Part 13

FIGURE 1.—_General View of the Digestive Organs of Man_.—This figure is intended to give a general idea of the forms and relative positions of the organs of digestion.—_a_, The œsophagus. _b_, The stomach. _c_, The duodenum, _d_, _d_, _d_, Convolutions of the small intestine. _e_, The cœcum. _f_, Appendix of the cœcum. _g_, Opening of the small into the large intestine. _h_, The ascending colon. _i, i_, Transverse arch of the colon. _j_, The descending colon. _k_, The liver. _l_, The gall-bladder. _m_, The pancreas, mostly covered by the stomach. _o_, The spleen.—In this figure, the liver is raised up and the transverse arch of the colon drawn down, in order to show parts which they cover when in their natural situation.

FIGURE 2.—_General Aspect of the Abdominal Viscera_.—In this figure, the anterior walls of the abdomen are removed, so as to show the organs in their natural positions. The small intestine is removed.—_a_, The liver, situated beneath the right arch of the diaphragm. _b_, The stomach. _c_, Epiploa, or floating folds of the peritoneum. _d_, Summit of the gall-bladder. _e_, _e_, Large intestine, showing all its courses.

ORGANS OF CIRCULATION.—HEART AND LUNGS.

FIGURE 1.—_Front View of Heart and Lungs_.—Both organs are stripped of their envelopes, the pleura and pericardium. The right lung is drawn aside, so as to uncover the heart and large vessels. The left lung is deeply dissected, to show the distribution and mode of ramification of the air-tubes and blood-vessels.

_a_, The larynx. _b_, The trachea.—The right lung is somewhat shorter than the left, and is divided into three lobes, _c_, _d_, _e_; while the left lung has but two lobes, _f_, _g_. The surface of the lobes is sub-divided into lobules, by the intersection of great numbers of depressed lines. _h_, Right auricle of the heart. _i_, Right ventricle. _j_, Left auricle. _k_, Left ventricle. _l_, The aorta. _m_, The pulmonary artery. _n_, Left pulmonary veins.—These veins are four in number, two for each lung; and they return to the heart the blood which has been conveyed into the lungs by the pulmonary artery. The division of the pulmonary artery into right and left branches cannot be seen in this figure, being hidden by the aorta. _o_, The superior vena cava. _p_, Root of the right innominate artery, springing from the arch of the aorta. _q_, Root of the left sub-clavian artery. _r_, Root of the left carotid artery.

FIGURE 2.—_Back View of the Heart and Lungs._—_a_, Larynx. _b_, Trachea. _c_, Right bronchus. _d_, Left bronchus. _e_, Left auricle of the heart. _f_, Left ventricle. _g_, Right pulmonary veins. _h_, Left pulmonary veins. _i_, Left pulmonary artery. _j_, Section of the aorta. _k_, Trunks of the brachio-cephalic veins (those which belong to the arms and head). _l_, The opening of the inferior vena cava.—The sub-divisions of the pulmonary arteries and veins, and of the air-tubes or bronchi, are seen accompanying each other in the left lung in both figures.

GLOSSARY AND INDEX.

A

ABDOMEN (L. _abdo_, to hide). So called from its containing the intestines, &c.

ABDUCTOR (L. _abduco_, to draw from). _Abducent._ A muscle whose office is to draw one part of the body away from another.

ABSORPTION. The act or process of imbibing or swallowing.

ABSORBENTS. Vessels which imbibe, as lymphatics and lacteals.

ALBUMEN (L. _albus_, white). Albumen is of two kinds, animal and vegetable: 1. _Animal albumen_ exists in two forms, the liquid and the solid. In the _liquid_ state, it is a thick, glairy fluid, constituting the principal part of the white of egg. In the _solid_ state, it is contained in several of the textures of the body, as the cellular membrane, the skin, glands and vessels.—2. _Vegetable albumen_ closely resembles animal albumen, and has been found in wheat, rye, barley, peas and beans.

ANASTOMOSIS (Gr. _aná_, through, and _stoma_, a mouth). The communication of vessels with each other, as of the arteries with the veins, which, by touching at numerous points, form a net-work or reticulation. See _Inosculation_.

ANATOMY (Gr. _anatémnō_, to cut up). The science of organization; the science whose object is the examination of the organs or _instruments_ of life. Animal anatomy is divided into _human anatomy_ and _comparative anatomy_, according as it treats of the organization of the human body, or of that of other animals.

AORTA (Gr. _aèr_, air, _teréō_, to keep; as having been formerly supposed to contain only air). The great artery of the heart. It is distinguished into the _ascending_ and _descending_.

AQUEOUS. Watery.

ARACANOID MEMBRANE (Gr. _arachnē_, a spider, and _eīdos_, likeness). The fine _cobweb-like_ membrane situated between the dura and pia mater. It is the serous membrane of the cerebro-spinal centers.

ARBOR VITÆ. Literally, _tree of life_. A term applied to the arborescent appearance presented by the cerebellum, when cut into vertically.

ARTERY (Gr. _aèr_, air, and _teréō_, to hold). A vessel which carries the blood from the heart; formerly supposed, from its being found empty after death, to contain only air.

ARYTÆNOID (Gr. _arútaina_, a ewer, and _eīdos_, likeness). A term applied to two triangular cartilages of the larynx.

AUDITORY (L. _audio_, to hear). Belonging to parts connected with the sense of hearing.

AURICULA (L. dim of _auris_, the ear). An auricle; the prominent part of the ear. Also, the name of two cavities of the heart.

AUTOMATIC MOTIONS (Gr. _automatos_, of his own accord). Those muscular actions which are not dependent on the mind.

B

BILIS. Bile, gall, or choler; the secretion of the liver. A term employed to characterize a class of diseases caused by a too copious secretion of bile.

BRONCHUS (Gr. _bróngchos_, the windpipe, from _bréchō_, to moisten). The windpipe; a ramification of the trachea; so called from ancient belief that the solids were conveyed into the stomach by the œsophagus, and the fluids by the bronchia.

BRONCHIAL-TUBES. The minute ramifications of the bronchi, terminating in the _bronchial cells_, or air cells of the lungs.

BRONCHITIS. Inflammation of the bronchi or ramifications of the trachea.

BURSÆ MUCOSÆ (_mucous bags_). Small sacs situated about the joints, being parts of the sheaths of tendons.

C

CÆCUM, or CŒCUM (L. _cæcus_, blind). The first part of the colon or _blind_ intestine.

CALLUS (Latin, _hardness_). New bone, or the substance which serves to join together the ends of a fracture, and to restore destroyed portions of bone.

CAPILLARY (L. _capillus_, a hair). Resembling a hair in size; a term applied to the _vessels_ which intervene between the minute arteries and veins.

CAPSULA (L. dim. of _capsa_, a chest). Literally, a little chest. A capsule or bag, which incloses any part.

CARBON (L. _carbo_, a coal). A substance well known under the form of coal, charcoal, lamp-black, &c. In chemical language, it denotes the pure inflammable principle of charcoal; in its state of absolute purity it constitutes the _diamond_.

CARBONIC ACID. Carbon and oxygen combined.

CARDIA (Gr. _kardia_, the heart). The entrance into the stomach; so called from being near the heart.

CARDIAC (Gr. _kardia_, the heart). Relating to the heart.

CAROTID (Gr. _karóō_, to induce sleep). The name of two large arteries of the neck; so called from an idea that tying them would induce stupor.

CARPUS (Gr. _karpós_, fruit). The wrist. The _ossa carpi_, or carpal bones, are eight in number, and form two rows.

CARTILAGE. Gristle. It is attached to bones, and must be distinguished from the ligaments of joints and tendons of muscles.

CEREBELLUM (dim. of _cerebrum_). The little brain, situated behind the larger or cerebrum.

CEREBRUM (Gr. _káre_, the head). The brain; the chief portion of the brain, occupying the whole upper cavity of the skull.

CEREBRO-SPINAL. System.

CERVIX. The neck; the hinder part of the neck. The fore part is called _collum_.

CHEST. _Thorax._ An old English term, commonly traced to the Latin _cista_.—“When it is considered that the same word was anciently used for a _basket_, the appropriation of it to the human thorax will appear quite natural to any one who has ever seen a skeleton.”—_Forbes._

CHYLE (Gr. _chulòs_, juice). The milk-like fluid absorbed by the lacteal vessels.

CHYLIFICATION (L. _fio_, to become). The process by which the chyle is separated from the chyme.

CHYME (Gr. _chumòs_, juice). The semi-fluid matter which passes from the stomach into the duodenum.

CHYMIFICATION (L. _fio_, to become). The process by which the aliment is converted into chyme.

CLAVICULA (dim. of _clavis_, a key). The clavicle, or collar-bone; so called from its resemblance to an ancient key.

COCCYX (Gr. _kókkux_, a cuckoo). The lower end of the spine; so called from its resemblance to a cuckoo’s beak.

COLON (Gr. _kolīn_, quasi, _koīlon_, hollow). The first of the large intestines, commencing at the cœcum, and terminating at the rectum.

COMA (Gr. _kōma_, drowsiness, from _kéō_, to lie). Drowsiness; lethargic sleep; dead sleep; torpor.

COMMISSURE (L. _commissura_). To joint or sever the place where two bodies or parts of a body meet and unite.

CONDYLE (Gr. _kóndulos_, a knuckle). A rounded eminence in the joints of several bones, as the humerus and the femur.

CONGESTION (L. _congero_, to amass). Undue fullness of the blood-vessels.

CONJUNCTIVA (L. _conjungo_, to unite). The mucous membrane which lines the posterior surface of the eyelids, and is continued over the fore-part of the globe of the eye.

CORIUM. Leather. The deep layer of cutis, or true skin, forming the basis of the support of the skin.

CORPUSCULUM (L. dim. of _corpus_, a body). A corpuscle, or little body.

CRANIUM (Gr. _kára_, the head). The skull, or cavity, which contains the brain, its membranes and vessels.

CRICOS (Gr. _krikíos_, a ring). Whence crícoïd, the name of the ring-like cartilage of the larynx.

CRYSTALLINE (Gr. _krústallos_, ice). A term applied to the lens of the eye.

CUTICLE (L. dim. of _cutis_). The epidermis or scarf-skin.

CUTIS (Gr. _kútos_, the skin). The true skin, as distinguished from the cuticle, epidermis or scarf-skin.

D

DEGLUTITION (L. _deglutio_, to swallow). The act of swallowing.

DIAPHRAGM (Gr. _diàphragma_, a partition). The midriff; the transverse muscular partition which separates the thorax from the abdomen.

DIGESTION (L. _digero_, from _diversim gero_, to carry into different parts). In _Physiology_, the change of food into _chyme_ by the mouth, stomach and small intestines; and the absorption and distribution of the more nutritious parts, or the _chyle_, through the system.

DORSUM (Latin). The back; the round part of the back of a man or beast. Whence _Dorsal_, appertaining to the back, as applied to a region, ligaments, &c.

DUODENUM (L. _duodeni_, twelve). The twelve-inch intestine; so called from its being equal in length to the breadth of twelve fingers. The first portion of the small intestines, beginning from the pylorus.

DURA MATER (_hard-mother_). The outermost membrane of the brain.

E

EFFLUVIA (L. _effluo_, to flow out). Exhalations, vapors, &c.

ELASTICITY. The property or power by which a body compressed or extended returns to its former state.

ENAMEL. The hard exterior surface of the teeth.

ENCEPHALON (Gr. _èn_, in, _kephalē_, the head). The brain; the contents of the skull, consisting of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and membranes.

EPIDERMIS (Gr. _epi_, upon, and _dérma_, the skin) The cuticle, or scarf-skin; the thin, horny layer which protects the surface of the integument.

EPIGLOTTIS. A cartilage of the larynx, situated above the glottis.

EPIPLOON (Gr. _plēo_, to sail). The omentum; a membranous expansion which _floats_ upon the intestines.

EPITHELIUM (Gr. _títhēmi_, to place). The cuticle on the red part of the lips, and on the mucous membranes in general.

EXCRETION (L. _excerno_, to separate from). A general term for the perspiration, fæces, &c., which are separated and voided from the blood or the food.

EXPIRATION (L. _expiro_, to breathe). That part of the respiration in which the air is expelled. Compare _Inspiration_.

EXUDATION. _Transpiration._ The flow of liquid from the surface of the skin or membrane, an ulcer, &c.

F

FACIAL (L. _facies_, the face). Belonging to the face; as _facial nerve_, _facial vein_, &c.

FALX. A scythe or sickle. The _sickle_-like processes of the dura mater, situated between the lobes of the cerebrum and cerebellum.

FASCIA (L. _fascis_, a bundle). Literally, a scarf or large band. Hence it is applied to the aponeurotic expansion of a muscle.

FASCICULUS (L. dim. of _fascis_, a bundle). A little bundle; a handful. Thus, a muscle consists of _fasciculi_ of fibres.

FAUCES. The gullet or upper part of the throat; the space surrounded by the vellum palati, the uvula, the tonsils, and the posterior part of the tongue.

FEMUR, FEMORIS. _Os femoris._ The thigh-bone; the longest, largest and heaviest of all the bones of the body.

FIBRE (L. _fibra_, a filament). A filament or thread, of animal, vegetable or mineral composition.

FIBRIL. A small filament or fibre, as the ultimate division of a nerve. The term is derived from _fibrilla_, L. dim. of _fibra_, a filament.

FIBRIN. A tough, fibrous mass, which, together with albumen, forms the basis of muscle.

FIBRO-CARTILAGE. Membraniform cartilage; a substance intermediate between proper cartilage and ligament.

FILAMENT (L. _filum_, a thread, _forma_, likeness). Thread-like; applied to the papillæ at the edges of the tongue.

FISSURE. A cleft; a longitudinal opening.

FLEXOR (L. _flecto_, to bend). A muscle which bends the part into which it is inserted. Its antagonist is termed _extensor_.

FLUIDS. Substances which have the quality of fluidity, and are, in consequence, of no fixed shape.

FOLLICLE (L. dim. of _follis_, a pair of bellows). Literally, a little bag or scrip of leather. In anatomy, a very minute secreting cavity.

FORAMEN (L. _foro_, to pierce). An opening.

FOSSA (L. _fodio_, to dig). A ditch or trench; a little depression, or sinus.

FUNCTION (L. _fungor_, to discharge an office). The office of an organ in the animal or vegetable economy; as of the heart in circulation, of the leaf in respiration, &c.

G

GALL-BLADDER. A membranous reservoir, lodged in a fissure on the under surface of the right lobe of the liver, and containing the bile.

GALL-DUCTS. These are the _cystic_, proceeding from the gall-bladder; the _hepatic_, proceeding from the liver; and the _ductus communis choledochus_, resulting from the union of the two preceding.

GANGLION (Gr. _gangglíon_, a nerve-knot). A small nervous center, or an enlargement in the course of a nerve, sometimes termed a _diminutive brain_.

GASTER. The Greek term for stomach.

GASTRIC (Gr. _gaster_, the stomach). Pertaining to the stomach; as the gastric juice, &c.

GASTRIC JUICE. The peculiar digestive fluid secreted by the stomach.

GELATINE (L. _gelu_, frost). The principle of jelly. It is found in the skin, cartilages, tendons, membranes and bones. The purest variety of gelatine is _isinglass_.

GLAND (L. _glans_, _glandis_, an acorn). A soft body, composed of various tissues, vessels, nerves, &c., usually destined to separate some fluids from the blood.

GLENOID (Gr. _glēne_, a cavity, _eīdos_, likeness). The name of a part having a shallow cavity; as the socket of the shoulder joint.

GLOBULES RED (L. dim. of _globus_, a ball). The red coloring matter of the blood; a peculiar animal principle.

GLOSSA, or GLOTTA (Gr. _glōtta_). The tongue; the organ of speech. _Glosso._ Terms compounded of this word belong to nerves or muscles attached to the tongue.

GLOTTIS. The aperture of the larynx between the arytænoïd cartilages. It is covered by a cartilage called the _epi-glottis_.

GRANULE. A small particle.

H

HÆMATOSIN (Gr. _haima_, blood). A characteristic constituent of the blood, derived from the globules.

HÆMORRHAGE. A rupture of a blood-vessel; a bursting forth of blood; loss of blood.

HEPATIC. A term applied to any part belonging to the liver.

HUMERUS. The bone of the upper arm.

HUMOR (L. _humeo_, to be moist). An aqueous substance; as the humors of the eye.

HYGIENE (Gr. to be well). Health; the preservation of health; that part of medicine which regards the preservation of health.

HYOIDES (the Greek letter _upsilon_). A bone situated between the root of the tongue and the larynx.

HYPOGASTRIUM. The lower anterior region of the abdomen.

HYPOGLOSSAL. The name of the _lingualis_, or ninth pair of nerves, situated beneath the tongue.

I, J

ICHOR. A thin, acrid discharge, issuing from wounds, ulcers, &c.

JEJUNUM (L. _jejunus_, hungry). The upper two-fifths of the small intestines; so named from this portion being generally found _empty_.

ILEUM (to turn about). The lower three-fifths of the _small intestines_; so called from their convolutions or peristaltic motions.

ILIAC BONE. Another name for the _os innominatum_, derived from the circumstance that this compound bone supports the parts which the ancients called _ilia_, or the flanks.

ILIAC REGION. The region situated on each side of the hypogastrium.

INDEX (L. _indico_, to point out). The forefinger; the finger usually employed in _pointing_ at any object.

INFRA-SPINATUS. A muscle arising from the scapula below the spine, and inserted into the humerus.

INNOMINATUS (L. _in_, priv., _nomen_, name). Hence, _Innominatum os_, a bone composed of three portions, viz: 1, The _ilium_, or haunch-bone; 2, The _ischium_, or hip-bone; 3, The _os pubis_, or share bone.

INTEGUMENT (L. _in_, and _tego_, to cover). The covering of any part of the body, as the cuticle, cutis, &c.

INTER-COSTAL. The name of two sets of muscles between the ribs—the _external_ and the _internal_.

INTESTINES (L. _intus_, within). That part of the alimentary canal which extends from the stomach to the anus.

JUGULAR. Belonging to the neck; applied chiefly to the principal veins of the neck.

K

KINGDOM. A term denoting any of the principal divisions of nature. Thus we have the _organic kingdom_, comprehending substances which organize; and the _inorganic kingdom_, comprehending substances which crystallize.

KNEE-PAN. Patella; the small round bone at the front of the knee-joint.

KIDNEYS. Two oblong glands, which secrete the urine.

L

LABIA. The lips. They are laterally united by means of two acute angles, which are called their _commissures_.

LABYRINTH. The name of a series of cavities of the inner ear, viz: the vestibule, the cochlea, and the semi-circular canals.

LACHRYMA. A tear; the fluid secreted by the _lachrymal gland_, and flowing on the surface of the eye.

LACTEALS (L. _lac_, milk). Numerous minute tubes which _absorb_ or take up the chyle, or _milk-like_ fluid, from the alimentary canal.

LACTIC ACID (L. _lac_, _lactis_, milk). An acid produced whenever milk—and perhaps most animal fluids—become spontaneously sour.

LAMINA. Literally, a small plate of any metal. A term applied to the foliated structure of bones or other organs.

LARYNX (Gr. _larungx_, the larynx). The superior part of the trachea, situated immediately under the os hyoïdes.

LENS (L. _lens_, _lentis_, a bean). Properly, a small roundish glass, shaped like a _lentil_, or bean.

LIGAMENT (L. _ligo_, to bind). A membrane of a flexible but compact texture, which connects the articular surfaces of bones and cartilages; and sometimes protects the joints by a capsular envelope.

LINGUA (L. _lingo_, to lick). The tongue; the organ of taste and speech.

LIVER. The largest glandular apparatus in the body, the office of which is to secrete the bile.

LUMBI. The loins; the inferior part of the back; whence _Lumbar_, the designation of nerves, arteries, veins, &c., belonging to the region of the loins.

LUNGS. The organs of respiration.

LUXATION (L. _luxo_, to put out of joint). Dislocation; or the removal of the articular surface of bones out of their proper situation.

LYMPH (L. _lympha_, water). A colorless liquid which circulates in the lymphatics.

LYMPHATICS (L. _lympha_, water). Minute tubes which pervade every part of the body, which they _absorb_, or take up, in the form of _lymph_.

M

MAGNESIUM. A metal having the color and lustre of silver.

MASSETER (Gr. to chew). A muscle which assists in chewing.

MASTOID (Gr. a breast). Shaped like the breast or nipple; as applied to a _process_, and a _foramen_ of the temporal bone.

MEATUS (L. _meo_, to pass, to flow). Literally, a passage.

MEDULLA. Marrow; a kind of fixed oil, occupying the cavities of bones.

MEDULLA OBLONGATA. The upper enlarged portion of the spinal cord.

MEDULLA SPINALIS. The spinal marrow or cord.

MEDULLARY. The designation of the _white_ substance of the brain.

MESENTERY (Gr. between the bowels). The membrane which connects the small intestines and the posterior wall of the abdomen.

META-CARPUS (Gr. after, the wrist). That part of the hand which is situated between the carpus and the fingers.

META-TARSUS. That part of the foot which is situated between the tarsus and the toes.

MIDRIFF. _Diaphragm._ The muscle which divides the body into the thorax and the abdomen.

MITRAL VALVES (L. _mitra_, a mitre). The name of two valves which guard the left ventricle of the heart.

MOLAR (L. _mola_, a mill-stone). The double or grinding teeth. Those with two fangs are called bicuspid, or false molars.

MOTOR (L. _moveo_, to move). A mover; a part whose function is _motion_.

MUCUS. The liquid secreted by the mucous surfaces, as of the nostrils, intended as a protection to the parts exposed to external influences.

N

NARCOTICS (Gr. stupor). Medicines which induce sleep or stupor, as opiates.

NASUS. The nose, or organ of smell; whence _nasal_, belonging to the nose.

NERVES (L. _nervus_, a string). White cords arising from the brain or the spinal marrow, and distributed to every part of the system.

NEURON (Gr.) A nerve; a cord arising from the brain or spinal marrow. Whence _Neurilemma_, the sheath of a nerve; and _Neurology_, the doctrine of the nerves.

NITROGEN. _Azote._ An elementary principle, constituting four-fifths of the volume of atmospheric air.

NUTRITION (L. _nutrio_, to nourish). The process of nourishing the frame.

O

OBTURATOR (L. _obturo_, to stop up). The name of two muscles of the thigh, and of a nerve.

OCCIPUT (L. _ob caput_). The back part of the head; the part _opposite_ to the front or _sinciput_.

ŒSOPHAGUS (Gr. to carry, to eat). A canal leading from the mouth to the stomach.

OLEAGINOUS (L. _oleum_, oil). That which contains or resembles oil.

OLFACTORY (L. _olfacio_, to smell). Belonging to the smell; the name of the first pair of cerebral nerves, &c.

OMENTUM. The caul; a fold or reflexion of the peritoneum.

OMO (Gr. the shoulder). Words compounded with this term belong to muscles attached to the scapula.

OPTIC. Belonging to the sight.

ORBIT (L. _orbita_, an orbit, a track). The cavity under the forehead, in which the eye is fixed.

ORGAN. A part which has a determinate office in the animal economy.

ORGANIZATION. A term applied to a system, composed of several individual parts, each of which has its proper function, but all conduce to the existence of the entire system.

ORIGIN (L. _origo_). The commencement of a muscle from any part. Its attachment to the part it moves is called its _insertion_.