUICE. The peculiar fluid secreted by the pancreas.

PAPILLA. The term _papillæ_ denotes the small eminences which constitute the roughness of the upper surface of the tongue.

PARALYSIS. Palsy; the total loss, or diminution, of sensation or of motion, or of both.

PAROTID. The name of the large, salivary gland situated near the ear.

PARIES, PARIETIS. The wall of a house or any other building; whence _Parietal_, belonging to the walls of an organ.

PATELLA (L. dim. of _patina_, a pan). Literally, a small pan. The knee-pan.

PECTORAL (L. _pectus_, the breast). Pertaining to the breast.

PECTORALIS. The name of two muscles of the trunk.

PEDAL (L. _pedules_). Pertaining to a foot.

PELVIS (Gr. _a basin_). The basin or large bony cavity which terminates the trunk inferiorly.

PERICARDIUM (Gr. _around the heart_). A fibro-serous membrane which surrounds the heart.

PERICRANIUM. The periosteum or membrane which covers the bones of the cranium.

PERIOSTEUM. The membrane which surrounds the bones.

PERISTALTIC. A term applied to the vermicular contractions of the intestines upon themselves.

PERITONÆUM. The serous membrane which lines the interior of the abdomen, and invests all the viscera contained therein.

PERMEABILITY (L. _per_, through, _meo_, to pass). That property of certain bodies by which they admit the passage of other bodies through their substance.

PERSPIRATION (L. _perspiro_, to breathe through). The watery vapor which is constantly passing off through the skin.

PHARYNX (Gr. _the throat_). A musculo-membranous bag, situated at the back part of the mouth, leading to the stomach.

PHRENES (Gr. _the mind_). The diaphragm; so called because the ancients supposed it to be the seat of the mind. Hence the term _Phrenic_, a designation of the internal respiratory nerve, which goes to the diaphragm.

PHRENOLOGY (Gr. _an account_). A description of the mind; a science, introduced by Gall and Spurzheim, by which particular characters and propensities are indicated by the conformation and protuberances of the skull.

PHYSIOLOGY (Gr. _phusis_, nature, _logos_, an account). The science which treats of the properties of organic bodies, animal and vegetable, of the phenomena which they present, and of the laws which govern their actions.

PIA MATER. A vascular membrane, investing the whole surface of the brain.

PITUITARY MEMBRANE. A designation of the Schneiderian membrane, which lines the cavities of the nose.

PLEXUS (L. _plecto_, to weave). A kind of net-work of blood-vessels or nerves.

PNEUMO-GASTRIC NERVES (Gr. _pneumon_, the lung, _gastér_, the stomach). The par vagnum, nervi vagi, or eighth pair of nerves, distributed to the stomach.

PORTAL CIRCULATION. A subordinate part of the venous circulation, in which the blood makes an additional circuit before it joins the rest of the venous blood.

PORTAL VEIN (L. _vena portæ_). A vein originating from the organs within the abdomen.

POTASSIUM. The metallic base of the well known alkaline substance, potassa.

PROCESS. _Apophysis._ A process or eminence of a bone. Also, a lobe or portion of the brain.

PRONATION (L. _pronus_, bending downward). The act of turning the palm of the hand downwards, by rotating the radius upon the ulna by means of the pronator muscles.

PRONATOR (L. _pronus_, bending downward). The name of two muscles which turn the radius and the hand inwards and downwards.

PROXIMATE PRINCIPLE. A term applied, in analyzing any body, to the principle which is _nearest_ to the natural constitution of the body, and more immediately the object of sense, as distinguished from intermediate or ultimate principles. _Ultimate principles_ are the elements of which proximate principles are composed.

PULMONARY, _pulmonic_ (L. _pulmo_, the lungs). Relating or belonging to the lungs.

PULSE (L. _pulsus_, a stroke). A beating or striking; and hence, the stroke or beat of an artery.

PUNCTA LACHRYMALIA. The external commencements of the lacrymal ducts.

PUPILA (L. dim. of _pupa_, a puppet). The pupil, or the round aperture in the center of the iris of the eye.

PYLORUS (Gr. _púle_, a gate, _ora_, care). Literally a _gate-keeper_. The lower and contracted orifice of the stomach, guarding the entrance into the bowels.

Q

QUARTZ. A species of silicious minerals.

R

RAMIFICATION (L. _ramus_, a branch, _fio_, to become). The issuing of a small branch from a large one, as of the minute branches from the larger arteries.

RAMUS. A branch of a tree; the designation of portions of several bones.

RECTUM (L. _rectus_, straight). The last portion of the intestines.

REFRACTION (L. _refractus_, broken back). The property of light, by which a ray becomes bent, or _refracted_, when passing from a rarer into a denser medium, and _vice versá_.

RESPIRATION. The function of breathing.

RETINA (L. _rete_, a net). The _net_ like expansion of the optic nerve on the inner surface of the eye.

S

SAC (L. _saccus_, a bag). A term applied to a small cavity, as the lacrymal sac.

SACRUM (L. _sacred_). The bone which forms the basis of the vertebral column; so called from its having been offered in sacrifice, and hence considered _sacred_.

SACRO. A term applied to parts connected with the sacrum. Hence we have _sacro_-iliac symphysis, _sacro_-spinal ligament, _sacro_-vertebral angle, &c.

SALIVA. The insipid, transparent, viscous liquid secreted by the salivary glands, principally the parotid.

SANGUIS. Blood; the fluid which circulates in the heart, arteries and veins.

SARTORIUS (L. _sartor_, a tailor). The muscle by means of which the tailor crosses his legs.

SCAPULA. The shoulder-blade.

SCHNEIDERIAN MEMBRANE. The _pituitary membrane_, which secretes the mucous of the nose; so named from Schneider, who first described it.

SCLEROTICA (Gr. _sklēròs_, hard). The dense fibrous membrane which, with the _cornea_, forms the external tunic of the eye ball.

SEBACEOUS (L. _sebum_, suet). Suety; a term applied to _follicles_, which secrete a peculiar oily matter, and are abundant in some parts of the skin, as in the nose, &c.

SECRETION (L. _secerno_, to separate). A substance _secreted_ or separated from the blood by the action of a secreting organ.

SERUM. The thin yellowish fluid constituent of the blood.

SINCIPUT. The fore part of the head. The back part is called _occiput_.

SINEW. The ligament which joins two bones.

SINUS. A gulf. Hence it denotes a cavity or cell within the substance of a bone, as of the forehead; also a large venous canal, as those of the dura mater.

SKELETON (Gr. _skéllo_, to dry up). The dry, bony frame work of an animal, which sustains the other organs.

SPINAL CORD. _Medulla spinalis._ The medullary matter contained within the _spine_, or vertebral column.

SPLEEN. A spongy organ situated at the left and behind the stomach.

SPLINT-BONE. The fibula or small bone of the leg; so named from its resembling a surgical splint.

STERNUM. The breast bone.

SUB. A Latin preposition, denoting a position _beneath_ any body.

SUB-CLAVIAN. Situated under the clavicle.

SUB-CLAVIUS. A muscle arising from the cartilage of the first rib, and inserted into the lower surface of the clavicle.

SUB-CUTANEOUS. Beneath the skin.

SUB-LINGUAL. Beneath the tongue.

SUB-MAXILLARY. Beneath the jaw.

SUDOR (L. _sudo_, to sweat). Sweat; the vapor which passes through the skin and condenses on the surface of the body.

SUDORIFEROUS CANALS. Minute spiral follicles, distributed over the whole surface of the skin, for the secretion of the sweat.

SUTURE (L. _suo_, to sew). A seam; the junction of the bones of the cranium by a serrated line, resembling the stitches of a seam.

SYMPATHETIC NERVE. A nerve consisting of a chain of ganglia, extending along the side of the vertebral column from the head to the coccyx, communicating with all the other nerves of the body, and supposed to produce a _sympathy_ between the affections of different parts.

T

TARSUS. The instep; the space between the bones of the leg and metatarsus.

TEARS. A peculiar fluid which lubricates the eye.

TEMPORA (L. pl. of _tempus_, time). The temples, or that part of the head on which the hair generally begins to turn gray, thus indicating _the age_; whence _temporal_, pertaining to the temples, as temporal bones.

TENACITY (L. _teneo_, to hold). The degree of force with which the particles of bodies cohere or are held together.

TENDON (L. _téino_, to stretch). A fibrous cord at the extremity of a muscle, by which the muscle is attached to a bone.

TENSOR (L. _tendo_, to stretch). A muscle which _stretches_ any part.

TENTACULA. A filliform process or organ on the bodies of various animals.

THORAX (Gr. _thórax_). The chest; or that cavity of the body which contains the heart and lungs.

THORACIC DUCT. The great trunk formed by the junction of the absorbent vessels.

THYROID (Gr. _thureòs_, a shield). The name given to a shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx, and of a gland situated on the trachea.

TIBIA. Literally, a flute or pipe. The shin-bone, or the great bone of the leg.

TIBIAL. _Tibialis._ Pertaining to the tibia.

TISSUE. A web, or web-like structure, constituting the elementary structures of animals and plants.

TONSILS (L. _tondeo_, to clip or shear). The round gland situated in the throat between the pillars of the velum palati.

TRACHEA (Gr. _trachus_, rough). The windpipe. The term is derived from the inequality of its cartilages.

TRICEPS. Having three heads. Applied to several muscles.

TRICUSPID. Having three points. A term applied to three triangular fords or _valves_ situated between the right auricle and the right ventricle of the heart.

TRIFACIAL. Triple-facial. A term applied to the fifth pair of nerves, the grand sensitive nerve of the head and face.

TROCHANTER (Gr. _trocháo_, to run or roll). The name of two processes of the thigh-bone—the _major_ and the _minor_.

TUNIC. The upper garment of the Romans. Hence it is applied to several membranes of the body.

TYMPANUM (Gr. _túmpanon_, a drum). The drum of the ear.

U

ULNA (Gr. _olénē_, the cubit). The large bone of the fore-arm; so named from its being often used as a measure, under the term _ell_.

UVEA (L. _uva_, grape). The posterior surface of the iris; so called from its resemblance in color to a ripe grape.

V

VACUUM (L. _vaccus_, empty). Literally, an empty place. This term generally denotes the interior of a close vessel, from which the atmospheric air and every other gas have been extracted.

VALVE (L. _valvæ_, folding-doors). A close lid affixed to a tube or opening in some vessel, by means of a hinge or other movable joint, and which can be opened only in one direction. Hence it signifies a little membrane which prevents the return of fluid in the blood-vessels and absorbents.

VALVULA (L. dim. of _valve_). A little valve.

VAS, VASIS. Plural, _Vasa_. A vessel, or any utensil to hold liquor.

VASCULAR SYSTEM. That part of the animal economy which relates to the vessels.

VENOUS. Belonging to a vein.

VENTRICULUS (L. dim. of _venter_, the belly). The term _ventricle_ is also applied to two cavities of the heart, and to several cavities in other parts of the body.

VERTEBRA (L. _verto_, to turn). A bone of the spine; so named from its _turning_ upon the adjoining one.

VERTEBRAL. Connected with the vertebra.

VESSICLE (L. dim. of _vesica_, a bladder). A little bladder.

VILLUS. Literally, the shaggy hair of beasts. Some of the membranes of the body, as the mucous membrane of the intestinal canal, present a surface of minute papillæ, termed _villi_, villosities, resembling a downy tissue, continually covered with fluid.

VITREOUS BODY (L. _vitrum_, glass). _Vitreous humour._ A transparent mass, resembling melted glass, occupying the globe of the eye, and inclosed in the hyaloïd membrane.

W

WARM-BLOODED. A term applied to the mammalia and birds which have a two-fold circulation.

X

XYPHOID (Gr. _xíphos_, a sword, _eìdos_, likeness). Sword-like; a term applied to the cartilage of the sternum.

THE END.

Transcriber’s Notes

pg 67 Changed: Alcohol and common salt both act in the preservavation to: Alcohol and common salt both act in the preservation

pg 76 Changed: that a man entirely unaquainted to: that a man entirely unacquainted

pg 80 Changed: upwards into the the fascia to: upwards into the fascia

pg 102 Changed: as to the quantitive composition to: as to the quantitative composition

pg 126 Changed: the lids must be sown together to: the lids must be sewn together

pg 126 Changed: in its quantitive composition to: in its quantitative composition

pg 137 Changed: unbiased by a viscious appetite to: unbiased by a vicious appetite

pg 192 Changed: being generated insdie of a cylinder to: being generated inside of a cylinder