Part 11

Head of the Italic branch of the ARYAN family of languages, and closely allied to OSCAN, SAMNITE, and UMBRIAN; originally the vernacular speech or idiom of old Italic, spoken in Latium, a small state S. of the basin of the R. Tiber. It originated the six so-called ROMANCE languages, viz.: (1) Italian, (2) Spanish, (3) Portuguese, (4) Wallachian, (5) Romansch, of the canton Grisons, and (6) French, the latter being further sub-divided into two _principal_ divisions, viz., Northern-French and Provençal. The Northern-French was called by Roquefort “La Langue Romaine”; the Provençal was called by Raynouard “La Langue Roman,”—both titles are misnomers. W. W. S.

LAUSITZ.

Sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See Vocaby., Anton: “Oberlausitz üblichen,” Görlitz, 1825-39. _See_ LUSATIAN.

LAW, _see_ LAOS.

LAYAMON.

AMERICAN: dialect of Lower California. See “Nachrichten,” by Von Murr, Halle, 1809.

LAZIC.

Lesghian: GEORGIAN dialect of Lazistan, in Asia Minor; same as LASEN.

⁂ It is unwritten, and differs much from Georgian and Swan. H. C.

LEBU, _see_ FEEJEEAN, &c.

LEGBA.

African: dialect of KOURI, closely allied to TEMBU, KAURE, and KEAMBA. H. C.

LEGHI.

Old name for LESGHIAN.

LEKAMTSHI.

African: assigned by Barth to the HAMARUA.

LEKHI.

Name for the LESGHIAN of Daghestan.

LEKI.

A dialect of KURDISH.

LEMBA.

MALAYAN: dialect of Sumatra.

LEMOZI.

That is, LIMOUSIN, one of the sub-dialects of PROVENÇAL.

LENCA.

AMERICAN: vernacular in Honduras; dialects are GUAJIQUERO, INTIBUCA, OPATORO, SIMILATON. See Squier: “Notes on Central America,” Spanish ed.; “Apuntamientos,” &c., by Alvarado, Paris, 1856.

⁂ These languages are allied to the KOURI dialects of Africa. H. C.

LENGUAS, _see_ JUIADGE.

LENNI-LENNAPE.

AMERICAN: original Indians of Delaware State, since in Delaware county, Indiana. Tribes were (1) Minsi, “the wolves,” (2) Unalachtgo, “the turkeys,” (3) Unami, “the turtles.” Grammar by Duponceau, Philadelphia, 1827. _See_ DELAWARE.

LEONARDE.

Keltic: a sub-dialect of BAS-BRETON, spoken in the former diocese of St. Paul de Léon.

LEPCHA _or_ LEPSHA.

INDO-CHINESE: dialect of the Lepchas, a tribe of Sikim, in Trans-Himalaya. See “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” vol. ix., and Hunter’s Comp. Dicty., London, 1868. A. C.

⁂ It has a written character of its own, and is closely allied to NOWGONG and ABOR. H. C.

LESBIAN.

Provincial dialect of ancient GREEK, spoken in the I. of Lesbos (Mytilene). It belonged to the form of Greek known as ÆOLIC. G. R.

LESGHIAN.

CAUCASIAN: native speech of Lesghistan, a province of Georgia, the ancient Albania.

⁂ Used as a class-name for several languages, including (1) AVAR, ANDI, DIDO, &c.; (2) KASI-KUMUK, AKHWASH, &c.; (3) KYRA, &c. The UDE also has sometimes been placed in this group. H. C.

LETT, LETTIC, _or_ LITHUANIC.

Class name for a division of the WENDIC or SLAVONIC branch of the ARYAN family of languages, represented by (1) the OLD-PRUSSIAN, extinct; (2) LITHUANIAN, the Lettish of Lithuania; (3) LIVONIAN, the Lettish of Livonia.

⁂ Dr. Latham considers that the LETT or LITHUANIAN should form a class by itself, but Prof. Max Müller combines them with the SLAVONIC as a branch of WENDIC.

LETTERS.

The constituent parts of an alphabet, distinguished by form, name, and sound. The primitive forms of early letters have been traced by some to picture writing, and the objects so represented are said to have originated the early names: thus, the ox—“aleph,” used as a symbol, has become letter A; “beth”—a house, has become B; “ghimel”—a camel, has become G, or C, and so on. _See_ PHONOLOGY.

LETTI.

Malayan: a dialect of the Serwatty Is., allied to TIMORESE.

LETTISH.

The special language of Livonia and Kurland; it is, like the Lithuanic, a form of, or allied to the SLAVONIC language. Bielenstein: “Grammatik,” Mitau, 1863. _See_ LIEF.

LHOPA.

Native name for the people of Bhotan or Bútan. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” _See_ BHOT.

LIANG.

Malayan: dialect of AMBOYNESE. Wallace: “Malay Arch.”

LIBYAN.

Languages often called by the vague term BERBER. These languages must now be reckoned as at least five in number: the SHOWIAH, or Algerine Berber; the SHILHA, or Morocco Berber; the TAMASHIGHT, or Berber south of Mount Atlas. The last is the purest and most widely extended. Besides these there are two others of very limited extent, that of the town of Ghadames and that of the Benî Menasser. These languages were formerly all one, as Augustine says: “In Africâ barbaras gentes in unâ linguâ plurimas novimus.” Hanoteau has made the very interesting remark that to translate from the Tamashight into Arabic, and reciprocally, though the vocabulary is widely different, is peculiarly easy, yet this proves common cultivation rather than a common origin. In a preface to the 4th appendix to Barth’s fifth volume of “Travels in Africa,” a summary is given by Professor F. W. Newman of the grammatical relations of the three chief languages to one another, but it was written without the advantage of Hanoteau’s Tamashight Grammar. We can now judge pretty accurately how they are all related to Hebrew. F. W. N. _See_ HEBRÆO-AFRICAN.

⁂ Many inscriptions in the ancient written languages remain, some bilingual, Phœnician, and Lybian. H. C.

LIEF.

Ugrian: dialect of FIN, spoken in Kurland.

⁂ This name is the root word of Livonia or Lief-land, a Russian government on the Baltic, but the native name for the original population is “Rahwa,” and these forms of speech are separated. The Liefs of Kurland call themselves “Sea-shore men”; the true Kurlanders speak Lithuanic. _See_ CURISH.

LIEFLANDIC.

A dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Hüpel: “Livländisches Idiot.,” Riga, 1795.

LIEGEOISE.

French: WALLON dialect of Liége in Belgium, full of KELTIC words. Grammar by Michiels, Liége, 1863.

LIFU.

NEGRITO: dialect of the Loyalty Is., S. Pacific. _See_ UEA.

LIGURIAN.

Ancient dialect of the country round Genoa, classed by some as KELTIC, but really not sufficiently known to admit of exact classification. G. R.

⁂ The Ligurians appear to have accompanied the Iberians, and may represent the Kol. H. C.

LIKUPANG.

MALAYAN: dialect of Celebes.

LIMBA-KARAJIA, LIMBA-PYU.

Dialects of Australia.

LIMBA-ROMANESCA.

A name for WALLACHIAN.

LIMBOS _or_ LIMBU.

Tribe of NIPAL and SIKIM, Trans-Himalaya. Vocaby. in Hunter’s Comp. Dicty. A. C.

⁂ They are also called Ekthoomba, and have an alphabetic character. H. C.

LIMESTONE-CREEK.

Dialect of Australia. See King’s Survey, London, 1827.

LIMOSIN.

(1) Romance: dialect of SPANISH. _See_ CATALONIAN.

(2) Dialect of PROVENÇAL. “Dict. du patois du Bas-Limousin,” by Béronie and Vialle.

LINCOLN PORT, _see_ PARNKALLA.

LINGAYIT.

Siva-sectaries of India. It is a phallic or Priapean worship.

LINGOA-GERAL.

American: name for the corrupt GUARANI or TUPI, mingled with PORTUGUESE, current in Brazil. “Diccionario,” &c., Bahia, 1854.

LINGUA-RUSTICA.

Italic: (1) Provincial or rustic dialect of classical LINGUA-LATINA-VULGARIS. (2) Common dialect of mediæval Italy.

LINONIAN.

Wendic: a dialect of SLAVONIC, same as POLABIAN; formerly vernacular in Luneberg.

LIPAN.

American: spoken by tribes of Apache in Texas, classed as ATHABASCAN, and also called LAPANAS. See “Jnl. Ethnol. Soc.,” London, 1850.

LITHUANIAN.

(1) A language classed as WENDIC, and closely allied to LETTISH. It is the vernacular language of old Lithuania, as now spoken in the Russian governments of Kovno, Wilna Grodno, and in E. Prussia. Kurschat: “Lithauischen Wörterbuch,” Halle, 1870.

(2) Dialects are called Polish-Lithuanian or SAMOGETIC. See Grammar by Staniewicz, Wilna, 1829. Prussian-Lithuanian; Pott: “De Borusso-Lithuanicæ,” Halle, 1837. _See_ CRIVINGIAN.

LITHUANIC.

Class name for the LETTIC division of the WENDIC family of languages.

LIUDIN-KIELE.

Name for the CHUD, TSHUD or VESP. _See_ TAVASTRIAN.

LIVONIAN.

WENDIC: a name for the LETTIC of Livonia. Sjoegren: “Livische Grammatik,” St. Petersburg, 1861. _See_ LETTISH.

LOANGO.

African: dialect of Kongo, classed as KAFFIR.

LOBO.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in New Guinea, and closely allied to that of Triton Bay. H. C.

LOGONE.

African: dialect of KANURI, classed as BORNU, spoken S. of Lake Tshad.

LOGOS.

African: sub-dialect of TIMMANI.

LOGUDORE.

ITALIAN: dialect of Sardinia.

LOHAR.

INDIC: Mahratta name for the TAREMUKI.

LOHORONG.

Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the KIRANTI group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s Comp. Dicty.

LOK-TAI.

Tribe of Laos in Siam. _See_ PE-Y.

LOLOS.

Local dialect of CHINESE.

LOMBARDIAN.

Romance: provincial dialects of ITALIAN. _See_ LANGOBARDIC.

LOMBOK.

The island of Lombok or Salaparang, lying to the east of Bali, has a two-fold population; the original inhabitants of the island, called Sasaks, and forming the great majority, and the Balinese, who have conquered it but are greatly in the minority. The language of the Balinese is the same as in Bali; that of the Sasaks does not belong to the Java group, but seems to be nearly allied to that of the adjacent island Sumbawa. P. J. V.

LONDO.

African: a dialect of BANTU.

LONDON.

City dialect of ENGLISH, sometimes called COCKNEY. “Pegge’s Anecdotes,” by Grose, London, 1818.

LOOCHOOAN _or_ LUCHU.

JAPANESE: dialect of the Loo-choo Is., off the E. coast of China.

LOOSHAI.

Indian tribes inhabiting the hills of Cachar and Chittagong, Bengal. A. C.

LORD NORTH’S IS.

“Memoir” by Pickering, Cambridge, 1845.

LORETTO, _see_ LAYAMON.

LORI or LURI.

Dialect of KURDISH.

LORRAINE _or_ LOTHRINGIAN.

ROMANCE: _patois_ of France. “Essai” by Oberlin, Strasburg, 1775.

LOT.

Sub-dialect of PROVENÇAL: _patois_ of the French department of Lot and Garonne.

LOTHIAN.

Dialect of Scotland.

LOTHRINGIAN, _see_ LORRAINE.

LOUCHEUX, _see_ KUTSHIN.

LOUISIADE.

MALAYAN: dialects of the Coral Seas. Macgillivray’s “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” London, 1851.

LOURENZO-MARQUES.

AFRICAN: dialect of Delagoa Bay.

⁂ There are considerable diversities, showing the survival of other elements. H. C. _See_ TEKEZA.

LOW-GERMAN, _see_ DUTCH.

LOW-LATIN.

Name for the corrupted forms of LATIN that survived the general use of the classical language of ancient Rome, chiefly used in many countries of Europe for legal, medical, and ecclesiastical purposes, and largely augmented from other languages, thence called MONKISH and DOG-LATIN. See Ducange’s Glossary by Henschel.

LOW-SAXON.

Teutonic: branch of PLATT-DEUTSCH or LOW-GERMAN.

LOYALTY ISLANDS.

MELANESIAN: dialects are known as LIFU, MARE or NENGONE, and UEA, forming a small group E. of New Caledonia. _See_ WALLIS’S IS.

LOYES.

Dialect of ANNAMESE.

LUBALO.

African: dialect of Kaffir, allied to SONGO and KASANGE. H. C.

LUBU.

MALAYAN: dialect of Sumatra.

LUCERNE.

Sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN, spoken in Switzerland. See Glossary by Häffliger, Lucerne, 1815.

LUGHMAN.

Dialect of KOHISTANI, spoken in Kabul. Vocaby. in “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” 1838.

LUGUNOR.

POLYNESIAN: a dialect of the Carolines.

LUHUPPA.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Burmah, closely allied to KORENG. See “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” 1837.

LUIS, SAN, OBISPO; LUIS, SAN, REY.

American: Kechi Indians of California, classed as DIEGUNOS.

LUITIZIAN.

Slavonic: a dialect of POLABIAN, also called WILTZIAN, allied to LINONIAN.

LULE.

AMERICAN: dialect of the Chaco district, considered to resemble VILELA. Vocaby. by Machoni, Madrid, 1732.

⁂ Spoken on the R. Vermejo, on the drainage of R. de la Plata. The Isiftene, Tokistine, and Oristine are considered to be dialects of LULE, but no specimens are known. _See_ TONOCOTE.

LUMBARI.

Name for the Gohurs or Benjari of Rajputana and Gujerat.

LUMMI.

A dialect of N. America. Vocaby. by Gibbs, N. York, 1863.

LUNG-KHE.

A dialect of ARRAKAN.

LUOH, _see_ DYUR.

LUPAKA.

American: a dialect of the AYMARA.

LUSATIAN.

A sub-dialect of WENDISH, allied to LIVONIAN and POLABIAN. It is a name for the SERB, SORB, or SORABIAN dialect of SCLAVONIC, vernacular in the German province of Lausitz, belonging in part to Prussia and in part to Saxony, and sub-divided into Upper and Lower SORBIAN. _See_ WENDIC.

LUSITANIAN.

Classical name for the language spoken in the country now known as Portugal. G. R.

LUTHERAN.

Teutonic: a name for modern HIGH-GERMAN; it is the Saxon of Meissen or Misnia, an ancient province, now parted by Prussia and Saxony. This dialect represents the old standard of HIGH-GERMAN, as popularised by Martin Luther in his magnificent version of the Scriptures. _See_ SAXON.

LUTUAMI.

American: spoken at Lake Clamet, or Klamath, on the boundary of Oregon and California; also called CLAMETS and TLAMATL, and allied to PALAIK, SHASTI, and SAHAPTIN. See “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

⁂ Gallatin treats this as distinct; it has affinities with the AINO. H. C.

LYBIAN.

African: same as LIBYAN. _See_ THUGGA.

LYCAONIAN.

Ancient dialect of Lycaonia in Asia Minor. See “Disquisition,” by Jablonski, Berlin, 1714: frequently reprinted.

LYCIAN.

Extinct dialect of Asia Minor, known only by inscriptions. See Fellow’s “Lycia,” London, 1841; “Asiatic Researches,” vol. xii.

⁂ It is Aryan in character, and more like the ZEND than any other Aryan form of speech. G. R.

LYDIAN.

An extinct dialect of Asia Minor, known very imperfectly; classed by some as SEMITIC (Lassen, Bunsen, Bötticher), by others as INDO-EUROPEAN. G. R.

⁂ Dr. Hyde Clarke classes both Lycian and Lydian as PALÆO-GEORGIAN.

ADDENDA.

LACONDONA.

AMERICAN: a language of Verapaz. H. C.

LAKTHO.

Indo-Chinese: a dialect of ANNAMITIC.

LAMUREK.

MALAYAN: a dialect of Ulea, grouped with the Carolines.

LANDORO.

African: a language said to be MANDINGO. Vocaby. in “Polyglotta Africana.” H. C.

LEICESTERSHIRE.

A dialect of England. Glossary by Dr. Evans. W. W. S.

LEKHIAN.

SLAVONIC: a name for the old language of Poland. G. R.

LEUVUCHE.

AMERICAN: tribe of Puelche, on the boundary of Chili.

LINCOLNSHIRE.

A dialect of England. Glossary by Brogden. W. W. S.

LINGUA FRANCA.

Mixed dialect, said to be used in the Levant, but where I never met with it. H. C.

LINGUA DE SI.

A name for ITALIAN. (“Si” = “yes.”)

LOHITIC.

A class name for the languages spoken in the valley of the Lohita or Brahmaputra, east of the peninsula of Hindustan. See Bunsen: “Philosophy of History,” vol. iii., pp. 371-386. G. R.

LONSDALE.

A sub-dialect of Lancashire. See “Glossary of the Hundred of Lonsdale,” by R. B. Peacock (Phil. Soc.), London, 1869. W. W. S.

LOWER CALIFORNIA.

AMERICAN: the Fico appear to be the same as the Peco or Pico, who are Yemes, and are classed as Pueblo Indians. Dr. Latham suggests that they are identical with the Ika. Vocaby. by Simpson Washington, 1850.

LURI, _see_ LORI.

M.

MAAS, _see_ MOSEL.

MABA, MABANG, _under_ MOBBA.

MACAHUA.

AMERICAN: dialect of Mexico. See De Nagera: “Doctrina y Ensenança,” &c., Mexico, 1637.

MACARONIC.

Species of burlesque or comic speech. See “Lexicon-Macaronicum, &c.,” by Bee, London, 1825. Macaronic verse is semi-polyglot, or full of philological absurdities.

MACASSAR.

Polynesian, of MALAY character; dialect of S. Celebes, a large island adjoining Borneo. It is written in a peculiar native character. _See_ BUGIS.

MACCABEAN.

OLD HEBREW: name for the numismatic alphabet found on Jewish coins of the Maccabee period, and closely allied to the PHŒNICIAN characters.

MACEDO-WALLACHIAN.

Sub-dialect of ROUMANIAN; same as KUTZO-WALLACHIAN.

MACEDONIAN.

(1) Hellenic: sub-dialect of ancient GREEK, allied to the ALEXANDRIAN. See Sturz: “De Dialecto Macedonica, &c.,” Leipsig, 1808.

(2) Sub-dialect of ROMAIC or NEO-HELLENIC, much corrupted by TURKISH.

MACHAKALI.

American: dialect of BOTOCUDO, classed as CAMACAN, and allied to MACONI. H. C.

MACONI.

American: dialect of Brazil, allied to CAMACAN. See Vocaby. in “Da Silva’s Dicty.”

⁂ It is BOTOCUDO, and perhaps allied to NATCHEZ. H. C.

MACOS.

American: sub-dialect of SALIVA.

MACQUARIE.

AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Port Macquarie. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

MACUSI, MACOUSSIE.

American: sub-dialect of CARIB, belonging to Guiana, classed by Schomburgk as CARIBI-TAMANAQUE.

MADAGASSE, _see_ MALAGASY.

MADI, MADIA.

NON-ARYAN dialects of Central India, allied to GONDI and GAYETI. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” H. C.

MADJAR, _see_ HUNGARIAN.

MADLIJA.

JAVANESE: same as MADYA.

MADURESE.

JAVANESE: dialect of Madura and of the Madurese colonists in Java, very numerous in the districts east of Surabaya and Kediri. It is mixed up with BALINESE, MALAY, and other foreign elements, but is written with the Javanese characters; it has two sub-dialects, those of W. Madura and of Sumanap in the E. See Diss. in “Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar.” P. J. V.

MADYA.

JAVANESE term for “middle,” hence “basa-madya” for the middle dialect of Java; it comes intermediate between “basa-krama,” or high, and “basa-ngoko,” or low-speech. P. J. V.

MAER.

Polynesian: a dialect of MIRIAM, spoken in Darnley Islands.

MÆSO-GOTHIC, _under_ MŒ.

MAG-READING.

AMERICAN: Indians of California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv. It is allied to COPEH.

MAGADHI.

Indic: corrupt BENGALI, some say derived from PRAKRIT, spoken in the province of Bahar, S. of the Ganges. It is rather the old PALI dialect of S. India.

MAGAR.

Dialect of Nipal, spoken by a military tribe; has THIBETAN affinities with admixture of HINDI. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.

MAGINDANAO.

MALAYAN: language of the Philippines, closely allied to BISSAYAN, and spoken in several dialects.

MAGYAR (MADJARIC).

Ugrian: native name for the dominant race of Hungary, classed as FIN.

The Ugrians settled in Hungary about 894 A.D., and have had a literature since the days of St. Stephen, the “Apostolic King,” about A.D. 997-1000. ☞

MAHA, _see_ OMAHA.

MAHARI, MAHRI.

Sub-Semitic: dialect of AMHARIC, also called KARAWI. _See_ HIMJARITE.

MAHI.

AFRICAN: a dialect of Dahomey.

MAHIKAN, _see_ MOHEGAN.

MAHRATTI, MARATHI, MURATHEE.

INDIC: dialect of an extensive district, spoken chiefly in the Bombay Presidency. It is derived from SANSKRIT, but largely compounded with TAMIL, TELOOGOO, and others, and is written in the Devanagari characters. The word “Mahratta” is said to mean “Pariah” or “outcast.” Dicty. by Molesworth and Candy, Bombay, 1857; Grammar by Stevenson, 1868.

MAHREN, _see_ MORAVIAN.

MAHUNGA.

African: dialect of ANGOLA, allied to BUNDA.

MAIA, MAIJA, _see_ MAYA.

MAIHA.

AFRICAN: dialect of Bornu.

MAINAS.

AMERICAN: dialect of Peru, allied to QUICHUA.

MAINOT.

Romaic: local dialect of NEO-HELLENIC, allied to MESSENIAN.

MAIONGKONG.

American: dialect of CARIB, closely allied to GUINAU.

MAIPUR, _see_ MAYPUR.

MAIRASSIS.

Negritic: a sub-dialect of PAPUAN.

MAITHILI, MITHILI.

HINDI: dialect of Tirhoot, district of Bahar. _See_ TIRHAI.

MAKOBY.

AMERICAN: Indians of the Gran Chaco; allied to ABIPONIAN.

MAKOLOLO.

African: a sub-dialect of KAFFIR.

MAKUA, MAKOA.

African: dialect of KAFFIR, belonging to the Mozambique; also called MONJU and MUNTU. H. C.

MALABARI.

DRAVIDIAN: the same language as MALAYALIM; but there are local variations. See Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

MALAGASY.

The native language of Madagascar, a large island off the S.E. coast of Africa; it is a POLYNESIAN compound, comprising elements from the BALI, JAVANESE, NIAS, and TOBA; the language and people are called MALAGASH; the native term for the island is Nosindambo, “wild-boar island.” The Hovas are the dominant race. See early Catechism, 1658; Flacourt’s “Dicty.,” 1658; works by Freeman and Ellis; Introduction by Kessler, London, 1870; Grammar by Van der Tuuk.

⁂ The history of the Hovas is still very obscure, but Mr. Van der Tuuk has sufficiently proved that their language is a peculiar branch of MALAYAN, showing affinities to JAVANESE, BATAK, DAYAK, &c. P. J. V.

MALALI.

American: a dialect of Botocudo classed as CAMACAN, and allied to MACONI. See Vocaby. in Da Silva’s “Dicty.” H. C.

MALAY.

(1) HIGH-MALAY: typical Polynesian; language of the peninsula of Malacca. See “Grammar and Dicty.” of Crawfurd, London, 1852; by Marsden, London, 1812; by Pynappel, by Hollander, Breda, 1864.

(2) BATAVIAN or LOW-MALAY. See “Handleiding,” by Homan and Van der Tuuk. Zalt-Bommel, 1868.

⁂ Low-Malay is merely corrupt Malay, as introduced by Europeans. The best vocabulary is by Badings, Dutch-Malay and Malay-Dutch, Schoonhoven, 1872. Batavian-Malay is a dialect of SUNDANESE, with an admixture of BALINESE and other foreign words. P. J. V.

(3) Dialects are known as AMBOYNESE MALAY, MENANG KABAW, or SUMATRAN MALAY, ACHINESE and other Polynesian forms.

⁂ All languages spoken in the Indian or Malay Archipelago [except those of the Galela group], and not directly Papuan, are called “Malay languages,” and considered to belong to the one great Malayan family.

More particularly Malay is the language of a nation spread over a great part of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and the archipelago of Rhio-Lingga, and which has founded many colonies on the coasts of Borneo and the eastern islands of the Indian Archipelago. Besides the common or so-called cosmopolitan Malay, it is spoken in a peculiar dialect, called the Menangkabau Malay, in the interior of Sumatra.

Malay in a very corrupt form, disfigured by ignorance of the character of the language, and the arbitrary intermixture of foreign words, has become the ordinary means of intercourse between Europeans and the natives of the Indian Archipelago. This is called Low-Malay, and differs in almost every locality.

Malay is written with the Arabic character. Through the contact with Europeans the use of the Roman alphabet is gaining ground.

The affinities of Achinese are still very obscure, and we have no vocabulary of the native language except that in Marsden’s miscellaneous works; therefore Mr. Crawfurd errs when he calls Achinese (p. lix.) “a cultivated and written language,” for the literary language of the Achinese is genuine Malay. P. J. V.

MALAYALIM, MALAYALMA.

DRAVIDIAN: vernacular speech of Malabar, and other provinces of the Madras presidency; it is closely allied to TAMUL, using an alphabet of somewhat similar character. It has stages; anct. and mod. Grammar by Peet, Cottayam, 1860; School Dicty., Mangalore, 1870.

MALAYAN.

Class name for all dialects of the MALAY family.

MALAYO-POLYNESIAN.

Crawfurd’s term. _See_ MALAGASY.

MALDIVIAN.

DRAVIDIAN; mixed dialect of the Maldives, a chain of coral islands off the coast of Malabar, B. India. Vocaby. in Jnl. Asiat. Socy. of Bengal, 1841.

⁂ This is a spoken and written language with some resemblance to the AGAW group. H. C.

MALLICOLLO.

Negritic: PAPUAN dialect of New Hebrides.

MALO.

(1) Sub-dialect of URIYA, spoken by highland tribes of Orissa, B. India.

(2) Sub-dialect of DAYAK, Borneo.

MALTESE.

Mixed dialect of Malta; it is of SEMITIC origin, closely allied to ARABIC, but much infused with ITALIAN. Dicty. by Vella: Maltese, Italian, and English, Livorno [Leghorn], 1853.

MAMALLA.

MALAYAN: dialect of N.W. Amboyna.

MAME _or_ MAM.

American: dialect of the MAYA class: same as POKO-MAM; allied to KACHIQUEL, and spoken in Guatemala. “Arte, &c.,” by Larios; Mexico, 1697.

MAMI.

Negritic: sub-dialect of PAPUAN. It has some affinities with FORMOSAN, MANGAREI, and GUEBE. H. C.

MANA.

African: class name for MANDINGO, including the KRU group; its area extends as far inland as the Niger and as far south as the Ashantee frontier; the Mandingo of Senegambia is the most N. Eastern of the MANA class. See Kölle’s “Polyglotta Africana.” R. G. L.

MANATOTO.

Dialect of POLYNESIAN with AUSTRALIAN affinities. Dissertation, Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”

MANCHU, _under_ MANTSHU.

MANDAHAR, _see_ MANDHAR.

MANDAILING.

BATTA: dialects of Angkola and Mandailing in So. Sumatra. P. J. V.

MANDAN.

American: dialect of SIOUX; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii., p. 446.

MANDARA.