Part 6

Hellenic: a dialect of ANCIENT GREEK, spoken in Laconia, Argolis, Corinth, Crete, Rhodes, and several cities of Asia Minor, known to us both through books and inscriptions. It is of a broader character than common Greek. See Portus: “Dict. Doricum,” &c., 1603. G. R.

DORPAT.

Sub-dialect of ESTHONIAN, vernacular at Dorpat in Esthonia, a Russian province on the Baltic. It belongs to the Turanian family of languages, and closely resembles FINNISH. Masing: “Vorschläge,” 8vo, Dorpat, 1820; Faehlmann, “Versuch,” Dorpat, 1842.

DORSETSHIRE.

A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. See Barnes: “Poems in Dorset Dialect,” 3 vols., 1847-62; also Grammar and Glossary in “Trans. of Phil. Society,” 1863. W. W. S.

DRAVIDIAN, DRAVIRIAN, _or_ TAMULIC.

A family of languages, agglutinative in character, vernacular in the S. Peninsula of British India, and classed as Sub-Turanian. It includes CANARESE, MALAYALIM, TAMIL, TELUGU, and TULU. The term is derived from “Dravira,” a Sanskrit name for the Coromandel Coast. It is also called NISHADA. See Caldwell: “Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages,” 8vo, 1861. ☞

DREWIN.

African: a dialect of GREBO, allied to BASSA, spoken at Cape Palmas, Ivory-Coast, Guinea, W. Africa.

DSUKU.

African: allied to NUFI.

DUALLA.

African: spoken at Fernando Po, W. Coast; classed by Bleek as BANTU. It is also spelled DEWALLA.

DUAURA, _see_ BALADEA.

DUGORIAN.

A sub-dialect of OSSETINIAN.

DUMAGAT.

A dialect of NEGRITO; vernacular in the Philippine Islands.

DUMAN.

A GIPSEY dialect of Persia. See Latham’s “Elements,” &c., London, 1862, p. 248.

DUMANTSHI.

African: dialect of HAMARUA. A form of DAMANTSHI. _See_ DOMANTSHI.

DURBET, _see_ DORBOT.

DURHAM.

A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. See Glossary in “Surtees’ Society Publications,” 1837. _See_ TEESDALE.

DUTCH.

The modern typical language of LOW-GERMAN, called NIEDER- or PLATT-DEUTSCH; it is the name formerly given to High-Dutch or German and Low-Dutch or Flemish, but now narrowed to the NETHERLANDISH of Holland. It includes the dialects of Holland or LOW-DUTCH, and of Flanders, or FLEMISH, with their sub-dialects, and is allied to PLATT-DEUTSCH, being one of the great classes of the TEUTONIC. The Dutch of Holland has a copious literature, and is spoken in Holland, parts of the West Indies, South Africa, and Australasia or Netherland-India. Provincial dialects are numerous. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 93-98; De Vries and Te Winkel “Woordenboek,” 1864-70, still unfinished; Hermansz’s “Aenleiding,” Amsterdam, 1723; Tuinman’s “Fakkel,” Leyden, 1722-31. H. C.

DWAMA.

African: dialect of the MANA.

DYAK, _see_ DAJAK.

DZEKIRE.

African: dialect of the YORUBA.

DZELANA.

African: classed as KOURI, but allied to MOSE, GURESA, and GURMA. H. C.

DZHELLABA.

African: dialect of BORNU.

DZUKAGHIR, _or_ JUGAGHIR.

Ugrian: a sub-dialect of FIN.

ADDENDA.

DACO-ROMAN, _see_ WALLACHIAN.

DAKOTA, _see_ DACOTAH.

DANGER IS.

POLYNESIAN: language of the S. Pacific; a mixed dialect of SAMOAN and TAHITIAN. W. G.

DATE.

African: a dialect of AKWAPIM. H. C.

DAURIA.

Alatyan: a class of TUNGUS. H. C.

DAYAK.

Correct form: the word is not “DYAK,” and “DAJAK” is only a foreigner’s form of “DAYAK.” H. C.

DEMBO.

African: a branch of SHILLUK. H. C.

DERBENDIAN.

Sub-dialect of TURKISH, spoken by certain tribes near the centre of the Caucasus. G. R.

DEVANAGARI, DEWANAGARI, _see under_ DI.

DHANGAR.

HINDI: applied generally to the people of hill tracts, who come to the plains and engage as labourers; they are also shepherds, and closely allied to the Kurubars of S. India. They have a dialect peculiar to themselves. See Wilson’s “Glossary,” London, 1855. W. E.

DHER.

The lowest race in India, now generally reduced to a state of slavery, but retaining many household words, indicative of their origin, and well worth attention. W. E. _See_ PARIAH.

DHURANI.

A dialect of AFFGHAN.

DJAGATAIC, _see under_ J.

DJETKI.

SANSKRITIC: a dialect of PUNJABI, spoken by the Djets or Djats, a people of the Punjab and Scinde. G. R.

DJOE-TONGO, _see_ SARAMACCA.

DOFAR, _see_ HIMYARITIC.

DOM, DOMBAR.

Remnants of an aboriginal race in India, once a powerful people, now scattered as nomades, sometimes as predial slaves, or as acrobats, speaking all dialects, but having a domestic jargon peculiar to themselves. See “Supplementary Glossary, N. W. P.” W. E.

DOMINGO, ST., _see_ W. INDIES.

DONKI, _see_ TUNGUS.

DOUBLE-DUTCH.

Gibberish: anything perfectly unintelligible.

DSEBU, DSEKIRI, DSUMA.

African: AKU dialects. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.

DSUNGAR, DZUNGARIAN.

Moghol: sub-dialect of TATAR.

DUKHANI, _see_ DAKHANI.

DUMHOETA.

A dialect of DANAKIL.

DUZEN.

GERMAN term: familiar speech.

DYNKE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the U. Nile.

DYUR _or_ LUOH.

African: name for the SHILLUK, including BELLANDA and DEMBO. See Schweinfurth’s Grammar and Vocaby., Berlin, 1873. H. C.

DZUNGARIAN, _see_ DSUNGAR.

E.

EAFEN.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Otam.

EAP, _see_ YAP.

EAST-ANGLIAN.

A name given to the dialect which prevails in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and parts of Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. See Forby’s “Glossary of the East-Anglian Dialect”; Moor’s “Suffolk Words”; and the glossary appended to Nall’s “Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft.” W. W. S.

EASTER IS., _see_ TEAPY.

EBE.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Nufi.

EBO, _see_ IBO.

ECCLEMACHS.

AMERICAN: a dialect of Upper California, known only from a few words. See “Mithridates,” iii., 3.

ECUADOR.

AMERICAN: general name for a group of languages vernacular in State so called.

EDO, _see_ SHIHO.

EFIK.

AFRICAN: language of the Old Calabar R., and allied to AVEKVOM. H. C.

EGARRA.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Yoruba.

EGBA.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Yoruba. See Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.

EGBELE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Ibo, allied to OKULOMA, UAGO, SOBO, BINI, and OLOMO. H. C.

EGBIRA-HIMA _and_ EGBIRA-PANDA.

AFRICAN: dialects of the Nufi.

EGYPTIAN.

A name for the old language of Egypt, as read in hieroglyphics, in Hieratic and Demotic inscriptions, and papyri. Works by Champollion, Young, Sharpe, Lepsius, Brugsch, Lieblein, and Bunsen. (Vol. v. of “England’s Place in Universal History” contains a most copious dictionary by Dr. Birch.) Grammar by Tattam, London, 1863.

⁂ By some the language is regarded as monosyllabic; by others as undeveloped SEMITIC; by others it is called HAMITIC, and thought to be allied to TURANIAN. G. R. _See_ COPTIC.

EHNEK.

AMERICAN: vernacular in N. California.

EKAMTULUFU.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Otam.

EKE.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the AKU. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.

EKHKILI.

A name applied to the modern dialect of Himyaritic now spoken in S. Arabia; it is allied to TIGRE and other dialects of Abyssinia, and classed with the OLD EGYPTIAN. G. R.

ELE.

AMERICAN: a dialect of the Betoi.

ELEUTH.

A dialect of CALMUC, vernacular throughout W. Mongolia.

ELMINAH.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Fanti, vernacular on the Gold-coast.

ELOIKOB, _see_ UKUAFI.

ELU.

A name for the written and most ancient dialect of CINGALESE.

ELUGU.

African: akin to the ISOAMA and ISWANI. See Clarke’s “Vocabulary.”

EMDEN.

A sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Krüger: “Uebersicht,” Emden, 1843.

EMERILLON.

AMERICAN: name of a tribe, nation, or confederacy of French Guiana, said to have been subdued or nearly extinguished by the Oyapok. _See_ OYAPOK.

EMILIAN.

A _patois_ of native ITALIAN, vernacular along the upper course of the ancient Via Æmilia.

ENAREAN.

PORTUGUESE name for a country, comparatively unknown, in the extreme S. of Abyssinia. We have no vocabularies, and it is submitted that it is, word for word, the Inyooro of Speke; if so, the word for “water,” which is “maidy,” is Kaffir; and the Enarean is a language of the KAFFIR class, of which it is the most central representative. R. G. L.

ENCHORIAL (“Of the Country”).

The same thing as DEMOTIC.

ENDE.

A dialect of Flores or Mangreya, an island of the Indian Archipelago, closely allied to BIMA. _See_ FLORES.

ENDKEK _or_ ENEDKEK.

A dialect of SANSKRIT, spoken by Mongolian Buddhists.

ENGADINO _or_ ENGHADINE.

A variety of the Romanese or Romance family, derived from LATIN; it is a dialect of the Grisons or Graubünden of Switzerland, vernacular on the head waters and upper course of the R. Inn; it is sub-divided into two dialects, the upper and lower.

ENGANO _or_ ENGANHO.

A dialect of the E. Indies. It is a well-marked and archaic dialect of Sumatra, spoken in an island so named. R. G. L. _See_ TILANJANG.

ENGEREKMUNG.

American: native name for the BOTOCUDOS of Brazil. See Trübner’s “Bibliotheca Glottica,” pp. 67-8.

ENGLAND, NEW, _under_ N.

ENGLISH.

The vernacular language of the British Empire, peculiar to England; it is an offshoot from the TEUTONIC, formed directly from the ANGLO-SAXON, with an admixture of Norman-French, and closely allied to FRISIAN and other dialects of PLATT or LOW-GERMAN. Mr. Skeat proposes to distinguish six periods or sub-divisions, viz.: 1, Old English (old and late old); 2, Middle English (early-middle and middle); 3., Modern English (Tudor and Modern); or, 1, to A.D. 1100; 2, to about A.D. 1240; 3, to A.D. 1327; 4, to A.D. 1484; 5, to A.D. 1603; 6, to present time. See Latham: “English Language,” and others; Stratmann’s and Wedgwood’s Dictionaries; Halliwell and Wright: “Archaic and Provincial”; Ellis: “Pronunciation”; publications of the E. E. Text Society; Morris: “Outlines of English Accidence”; Mätzner: “Englische Grammatik,” Berlin, 1860; Koch’s “Historische Grammatik,” Weimar, 1863-9. ☞

ENISHI.

African: akin to the UMOWO. See Clarke’s “Vocabularies.”

EREGBA.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Nufi.

ERROMANGO.

A class of WESTERN POLYNESIAN, allied to ANNATOM or ANEITEUM, the most easterly of the N. Hebrides group. W. G.

ERROOB.

A dialect of Miriam, vernacular in the Darnley Is. See Jukes: “Voyage of the Fly,” vol. ii., p. 274.

ERSE, _see_ IRISH.

ESCUARA _or_ EUSKARIAN.

Native name for the BASQUE language. The word is of doubtful etymology; the term Basque is a variant of Vascony or Gascony, the B, V, and G being interchangeable. The language is clearly agglutinative, but no close affinity has been established, although many analogies have been detected. The people call themselves “Escualdun.” See De Larramendi: “Diccionario trilingüe del Castellano, Bascuence y Latin,” St. Sebastian, 1853; vocabulary by Humboldt (additions to “Mithridates”), 8vo, Berlin, 1817; D’Abbadie and Chato, Paris, 1836. J. V. _See_ BASQUE.

ESITAKO.

African: a dialect of NUFI.

ESKELEN _or_ ESLENES.

AMERICAN: vernacular in U. California. See Vocaby. in “Tr. Am. Ethnol. Soc.,” vol. ii., p. 127.

ESQUIMAUX _or_ ESKIMO.

The language of a people so called, dispersed along the polar regions of N. America from the Atlantic to the Pacific; it is allied to many other native AMERICAN dialects, but with decided affinities to the languages of N.E. America. This people call themselves “Innuit,” _i.e._, “the people”; ESKIMO is the Danish, ESQUIMAUX the French form of the same word. See Kleinschmidt: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1851; Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 78. ☞

ESSEX.

A sub-dialect of ENGLISH. See “John Noakes and Mary Styles,” London, 1839.

ESTHONIAN.

The language of Esthonia, a Baltic province of Russia in Europe; it is sub-divided into two dialects, spoken in the districts of Revel and Riga (DORPAT). It belongs to the TURANIAN family of languages, and closely resembles FINNISH. See Wiedemann: “Esthnisch-D. Wörterbuch,” St. Petersburg, 1869.

ESTRANGELO.

The name of the most ancient alphabet of the Syrians. It is a modification of the ordinary Hebrew square characters, but adapted to the reed, which the Syrians used instead of pens. Its name signifies “the gospel character,” it having been retained by the scribes for the copying of the scriptures and ritual books long after it had given way to more cursive styles of writing in ordinary works. See Dr. Land’s “Anecdota Syriaca,” vol. i., which contains twenty-five pages of specimens of the most famous MSS. in the British Museum, together with a palæographical introduction. R. P. S.

ETCHEMIN.

American: a dialect of New England, belonging to the ABENAKI division of the ALGONKIN class. The name tells us that it was spoken in the State of Maine.

⁂ See Barratt: “The Indian, &c.,” Middletown, Conn., 1851; Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 109.

ETHIOPIC.

Semitic: An extinct dialect of ARABIC, closely resembling AMHARIC, and written in large uncial characters resembling Himyaritic; it was spoken in Abyssinia, anciently called Ethiopia, and is known to the natives as “Lisana Gheëz.” See Ludolph; Schrader: “De Lingua Æthiopica,” Göttingen, 1860; Dillman: “Lexicon, Grammar, and Chrestomathy,” Leipsig, 1857-66.

ETHNOLOGY.

The study of mankind in tribes, races, and nations; treating of all that relates to their physical characteristics, their language, manners, customs, religion, &c. Somewhat different from the word ANTHROPOLOGY. See Latham: “Descriptive Ethnology,” and others; Prichard: “Physical History of Mankind,” and others.

ETRURIAN _or_ ETRUSCAN.

An early dialect of Italy, known only from inscriptions; it is classed by some as THRACO-PELASGIC or GRECO-LATIN. The Etruscans were the most dominant power of Italy in pre-Roman times; their native appellation was Ras or Rasena, but the Latins called them Tusci, the Greeks called them Tyrrhenians. The Abbé Migne has discussed the whole question. See “Dict. de Linguistique,” &c., folios 554-600, where the authorities are cited and references given. Works by Mrs. Gray, Lord Crawfurd, Döderlein, Müller, Betham, Zeuss, Mommsen, and Steub. _See_ PALÆO-GEORGIAN.

ETYMOLOGY.

The science that treats of the structure, origin, form, and meaning of words.

EUDEVE, _see_ HEVE.

EUROPEAN, _see_ INDO-EUROPEAN.

EUSKARIAN, _see_ ESCUARA.

EWOI.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Slave-coast.

EXMOOR.

A provincial dialect of ENGLISH, spoken in Devonshire. See “Exmoor Courtship and Scolding,” London, 1839.

EYO _or_ EYISH.

African: the same as ALIEH, a sub-dialect of the YARRIBA or YORUBA.

ADDENDA.

EDIYA, _see_ ADIYAH.

EDJO.

AFRICAN: tribes encroaching on Abyssinia. H. C.

EELIKINOO.

American: SITKA dialect of Chatham’s Strait.

EHATSAR.

American: name for MINETARE.

EIJIQUAIJEGI.

American: native name for GUAYKURU of Cujaba.

EJO.

African: same as ORU.

EK-AFIR.

African: a form of the word KAFFIR.

EKKLEMACHE.

American: tribe of ESKELEN in California.

ELLIKPUR.

Indian: dialect of GOND.

EMPUNGWA, _see_ MPONGWE.

ENAGUA.

American: extinct tribe of OMAGUA in Venezuela.

ENAKAGA.

American: dialect of GUAYKURU.

ENCOUNTER BAY.

AUSTRALIAN. See Eyre’s “Journal,” London, 1845.

ENDEAVOUR RIVER.

AUSTRALIAN. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

ENGLISH, OLD.

A name for ANGLO-SAXON, sometimes applied to early English. See Mätzner’s “Altenglische Sprachproben”; Rask’s Grammar, by Thorpe, London, 1865; Hyde Clarke’s “Comparative Philology of the English,” &c., London, 1859.

ENIMAGA.

American: name for the Kochaboth tribe of GUAYKURU.

ENUA, _under_ F.

EPIC GREEK.

That is, poetic forms of expression, as opposed to comic or tragic. See Pinzger’s “Formenlehre des Epischen,” Breslau, 1829.

EPIGRAPHIC, _see_ INSCRIPTIONS.

ERIGAS.

American: quoted in Jülg’s “Vater” as IROKESE.

ESCOPIE, _see_ SKOFFI.

EURASIAN.

The name given in India to the Half-castes, or mixed progeny of Europeans and Asiatics. The Portuguese Half-castes speak Portuguese and Hindustani: the English ones English and Hindustani and Bengali. A. C.

F.

FAKAOFO _or_ BOWDITCH IS.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of De Peyster’s Is.

FALA, FALANTSHI, _or_ FALANJI.

AFRICAN: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

⁂ Judging from Barth’s account, the termination “anji” would seem to mean “tongue”; he gives us instances of similar forms so applied. W. S. W. V. _See_ BATTA.

FALASHA.

A dialect of AGAW, spoken by a people, called “Black Jews,” scattered throughout Abyssinia. See D’Abbadie, in “Bulletin de la Soc. de Géog.,” Paris, 1845, and a modern book by Flad.

⁂ Derived from the Hebrew “fallâsi” (root פלש) a “wanderer” or “stranger.” A. H. B.

FALL-INDIANS.

AMERICAN: a name for tribes of the Alasar. _See_ MINETARI.

FALLERSLEBEN.

A sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Hoffmann’s “Mundartliche,” in Spiel’s “Archives,” 1821.

FAMILIES OF SPEECH.

A name for primary divisions of languages, classed genealogically. See Dr. Farrar’s book, so called, London, 1870.

FAN.

Dialect of SANSKRIT, used by Chinese Buddhists.

⁂ The full term is “Fan-lan-mo,” equivalent for “Brahma” in Chinese. See “Families of Speech,” p. 14.

FANINTSHI.

AFRICAN: assigned by Barth to Hamarua. _See_ BATTA.

FANT _or_ FANTE (1).

A name for the GIPSEY dialect of Norway.

FANTEE _or_ FANTI (2).

African: dialect of the Gold-coast, closely resembling AVEKVOM, ASHANTEE, &c. See Kilham’s “Specimens.” Same as the INTA of Bowditch.

FAROER _or_ FAROESE.

TEUTONIC: a sub-dialect of SCANDINAVIAN, spoken in the Faroe Is., and closely resembling ICELANDIC. _See_ FERROE.

FARSI _or_ PARSI.

A name for OLD PERSIC, now extinct, but from which modern PERSIAN has been derived.

⁂ It is that stage of the Persian language which followed on the Pehlevi, and prevailed from about A.D. 500 to A.D. 1000. G. R.

FASCHETRU.

AFRICAN: a negro dialect of Nubia. See Rifaud: “Tableau de l’Egypte,” Paris, 1830.

FASSA.

Sub-dialect of ITALIAN, spoken in the Tyrol.

FATÉ.

POLYNESIAN: a dialect of the New Hebrides.

FAVORLANG.

A dialect of MALAY, spoken in Formosa. See Happart: “Dict.,” Batavia, 1840.

FAZOGLO.

African: spoken in Kordofan; also called QAMAMYL, and somewhat allied to DENKA and SHILLUK. See Rüppell: “Reisen,” &c.

FEEJEEAN _or_ FIJI.

Language of the Yiti, Figi, Fidjee, or Viji Is. in the S. Pacific; the largest island is called Viti Lebu. See Hazlewood: “Grammar and Dict.,” 1850-2.

⁂ Classed as MALAYAN; it has sub-dialects, and has been reduced to writing by missionaries. H. C.

FEIS.

Dialect of the Carolines.

_See_ ULEA.

FELLA, FELLATAH, _see_ FULA.

FELUP _or_ FLUP.

AFRICAN: spoken on the R. Gambia. See Park’s “Travels.” Allied to BAGNON, &c.

FENUA.

A dialect of PAPUAN. In eastern islands, ENNUA. W. G.

FERNANDIAN.

African: dialects of Fernando Po, classed by Bleek in the N.W. branch of BANTU.

_See_ ADIYAH.

FERRARA.

Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocabulary by Mannini, 1805.

FERTIT (GOLO).

African: spoken in Kordofan, about 9° or 10° N.L.; it is somewhat allied to SHABUN. See Rüppell: “Reisen in Nubien.” _See_ KREDY.

FETU.

African: said to be a dialect of FANTI or INTA. H. C. _See_ AFUDU.

FIAKA.

Sub-dialect of AINO or KURILIAN.

FICO, _see_ CALIFORNIA, LOWER.

FIDAH, _see_ WIDAH.

FIJI, _see_ FEEJEEAN.

FILANI.

African: Haussa name for FULA.

FINNIC, FINNISH, _or_ FINLANDISH.

Agglutinative; the typical language of the CHUDIC, or TSCHOUDIC family of TURANIAN; it is the native dialect of Finland, a grand duchy of European Russia, N. of the Baltic; it is, like TURKISH, TATAR, and MOGHOL, classed as ALATYAN, but largely influenced by SWEDISH and RUSSIAN. See Kellgren: “Die Grundzüge der Finnischen Sprache,” Berlin, 1847.

⁂ Dialects are (1) Province of ABO, (2) TAVASTRIAN, (3) KARELIAN, (4) OLONETSIAN, (5) VADIALAISET. _See_ SUOMELAISET.

FIROKANA.

The name of an alphabetic character used by the Japanese.

FLASH.

A name for CANT or SLANG, derived, it is said, from a village so named in Staffordshire, but see the Swiss “flatschen,” “flatzgen.” Vocabularies in “The Scoundrel’s Dictionary” and “Life of James Hardy Vaux.”

FLAT-BOW.

A name for the Kútani tribes of N. American Indians. See Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 97.

FLAT-HEAD, _see_ SELISH.

FLEMISH.

A dialect of PLATT-DEUTSCH or LOW-GERMAN, spoken in Flanders and other provinces of Belgium; it is closely allied to DUTCH, and of cognate origin with ANGLO-SAXON. See Van de Velde et Sleeckx: “Dict. Fr.-Flamand et Fl.-Fr.,” 2 vols., Bruxelles, 1848-51.

⁂ Classed as NETHERLANDISH, and closely allied to HOLLAND. Its chief variations consist in the introduction of French roots (Walloon or Welsh). It has an ancient and a modern literature. H. C.

FLORES.

Sub-dialects of MALAY, vernacular in the I. of Flores or Mangeylo, and closely allied to BIMA. It is also called ENDE.

FLUP, _see_ FELUP.

FOBI.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Soudan, lying N. of the Dagwamba.

FOKIEN.

A provincial dialect of CHINESE.

FONOFO.

A sub-dialect of PAPUAN.

FOO-CHOW.

A local dialect of CHINESE. Dict. by Maclay and Baldwin.

FORMOSAN.

Dialect of MALAY, vernacular in Tae-wan or Taiouan, called Formosa, an island near the E. coast of China.

FOT.

AFRICAN: dialect of the W. See Kilham’s “Specimens.”

FOTUNA.

POLYNESIAN: mixed dialect vernacular in the New Hebrides. W. G.

FOX-INDIANS.

AMERICAN: name for the Kikkapu Indians.

FOX IS., _see_ UNALASKHAN.

FRANCHE-COMTE.

A _patois_ of FRENCH. “Essai” par de Brun et Petit-Benoist, Besançon, 1755.

FRANCONIAN.

Teutonic: a sub-dialect of OLD HIGH-GERMAN.

FRANGI.

Lesgian: sub-dialect of KASI-KAMUK.

⁂ A Caucasian dialect along the R. Terek. W. S. W. V.

FRANK _or_ FRANKISCH.

Teutonic: a dialect of GERMANIC, classed as MIDDLE-HIGH-GERMAN, spoken by tribes of Franks who were the founders of the French Monarchy. _See_ FRENCH.

FRENCH.

A language derived directly from the Latin, as adopted by the Romanised Celts of ancient Gaul, and subsequently intermingled with the Teutonic dialects of Frankish and other Allemanic invaders, whence the name. It is the vernacular tongue of the modern European state known as France, and one of the most polished languages of the Universe. Migne: “Dict. de Linguistique,” folios 1018-21, quotes eighty-seven specimens from sub-dialects, called _patois_. “Dict. de l’Académie,” 2 vols., Paris; Fleming and Tibbins: “Royal Dict.,” 2 vols., Paris, 1866-7; Littré: “Histoire, Etudes, Dictionnaire,” &c. ☞

FRENCH, OLD.

A sub-dialect of LANGUE D’OÏL, formerly vernacular in the I. de France. See Orelli: “Altfranzösische Grammatik,” &c., Zürich, 1848. ☞

FRIBOURG.

A _patois_ or sub-dialect of the French Rhenish provinces. Gaudy-Lefort: “Notice,” &c., in “Jnl. de Genève,” 1826.

FRIENDLY VILL.

American: dialect of BILLECHOOLA, Salmon R.

FRISCO BAY.

African: a KRU and GREBO dialect of the W.

FRISIAN (FRIESISCH).

TEUTONIC: the ancient dialect of Friesland, on the German Ocean, now partly submerged, or annexed by Holland and Prussia; it belongs to the LOW-GERMAN branch, and is closely allied to ANGLO-SAXON. It still survives as one of the local dialects of the Netherlands.

⁂ It is divided into three branches, viz.: 1, BATAVIAN-FRISIC, the most resembling Anglo-Saxon; 2, WESTPHALIAN-FRISIC; 3, N. FRISIC, the dialects of Heligoland, Schleswig, &c. See Richthofen: “Alt-F. Wörterbuch,” Göttingen, 1840: Rask: “Friesische Sprachlehre,” Freiburg, 1834. ☞

FUCA STRAIT.

AMERICAN: dialect of the N.W. coast. See “Archæol. Am.,” vol. ii., p. 378.

⁂ Straits of S. Juan de Fuca, probably OREGONES. W. S. W. V.

FUEGIAN.

Language of Tierra del Fuego, S. America.

⁂ Classed as PYGMEAN; it has two dialects, the ALIKULIP and TEKEENICA. H. C. _See_ PESCHERAI.

FULA, FULAH, or FULFELDE.

African: the chief language on the W.; it is allied to MANDINGO. See Macbrair and Norris: “Grammar,” London, 1854; Clarke’s “Dialects,” p. 6.

⁂ This word is also glossed as “FELLA”; it is probably a variant of the Greek word “πελλός,” “dark,” “swarthy,” “black.” _See_ PEUL.

FUNGI.

African: name for the SHILLUK.

FURIAN.

African: dialect of DAR-FOOR or DAR-FUR. See Rüppell’s “Reisen.”

⁂ Allied to the AKUSH of the Caucasus. H. C.

FUTHORC.

Name for the RUNIC alphabets, taken from the first six letters, viz.: “Fe,” “Ur,” “Thurs,” “Os,” “Reid,” “Kaun.”

ADDENDA.

FELIPE, SAN, _see_ PUEBLO.

FELLAHIN.

ARABIC: plural of “fallah,” “a farmer,” or properly “a ploughman”; from the root “falh,” “ploughing or cleaving.” A. H. B.

FENIC, _see_ IRISH.

FERINGEE, FERHENGI.