CHAPTER XXVII
MORAL REMEDIES
The regeneration of a race, as of mankind, is something that must proceed from within and work outward. Hence the most obvious remedy for race troubles is that both races should come up to a higher plane of living. What has been the progress of the Negro in that direction; what is the likelihood of further advance? The chance of the blacks is less than it would be if the white race had a larger part in it. The Negro is insensibly affected by the spirit of the community in which he lives. He knows that though ruffians threaten him with revolvers or with malignant looks that have a longer range, there are also broad-minded and large-hearted white men who bid him rise; but he is almost cut off from the machinery of civilization set in motion by his white neighbor; he cannot use or draw books from the public library; he practically cannot attend any churches, lectures, or concerts, except those provided directly for him. On the plantation he hardly sees a white face, except those of the managers and their families. He has little opportunity to talk with white men; none for that interchange of thought which is so much promoted by sitting round the same table. He can attend no colleges or schools with white students. In the common schools and in many institutions above, he meets only negro teachers. He is far more cut off from the personal touch and influence of white men and women of high quality than he was in slavery times.
Within his own race he experiences the influences of some notable minds, and, with few exceptions, the men recognized by the Negroes as their chief leaders counsel moderation and preach uplift. Many of the lesser leaders are deficient in character, and a large fraction of the ministers of the gospel do not, by their lives or conversation, enforce the lessons which they teach from the pulpit; they also have not the advantage of training by white teachers. In the process of separation of races, the negro mind has gone far toward losing touch with the white mind. The best friends of the race are grieved and humiliated from time to time to find that they had expected something which the Negroes did not recognize as due from them--service, loyalty, gratitude. Thousands of people believe that the Negro makes it the object of his life to cheat a white man. Thousands of Negroes feel that they are not bound by promises or contracts made to their own hurt.
Since the white race is not in such friendly relations with the Negro as to impress upon him the causes of white superiority, some Southern writers would like to see a sort of benevolent state socialism applied to the Negro, such as laws under which the coming and going of the blacks should be regulated, their implements secured, and labor distributed where it was needed. Like many other suggestions, this remedy would cure the Negro's shiftlessness by taking away his self-control, and would apply to the lazy black man a régime which would be abhorrent if employed upon the lazy white man.
Where the Whites appreciate and aid the Negroes, the color line cuts them off from making the distinctions which are the rewards of the energetic and successful in other communities. The negro poet, the essayist, and the educator have no fellowship with those neighbors who could appreciate their genius. So far as the South can prevent it, the most energetic and successful negro business man can hope for no public office. The machinery for uplifting the Negro through white influence is no longer in operation. The inferior race is thrown back upon members of the inferior race for its moral stimulus; and then is reproached because it does not form higher ideals and advance more rapidly. The successful Negro exercising a good influence among his fellows cannot be admitted to the white man's club, cannot be made the intimate of men of kindred aims. As Senator Williams says: "When we find a good negro we must encourage him to stay good and to grow better. We are doing too little of that. The old adage, 'Give a dog a bad name and you have made a bad dog,' is a good one. Indiscriminate cursing of the whole negro race, good and bad alike included, is an exemplification of the adage. I have frequently thought how hard it was for a good negro, especially during campaign times, to stay good or to grow better when he could not come within sound of a white speaker's voice without hearing his whole race indiscriminately reviled without mention of him as an exception, even in the neighborhood where he was known to be one."
One of the strongest civilizing forces both North and South has been the Church, through which has been spread abroad not only the incitements to life on a high plane, but the intellectual stimulus of the preacher's voice, of the association of keen men, of Bible study. The Negro has the outward sign of this influence, the force of which is recognized by all candid people; but his clergy are not, as a class, moral leaders, and here, as in so many other directions, he is deprived of the leadership of the Whites. For similar populations in the North there is an apparatus of missions, and the schools and colleges planted by Northerners in the South are almost all substantially missionary movements; but the South dislikes them and makes almost no effort to rival them. The Christian church, which is the bearer of civilization to Africa, China, the American Indians, leaves the Negroes in great part to christianize themselves if they can.
The white man has another opportunity of helping upward his dark neighbor through his control of legislatures and courts. Garner would solve the problem--"not by denying him the advantages of education, but by curbing his criminal instincts through a more rigid enforcement of the law. The laws against carrying concealed weapons, against gambling, and against vagrancy should, if necessary, be increased in severity and enforced with a vigilance and certainty which will root out gambling, force the idle vagrant to work, and send the pistol carrier to prison. The abolition of the saloon and the extirpation of the 'blind tiger' and the cocaine dive would remove the most potent external causes of negro criminality.... Conditions could be materially improved by the establishment of a more adequate police surveillance and control and the introduction of a more effective police protection, for it is a well-known fact that in most Southern communities this protection is notoriously insufficient. It is also well worth considering whether some reasonable and effective measures might not be taken to prevent the movement of the negroes to the towns and cities and their segregation in particular localities." Says an Alabamian lawyer: "A different and milder set of laws ought to be enacted for him than for the white man.... His best friends in the South are among our 'gentlemen.' The low White has no use for him. He hates the Negro and the Negro hates him." From the federal government, as has been shown above, no effective legislation can be expected; but may not something be done by special state action?
Many observers are alive to the possibility of removing temptations which are thought to be specially alluring to the Negro. The ill-disposed country black is a rover, a night-hawk, and has his own kinds of good times, including a supply of whisky; the bad town Negro finds his pleasures right at hand, and is frequently abetted in them by the white man. To be sure, low drinking houses, gambling houses and worse places, flourish among all races in New York, and are no more likely to be exterminated in New Orleans than in the Northern city for such considerations. John Sharp Williams would resort to "some sort of common-sense remedies of the negro question upon the criminal side, principally in the nature of preventives. In the first place, they suggest the rigid enforcement of vagrant laws by new laws whenever, in justice and right, they need strengthening. In the second place, they suggest a closing of all low dives and brothels where the vagrant, tramp, and idle negroes consort and where their imaginations--they being peculiarly a race of imagination and emotion--are inflamed by whisky, cocaine, and lewd pictures. It must be remembered that that which would not inflame the imagination of a white man will have that effect upon the tropical, emotional nature of the darky.... We ought, like Canada and Cape Colony, to have mounted rural police or constabulary, whose duty it would be to patrol the country districts day and night." The cry in the Southern newspapers against negro dives generally ignores the fact that many of them are carried on by white people, and others are partially supported by white custom. At the bottom of humanity race distinctions disappear, and you could find, if you searched for it, in many Southern towns, beneath the lowest negro deep a lower white deep. The difficulty with Southern legislation is that it is more hostile to negro dives than to white dives.
A more promising legislative remedy is an efficient vagrant law, by which the hopelessly idle, the sponges on the industry of their race, should receive the dread punishment of work. Northern states which are unable to find statutes and magistrates strict enough to put an end to the intolerable white tramp nuisance, have little cause to criticise the Southern loafers, of whom the Whites are found in quite as large a proportion as the Negroes. Several states already have vagrant laws, but they are applied chiefly to Negroes, often very inequitably, and play into the iniquitous system by which sheriffs make money in proportion to the number of prisoners that they arrest and keep in jail. The _Birmingham Age Herald_ says that to abolish imprisonment for nonpayment of criminal costs is "as much out of our reach as is a flight to Mars.... We must build jails to suit the operations of the collectors of fees. There is no help for it."
Suggestions that there be a kind of negro court for the less serious negro crimes, have been made by Thomas Nelson Page and others; and Negroes could probably administer as good local justice as some of their dominant race. In the island of St. Helena, for instance, where seven thousand people for a long time had no local court, a white magistrate was sent over who sat day after day drunk on the bench, finally shot a man (the second homicide on that island in forty years), and was put on his trial, but still held his judicial office. Perhaps a special negro court for petty crimes would increase the sense of responsibility; but it collides with the present system of selling petty criminals to the planters.
Something could be done by an efficient system of rural police such as is needed all over the country, North and South. In Georgia and South Carolina bills have lately been pending for a state mounted police which would be a sort of revival of the volunteer patrols of slavery times. The suggestion is fought hard, however, on the ground that white men might be obliged to give an account of themselves as well as Negroes.
The only thoroughgoing legislative measure which seems likely to help the Negro is prohibition, which is now sweeping through the Lower South. It is a region which suffers from hard drinking, and there has long been a strong sentiment against the traffic; but the tumultuous success of prohibition laws in communities like Alabama and Mississippi is due in great part to the conviction of employers of labor in cotton mills, in ironworks, in the timber industry, and on the land, that they are losing money because their laborers are made irregular by drunkenness. That objection applies as much to the selling of liquor to Whites as to Negroes; but the drinking white men have an influence over prosecuting officers that the Negroes cannot command; and it looks as though the result would be a kind of prohibition which shuts off the stream from the dusky man's throat while leaving it running for the white man. If the South succeeds in keeping liquor away from the Negro in the Southern cities, it will show more determination than exists in any Northern center of population.
In general, legislation is not a remedy for the race question, because breaches of the law come from both sides; and nobody is skillful enough to draft a bill which will, if righteously applied, apply only to criminal and dissolute Negroes. The cutting down of drinking shops, the arrest of the drones, a rural police, enforcement of the liquor laws, will help in the South because it will bring about a feeling of responsibility in both races--but race hostility is not caused by laws, is not curable by laws, and relies upon defying laws.
Perhaps the most striking failure of the Whites to exercise an influence over the Negroes is through the negro schools. They are, to be sure, carried on under laws made by white men, administered by state and county white officials, but there the relation ends. Even from the point of view of an unsympathetic superior race, the schools are badly supervised; and when it comes to the teachers, the lower race is thrown back upon teachers of the lower race. In the North the raw children from the alien families are Americanized by their fellows in the public schools, under the influence of teachers taken from the class of the population which has most opportunity for training. Not so in the South, where the blind are expected to lead the blind, where negro teachers trained by Negroes are expected to inculcate the principles of white civilization.
The refusal of the South to permit white people, and especially white women, to teach the Negroes, is a plant of recent growth. In slavery times the white mistresses and their daughters habitually taught the household servants their duties and set before them a standard of morals. Beyond that, they were often proud of teaching capable slaves to read and write. On every theory of the relation of the races this transmittal of civilization was not only allowable, but a sacred duty. Nowadays the mistresses have the smallest control over or influence upon their domestic servants; and, with few exceptions, the South absolutely refuses to improve the low estate of the Negroes by permitting the white young people to teach them.
The arguments against putting white teachers into negro schools are altogether weak. The first is that it is unsafe for white women, but the Northern women who have been for years among Negroes as teachers have no fear nor cause for fear; and the influence of a pure and refined white woman would tend to diminish some of the worst crimes of the black race. It is urged, however, that even men could not teach Negroes, first, because the Negroes would not trust their girls to them; secondly, because it would cut off the field or negro employment; thirdly, because a white man does not wish to teach Negroes; and, finally, because none but inferior men would seek such employment.
Surely the poor little black children are not likely under any circumstances to suppose that they are the equals of the members of the proud families that held their fathers in slavery! The white people sorely need the employment; the Negroes still more need the example and admonition of trained and high-minded people. The relation is not unknown. In the public schools of Charleston, for forty years, the negro children have been taught by white ladies, and as well taught as the white children. In Alabama, and even in Virginia, public schools were for a time taught by Whites, and you hear of sporadic cases elsewhere, as in a district of Louisiana, where the mother of the chairman of the school board was a teacher, and she was so incapable that no white school would have her on any terms, so they compromised by giving her a negro school. With these small exceptions, a relation between the races, through which none of the dreaded evils of race equality could come about, was rejected; and that is the main reason why the negro schools have been poor and continue inferior. The Southern woman is not below the Northern in a sense of duty; the Southern schoolmarm is the equal of her Yankee sister in refinement and in pluck; and the Southern woman was the only class of people in the South who could at the same time have taught the pickaninnies to read, and the older people to recognize that the Whites were their best friends.
Of all the remedies suggested, education is the most direct and the most practical because it has so far been neglected; education is needed for the safety of the race. As Leroy Percy, the successful planter, puts it: "You cannot send these men out to fight the battle of life helplessly ignorant. In slavery, he was the slave of one, and around him was thrown the protecting care of the master. In freedom you cannot, through the helplessness of ignorance, make him the slave of every white man with no master's protection to shield him"; and he adds, "The education of the Negro, to the extent indicated, is necessary for the preservation of the character and moral integrity of the white men of the South." Professor Garner roundly declares that "Governor Vardaman's contention that education increases the criminality of the negro is nothing but bold assertion and has never been supported by adequate proof."
Education is just as much needed to break windows into dark minds, to open up whatever of the spiritual the Negro can take to himself. It is the one remedy in which the North can take direct part, and never was there more need of maintaining the schools in the South, supported chiefly by Northern contributions; for they have the opportunity to teach those lessons of cleanliness of body and mind, of respect for authority, of thrift, personal honesty, of human relations, which the public schools are less fitted to inculcate. Many of these schools have white teachers, all have white friends; they interfere in no way with the education furnished by the South; they teach no lessons harmful to the Negro or the white man; they perform a function which the Whites in the South offer to their own race by endowed schools and colleges, and which they do not attempt to provide for the Negroes. Education is not a cure-all, education is only the bottom step of a long flight of stairs; but neither race nor individual can mount without that step.
Throughout this book it has been steadily kept in mind that there are two races in the South between which the Southern problem is divided; and that there can be no progress without both races taking part. Here is the most difficult part of the whole matter: the two races, so closely associated, are nevertheless drifting away from each other. Time was when men like Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, and Senator Lamar, of Mississippi, expected that Whites and Negroes would coöperate in political parties; time was when former slaveholders joined with former slaves in a confident attempt to bring the Negroes up higher. Those voices of encouragement still are heard, but there is in them a note of weariness. Almost everybody in the South would be pleased if the Negroes (of course without prejudice to the white domination) would rise or rise faster. It would mean also much to the white race if the cook always came in the morning, and the outside man never got drunk, and the cotton hand would raise a bale to the acre, and the school child would learn to read about how to keep his place toward the white man.
Every thinking man in the South knows that he is worse off because the Negro is not better off. That is the reason of the rising dissatisfaction, wrath and resentment in the minds of many Whites. They feel that the Negro has no sense of responsibility to the community; they accuse him of sullenness, of a lack of interest in his employment and his employer. Just what the Negro thinks in return is hard to guess. "Brer Rabbit, 'e ain't sayin' nuffin"; but it is plain that the races are less friendly to each other, understand each other less, are less regardful of each other's interests, than at any time since freedom was fairly completed. We have the unhappy condition that while both races are doing tolerably well, and likely to do better, race relations are not improving.
In other parts of the country where there are such rivalries, efforts are made to come to an understanding. Each side has some knowledge of the arguments of the other; they appeal to the same press; the leaders sooner or later are brought together in legislatures or in a social way, and gradually come to understand each other's difficulties. Some efforts have been made in the South to study this question in association. The Negroes have now several organizations which bring people together for discussion. The Agricultural and Industrial Fairs which they are beginning to carry on are one such influence. The negro schools of the Calhoun and Talladega type do something; the large annual conferences organized by Atlanta, Tuskegee, and Hampton, with their subsequent publications, are a kind of clearing house of opinions on the conditions of the Negro and of sound advice. A few years ago the attempt was made in the so-called Niagara Movement to organize the Negroes in defense of their political rights.
On the side of the Whites there has been the Ogden Movement, for the improvement of the Southern white education, part of the outcome of which has been the formation of the General Education Board and Southern Education Board. The _South Atlantic Quarterly_, published at Trinity College, North Carolina, encourages a free exchange of views on Southern conditions; and though the _Manufacturers' Record_ lays the responsibility for the Atlanta riots upon the Southern white people who have been urging moderation in the South, the Southern educational movement goes on steadily, and seems to be gaining ground.
An effort was made after the riots to bring about a Southern commission of three white men from each state, to discuss plans for keeping up the race integrity of the Whites, including the Negro to stay on the soil, educating both races, and reforming the courts, but it was allowed to fail. Some Southern newspapers bitterly attacked it on the ground that no discussion was necessary; that everybody knew all the facts that were cogent, and that any such discussion of the negro problem would be likely to bring down criticism from "doctrinaires, theorists and self-constituted proprietors of the universe in the North." To the Northern mind this seems one of the most alarming things about the whole matter. The labor question in the Northeast, the land question in the Northwest, are openly discussed man to man, and newspaper to newspaper. Nobody thinks that the conditions in the South are agreeable; everybody would like to see some betterment; and the refusal to discuss it simply makes the crisis worse.
This opposition is still stronger against any form of joint discussion between representatives of the white and negro races. The real objection seems to be that it would be a recognition that the Negro had a right to some share in adjusting his own future, and that what he thinks about the question ought to have weight with the white people. This is another of the cruel things about the whole situation. The whole South is acquainted with the negro criminal and the shiftless dweller on the borders of the cities; almost no white people are acquainted by personal observation with the houses, with the work, and still less with the character and aims of the best element of the Negroes. For this reason, Northern investigators have a certain advantage in that they may freely read the statements of both sides, supplement them out of personal experience and conversation, and try to strike a balance. There are plenty of reasonable people in both races, each of whom knows his own side better than anybody else can possibly know it; hence mutual discussion, common understanding, some kind of programme toward which public sentiment might be directed, would seem an obvious remedy, and is upheld by such men as Thomas Nelson Page; yet it is a remedy which is never tried.
All the suggestions that have been discussed above may be roughly classified into remedies of push and remedies of pull, and this classification corresponds to the points of view of the two dominant classes of Southern Whites. In studying the books, the articles and the fugitive utterances on this subject, in talking with men who see the thing at first hand, in noting the complaints of the Negroes and the Whites alike, it is plain that there is in the South a strong negro-hating element, larger than people like to admit, which appeals to drastic statutes, to unequal judicial punishments, to violence outside of the law; in a word, to "keeping the nigger down." Alongside it the thinking class of Southern people (which appears to be gaining ground) seeks the elevation of both races, and especially of that one which needs it most. Meanwhile the Negro sits moodily by, waiting for the superior race to decide whether he shall be sent to the calaboose or to school.
The Southern problem is thus brought down in its last analysis to the simple question whether the two races can permanently live apart and yet together. That depends, in the first place, on the capacity of the Negro to improve far enough to take away the reproach now heaped upon him; and in the second place in the willingness of the Whites to accept the deficiencies of the negro character as a part of the natural conditions of the land, like the sterility of parts of the Southern soil, and to leave him the opportunity to make the most of himself.
The three fundamental duties of the white man, according to Judge Hammond, of Atlanta, are to see "that his own best interest lies in the cultivation of friendly relations with the negro.... To treat the negro with absolute fairness and justice ... advising him and counseling him about the important affairs of his everyday life." These duties lie upon the white man because, as Thomas Nelson Page states it: "Unless the whites lift the Negroes up, the Negroes will drag them down."
Nobody, white or black, North or South, is able to point out any single positive means by which the two races are both to have their full development and yet to live in peace. Every positive and quick-acting remedy when examined is found invalid. Violence of language or of behavior of both sides does nothing whatever to remove the real difficulties. The agencies of uplift are slow and uncertain and nobody can positively predict that they will do the work. The South, with all its magnificent resources, is far behind the other sections of the Union, both in wealth and productive power. It can only take its proper place in the Union by raising the average character and energy of its people--of all its people--for it cannot be done by improving either race while the other remains stationary.
In a word, the remedy is patience. Dark as things look in the South, it is subject to mighty forces. In many ways the strongest influence for peace and concord in the South is simply self-interest. The most intelligent and thoughtful men in the South see clearly that unless the people can be made to improve, the section will always lag behind. Side by side with this force is the spirit of humanity, of practical Christianity, which forbids that millions of people shall be cut off from the agencies of evangelization. The South is behind no other part of the country in a sense of the greatness of moral forces.
From every point of view, the obvious thing for the South is to make the best of its condition and not the worst, to give opportunities of uplift to all those who can appropriate them, to raise the negro race to as high a point as it is capable of occupying. This is a long, hard process, full of disappointment and perhaps of bitterness. The problem is not soluble in the sense that anyone can foresee a wholly peaceful and contented community divided into two camps; but the races can live alongside, and coöperate, though one be superior to the other. That superiority only throws the greater responsibility on the upper race. Nobody has ever given better advice to the South than Senator John Sharp Williams--"In the face of this great problem it would be well that wise men think more, that good men pray more, and that all men talk less and curse less." In that spirit the problem will be solved, because it will be manfully confronted.
MAP AND TABLES
COMPARATIVE POPULATION (1900)
WHITE ELEMENTS CONTRASTED
(_In Thousands_)
-----------------------------------+------------------------------------ NORTHERN GROUPS (1900). | EQUIVALENT SOUTHERN GROUPS (1900). -------------+------+-------+------+--------------+------+--------+----- |Whites|Colored| Total| |Whites|Colored|Total -------------+------+-------+------+--------------+------+-------+------ 1 Colorado | 529| 9| 540| 1 Alabama | 1,001| 827| 1,829 | | | | | | | 2 Indiana | 2,459| 58| 2,516| 2 Arkansas | 945| 367| 1,312 | | | | | | | 3 Indian | 303| 37| 392| 3 Florida | 297| 231| 529 Ter. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 Iowa | 2,219| 13| 2,232| 4 Georgia | 1,181| 1,035| 2,216 | | | | | | | 5 Kansas | 1,416| 52| 1,470| 5 Louisiana | 730| 651| 1,382 | | | | | | | 6 Michigan | 2,399| 16| 2,421| 6 Mississippi| 641| 908| 1,551 | | | | | | | 7 Minnesota | 1,737| 5| 1,751| 7 North | | | | | | | Carolina | 1,264| 624| 1,894 | | | | | | | 8 Nebraska | 1,059| 6| 1,066| 8 South | | | | | | | Carolina | 558| 782| 1,340 | | | | | | | | | | | 9 Tennessee | 1,540| 480| 2,021 | | | | | | | | | | |10 Virginia | 1,193| 661| 1,854 | | | | +------+-------+------ | | | | Total 10 | | | | | | | States | 9,350| 6,566|15,928 | | | | | | | | | | |11 Texas | 2,427| 621| 3,049 | | | | | | | +------+-------+------+ Total 11 +------+-------+------ | | | | Seceding | | | Total |12,121| 196|12,388| States |11,777| 7,187|18,977 +======+=======+======+ +======+=======+======= | | | | | | | 9 North | | | | | | | Dakota | 312| ...| 319|12 Delaware | 154| 31| 185 | | | | | | | 10 Oklahoma | 368| 19| 398|13 Dist. of | | | | | | | Columbia | 192| 87| 279 | | | | | | | 11 South | | | | | | | Dakota | 381| ...| 402|14 Kentucky | 1,862| 285| 2,147 | | | | | | | 12 Utah | 272| 1| 277|15 Maryland | 952| 235| 1,188 | | | | | | | 13 Wisconsin | 2,058| 3| 2,069|16 Missouri | 2,945| 161| 3,107 | | | | | | | 14 California| 1,403| 11| 1,485| | | | | | | | | | | 15 Idaho | 154| ...| 162| | | | | | | | | | | 16 Montana | 226| 2| 243| | | | | | | | | | | 17 Oregon | 395| 1| 414| | | | | | | | | | | 18 Vermont | 343| 1| 344| | | | +------+-------+------+ +------+-------+------ Double Total|18,033| 234|18,501| Total South |17,882| 7,986|25,883 -------------+------+-------+------+--------------+------+-------+------
COMPARATIVE POPULATION (1900)--SOUTHERN GROUPS
(_In Thousands_)
------------------------+----------------------+---------------+ | RACES. | DISTRIBUTION. | ------------------------+-------+------+-------+------+--------+ | | | | | | | White.|Negro.| Total.|Urban.| Rural. | | | | | | | ------------------------+-------+------+-------+------+--------+ 1 Alabama | 1,001| 827| 1,829| 134| 1,695 | 2 Arkansas | 945| 367| 1,312| 71| 1,241 | 3 Florida | 297| 231| 529| 79| 450 | 4 Georgia | 1,181| 1,035| 2,216| 244| 1,972 | 5 Louisiana | 730| 651| 1,382| 314| 1,068 | 6 Mississippi | 641| 908| 1,551| 41| 1,510 | 7 North Carolina | 1,264| 624| 1,894| 97| 1,797 | 8 South Carolina | 558| 782| 1,340| 100| 1,240 | 9 Tennessee | 1,540| 480| 2,021| 270| 1,751 | 10 Virginia | 1,193| 661| 1,854| 272| 1,582 | | | | | | | +-------+------+-------+------+--------+ Total 10 States | 9,350| 6,566| 15,928| 1,622| 14,306 | | | | | | | 11 Texas | 2,427| 621| 3,049| 344| 2,705 | +-------+------+-------+------+--------+ Total Seceding States | 11,777| 7,187| 18,977| 1,966| 17,011 | +=======+======+=======+======+========+ 12 Delaware | 154| 31| 185| 77| 108 | 13 District of Columbia | 192| 87| 279| 278| ... | 14 Kentucky | 1,862| 285| 2,147| 363| 1,784 | 15 Maryland | 952| 235| 1,188| 557| 631 | 16 Missouri | 2,945| 161| 3,107| 956| 2,151 | | | | | | | +-------+------+-------+------+--------+ Total Border States | 6,105| 799| 6,906| 2,232| 4,674 | +-------+------+-------+------+--------+ Total South | 17,882| 7,986| 25,883| 4,198| 21,685 | ------------------------+-------+------+-------+------+--------+
-----------------------+------------------------+-------------- | FOREIGN WHITES. | ESTIMATES. -----------------------+-------+---------+------+------+------- | | Native | | | |Foreign|[foreign |Total.| 1905.| 1906. | Born. |parents].| | | -----------------------+-------+---------+------+------+------- 1 Alabama | 14 | 30 | 44| 1,986| 2,018 2 Arkansas | 14 | 33 | 47| 1,403| 1,422 3 Florida | 19 | 24 | 43| 613| 629 4 Georgia | 12 | 25 | 37| 2,406| 2,444 5 Louisiana | 52 | 108 | 160| 1,513| 1,539 6 Mississippi | 8 | 20 | 28| 1,682| 1,708 7 North Carolina | 4 | 8 | 12| 2,032| 2,059 8 South Carolina | 5 | 12 | 17| 1,435| 1,454 9 Tennessee | 18 | 41 | 59| 2,147| 2,147 10 Virginia | 19 | 33 | 52| 1,953| 1,973 | | | | | +-------+---------+------+------+------- Total 10 States | 165 | 334 | 499|17,170|17,418 +-------+---------+------+------+------- 11 Texas | 178 | 289 | 467| 3,455| 3,537 | | | | | Total Seceding States | 343 | 623 | 966|20,625|20,955 +=======+=========+======+======+======= 12 Delaware | 14 | 22 | 36| 193| 194 13 District of Columbia| 20 | 38 | 58| 303| 308 14 Kentucky | 50 | 139 | 189| 2,291| 2,320 15 Maryland | 93 | 179 | 272| 1,261| 1,275 16 Missouri | 216 | 524 | 740| 3,320| 3,363 | | | | | +-------+---------+------+------+------- Total Border States | 393 | 902 | 1,295| 7,368| 7,460 +-------+---------+------+------+------- Total South | 736 | 1,525 | 2,261|27,993|28,415 -----------------------+-------+---------+------+------+-------
COMPARATIVE POPULATION (1900)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS
(_In Thousands_)
---------------------+-----------------------+---------------+ | RACES. | DISTRIBUTION.| ---------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | White.| Negro.| Total.| Urban.| Rural.| ---------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ 1 Colorado | 529| 9 | 540| 206 | 334| 2 Indiana | 2,459| 58 | 2,516| 608 | 1,908| 3 Indian Territory | 303| 37 | 392| ... | 392| 4 Iowa | 2,219| 13 | 2,232| 375 | 1,857| 5 Kansas | 1,416| 52 | 1,470| 205 | 1,265| 6 Michigan | 2,399| 16 | 2,421| 747 | 1,674| 7 Minnesota | 1,737| 5 | 1,751| 470 | 1,281| 8 Nebraska | 1,059| 6 | 1,066| 169 | 897| 9 North Dakota | 312| ... | 319| 10 | 309| 10 Oklahoma | 368| 19 | 398| 20 | 378| 11 South Dakota | 381| ... | 402| 10 | 392| 12 Utah | 272| 1 | 277| 70 | 207| 13 Wisconsin | 2,058| 3 | 2,069| 634 | 1,435| +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Total | 15,512| 219 | 15,853| 3,524 | 12,329| +=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ 14 California | 1,403| 11 | 1,485| 650 | 835| 15 Idaho | 154| ... | 162| ... | 162| 16 Montana | 226| 2 | 243| 66 | 177| 17 Oregon | 395| 1 | 414| 99 | 315| 18 Vermont | 343| 1 | 344| 39 | 305| 19 Washington | 496| 3 | 518| 165 | 353| +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Total | 3,017| 18 | 3,166| 1,019 | 2,147| +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Double Total | 18,529| 237 | 19,019| 4,543 | 14,476| +=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ 20 Arizona | 93| 2 | 123| ... | 123| 21 Illinois | 4,735| 85 | 4,822| 2,272| 2,550| 22 Nevada | 35| ... | 42| ...| 42| 23 New Mexico | 180| 2 | 195| ...| 195| 24 New Hampshire | 411| 1 | 412| 159| 253| 25 Wyoming | 89| 1 | 93| 22| 71| 26 West Virginia | 915| 43 | 959| 74| 885| +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Total | 6,458| 134 | 6,646| 2,527| 4,119| +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Grand Total | 24,987| 371 | 25,665| 7,070| 18,595| ---------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
--------------------+-------------------------+-------------- | FOREIGN WHITES. | ESTIMATES. --------------------+-------+---------+-------+------+------- | | Native | | | |Foreign|[foreign | Total.| 1905.| 1906. | Born. |parents].| | | --------------------+-------+---------+-------+------+------- 1 Colorado | 90 | 127 | 217 | 603 | 616 2 Indiana | 142 | 364 | 506 | 2,678| 2,711 3 Indian Territory| 5 | 10 | 15 | 498| 519 4 Iowa | 306 | 652 | 958 | 2,210| 2,206 5 Kansas | 127 | 276 | 403 | 1,546| 1,612 6 Michigan | 540 | 832 | 1,372 | 2,557| 2,585 7 Minnesota | 505 | 806 | 1,311 | 1,980| 2,026 8 Nebraska | 177 | 326 | 503 | 1,068| 1,068 9 North Dakota | 113 | 133 | 246 | 440| 464 10 Oklahoma | 16 | 38 | 54 | 558| 590 11 South Dakota | 88 | 156 | 244 | 455| 466 12 Utah | 53 | 116 | 169 | 310| 316 13 Wisconsin | 516 | 956 | 1,472 | 2,229| 2,261 +-------+---------+-------+------+------- Total | 2,678 | 4,792 | 7,470 |17,132|17,440 +=======+=========+=======+======+======= 14 California | 317 | 442 | 759 | 1,621| 1,648 15 Idaho | 22 | 43 | 65 | 198| 206 16 Montana | 62 | 71 | 133 | 294| 304 17 Oregon | 54 | 85 | 139 | 465| 475 18 Vermont | 45 | 73 | 118 | 349| 350 19 Washington | 102 | 129 | 231 | 599| 615 +-------+---------+-------+------+------- Total | 602 | 843 | 1,445 | 3,526| 3,598 +-------+---------+-------+------+------- Double Total | 3,280 | 5,635 | 8,915 |20,658|21,038 +=======+=========+=======+======+======= 20 Arizona | 22 | 26 | 48 | 140| 144 21 Illinois | 965 | 1,498 | 2,463 | 5,319| 5,419 22 Nevada | 9 | 12 | 21 | 42| 42 23 New Mexico | 13 | 18 | 31 | 213| 216 24 New Hampshire | 88 | 80 | 168 | 429| 433 25 Wyoming | 17 | 24 | 41 | 102| 104 26 West Virginia | 22 | 49 | 71 | 1,057| 1,076 +-------+---------+-------+------+------- Total | 1,136 | 1,707 | 2,843 | 7,302| 7,434 +-------+---------+-------+------+------- Grand Total | 4,416 | 7,342 |11,758 |27,960|28,472 --------------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-------
COMPARATIVE VALUATION OF PROPERTY (1860-1909)--SOUTHERN GROUPS
(_In Millions_)
Column headings:
P: Population [thousands] AV: Assessed Valuation RV: Real Valuation
-------------+-------------------------+----------------+ | 1860. | 1890. | +--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+ | P | AV | P | RV | AV | -------------+--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+ 1 Alabama | 964 | 432 | 1,513 | 623 | 259 | 2 Arkansas | 435 | 179 | 1,128 | 455 | 175 | 3 Florida | 140 | 69 | 391 | 389 | 92 | 4 Georgia | 1,057 | 618 | 1,837 | 852 | 416 | 5 Louisiana | 708 | 436 | 1,119 | 495 | 234 | 6 Mississippi| 791 | 410 | 1,289 | 454 | 167 | 7 North | | | | | | Carolina | 993 | 292 | 1,618 | 584 | 235 | 8 South | | | | | | Carolina | 705 | 490 | 1,151 | 401 | 168 | 9 Tennessee | 1,111 | 382 | 1,768 | 888 | 383 | 10 Virginia | 1,596 | 657 | 1,656 | 862 | 415 | +--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+ Total | 8,500 | 3,965 | 13,470 | 6,003 | 2,544 | 11 Texas | 604 | 267 | 2,235 | 2,106 | 781 | +--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+ Total | | | | | | Seceding | | | | | | States. | 9,104 | 4,232 | 15,705 | 8,109 | 3,325 | +========+=======+========+========+=======+ 12 Delaware | 112 | 40 | 168 | 176 | 66 | 13 Dist. | | | | | | Columbia | 75 | 40 | 230 | 344 | 153 | 14 Kentucky | 1,155 | 528 | 1,859 | 1,172 | 548 | 15 Maryland | 687 | 296 | 1,043 | 1,085 | 529 | 16 Missouri | 1,182 | 267 | 2,679 | 2,398 | 888 | +--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+ Total | 3,211 | 1,171 | 5,979 | 5,175 | 2,184 | +--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+ Total South | 12,315 | 5,403 | 21,684 | 13,284 | 5,509 | -------------+--------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
-------------+-------------------------+----------------+ | 1904. | 1906. | -------------+--------+--------+-------+----------------+ | P | RV | AV | P | AV | -------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+ 1 Alabama | 1,955 | 965 | 323 | 2,018 | 344 | 2 Arkansas | 1,385 | 804 | 250 | 1,422 | 250 | 3 Florida | 596 | 431 | 100 | 629 | 131 | 4 Georgia | 2,368 | 1,167 | 505 | 2,444 | 578 | 5 Louisiana | 1,487 | 1,032 | 301 | 1,539 | 459 | 6 Mississippi| 1,656 | 688 | 223 | 1,708 | 223 | 7 North | | | | | | Carolina | 2,004 | 842 | 433 | 2,059 | 489 | 8 South | | | | | | Carolina | 1,416 | 586 | 210 | 1,454 | 250 | 9 Tennessee | 2,122 | 1,104 | 352 | 2,172 | 475 | 10 Virginia | 1,933 | 1,288 | 424 | 1,973 | 424 | +--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+ Total | 16,922 | 8,907 | 3,121 | 17,418 | 3,623 | 11 Texas | 3,374 | 2,836 | 1,082 | 3,537 | 1,139 | +--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+ Total | | | | | | Seceding | | | | | | States. | 20,296 | 11,743 | 4,203 | 20,955 | 4,762 | +========+========+=======+========+=======+ 12 Delaware | 191 | 230 | 76 | 194 | 76 | 13 Dist. | | | | | | Columbia | 298 | 1,040 | 198 | 308 | 198 | 14 Kentucky | 2,263 | 1,527 | 668 | 2,320 | 644 | 15 Maryland | 1,246 | 1,511 | 644 | 1,275 | 644 | 16 Missouri | 3,278 | 3,760 | 1,243 | 3,363 | 1,489 | +--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+ Total | 7,276 | 8,068 | 2,829 | 7,460 | 3,051 | +--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+ Total South | 27,572 | 19,811 | 7,032 | 28,415 | 7,813 | -------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+
-------------+------------+----------+----------+ | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | | Assessed | Assessed | Asses'd | | Valuation. |Valuation.|Valuation.| -------------+------------+----------+----------+ 1 Alabama | 451 | 451 | 484 | 2 Arkansas | 302 | 302 | 327 | 3 Florida | 142 | 142 | 131 | 4 Georgia | 700 | 700 | 705 | 5 Louisiana | 459 | 459 | 524 | 6 Mississippi| 223 | 223 | 393 | 7 North | | | | Carolina | 575 | 575 | 565 | 8 South | | | | Carolina | 267 | 267 | 271 | 9 Tennessee | 475 | 475 | 444 | 10 Virginia | 424 | 424 | 580 | +------------+----------+----------+ Total | 4,018 | 4,018 | 4,424 | 11 Texas | 1,139 | 1,139 | 2,174 | +------------+----------+----------+ Total | | | | Seceding | | | | States. | 5,157 | 5,157 | 6,598 | +============+==========+==========+ 12 Delaware | 76 | 76 | 76 | 13 Dist. | | | | Columbia | 279 | 279 | 312 | 14 Kentucky | 644 | 644 | 753 | 15 Maryland | 765 | 765 | 765 | 16 Missouri | 1,553 | 1,622 | 1,547 | +------------+----------+----------+ Total | 3,317 | 3,386 | 3,453 | +------------+----------+----------+ Total South | 8,474 | 8,543 | 10,051 | -------------+------------+----------+----------+
COMPARATIVE VALUATIONS OF PROPERTY (1860-1909)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS
(_In Millions_)
Column headings:
P: Population [thousands] AV: Assessed Valuation RV: Real Valuation
---------------+-------------+--------------------+---------------------+ | 1860. | 1890. | 1904. | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | P | AV | P | RV | AV | P | RV | AV | ---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ 1 Colorado | 34| ...| 412| 1,146| 221| 590| 1,208| 465 | 2 Indiana | 1,350| 411| 2,192| 2,095| 857| 2,646| 3,106| 1,360 | 3 Indian Terr.| ...| ...| 180| ...| ...| 477| 459| ... | 4 Iowa | 675| 205| 1,912| 2,287| 519| 2,214| 4,049| 642 | 5 Kansas | 107| 23| 1,427| 1,799| 348| 1,534| 2,253| 378 | 6 Michigan | 749| 164| 2,094| 2,095| 898| 2,530| 3,282| 1,578 | 7 Minnesota | 172| 32| 1,302| 1,692| 589| 1,934| 3,344| 871 | 8 Nebraska | 29| 7| 1,059| 1,276| 185| 1,068| 2,010| 295 | 9 North Dakota| ...| ...| 183| 337| 88| 416| 736| 117 | 10 Oklahoma | ...| ...| 62| ...| ...| 526| 636| ... | 11 South Dakota| ...| ...| 329| 425| 140| 444| 680| 173 | 12 Utah | 40| 4| 208| 349| 106| 303| 488| 50 | 13 Wisconsin | 776| 186| 1,687| 1,833| 577| 2,197| 2,839| 1,358 | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ Total | 3,932| 1,032|13,047|15,334| 4,528|16,879|25,090| 7,287 | +======+======+======+======+======+======+======+=======+ 14 California | 380| 140| 1,208| 2,534| 1,101| 1,594| 4,115| 1,551 | 15 Idaho | ...| ...| 84| 208| 26| 191| 343| 67 | 16 Montana | ...| ...| 132| 453| 113| 283| 746| 153 | 17 Oregon | 52| 19| 314| 590| 166| 454| 852| 174 | 18 Vermont | 315| 85| 332| 266| 162| 348| 360| 168 | 19 Washington | 12| 4| 349| 761| 218| 582| 1,052| 298 | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ Total | 759| 248| 2,419| 4,812| 1,786| 3,452| 7,468| 2,411 | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ Double Total | 4,691| 1,280|15,466|20,146| 6,314|20,331|32,558| 9,698 | +======+======+======+======+======+======+======+=======+ 20 Arizona | ...| ...| 60| 189| 28| 137| 306| 45 | 21 Illinois | 1,712| 389| 3,826| 5,067| 810| 5,220| 8,817| 1,083 | 22 Nevada | 7| ...| 46| 180| 25| 42| 221| 28 | 23 New Mexico | 94| 21| 154| 231| 43| 209| 332| 42 | 24 New | | | | | | | | | Hampshire | 326| 124| 377| 325| 263| 426| 517| 221 | 25 Wyoming | ...| ...| 61| 170| 33| 100| 330| 47 | 26 W. Virginia | ...| ...| 763| 439| 187| 1,037| 840| 242 | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ Total | 2,139| 534| 5,287| 6,601| 1,389| 7,171|11,363| 1,708 | +======+======+======+======+======+======+======+=======+ Grand Total | 6,830| 1,814|20,753|26,747| 7,703|27,502|43,921|11,406 | ---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+
----------------+---------------+-------+-------+------- | 1906. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. +-------+-------+-------+-------+------- | P | AV | AV | AV | AV ----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- 1 Colorado | 616| 465| 465| 465| 465 2 Indiana | 2,711| 1,598| 1,598| 1,768| 1,776 3 Indian Terr. | 519| ...| ...| ...| ... 4 Iowa | 2,206| 635| 590| 599| 613 5 Kansas | 1,612| 378| 425| 2,454| 2,511 6 Michigan | 2,585| 1,596| 1,654| 1,654| 1,649 7 Minnesota | 2,026| 871| 1,037| 1,037| 1,091 8 Nebraska | 1,068| 313| 329| 392| 392 9 North Dakota | 464| 196| 196| 227| 280 10 Oklahoma | 590| 97| 97| 97| 860 11 South Dakota | 466| 173| 173| 284| 321 12 Utah | 316| 146| 146| 146| 146 13 Wisconsin | 2,261| 1,385| 1,385| 1,385| 2,479 +-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Total | 17,440| 7,853| 8,095| 10,508|12,583 +=======+=======+=======+=======+======= 14 California | 1,648| 1,595| 1,879| 1,995| 2,337 15 Idaho | 206| 81| 81| 116| 121 16 Montana | 304| 234| 251| 252| 280 17 Oregon | 475| 188| 188| 188| 598 18 Vermont | 350| 188| 184| 184| 186 19 Washington | 615| 329| 573| 573| 790 +-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Total | 3,598| 2,615| 3,156| 3,308| 4,312 +-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Double Total | 21,038| 10,468| 11,251| 13,816|16,895 +=======+=======+=======+=======+======= 20 Arizona | 144| 45| 76| 81| 84 21 Illinois | 5,419| 1,083| 1,127| 1,127| 1,264 22 Nevada | 42| 44| 44| 44| 74 23 New Mexico | 216| 43| 43| 43| 64 24 New Hampshire| 433| 232| 238| 245| 249 25 Wyoming | 104| 51| 64| 68| 186 26 W. Virginia | 1,076| 875| 850| 850| 1,068 +-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Total | 7,434| 2,373| 2,442| 2,458| 2,989 +=======+=======+=======+=======+======= Grand Total | 28,472| 12,841| 13,693| 16,274|19,884 ----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------
COMPARATIVE BANKING STATISTICS (1865-1906)--SOUTHERN GROUPS
(_In Thousands of Dollars_)
-----------------+------------------------------+----------+ | NATIONAL BANKS, 1865. |All Banks,| +---+--------+---------+-------+ 1896. | |No.|Capital.|Deposits.|Assets.|Deposits. | -----------------+---+--------+---------+-------+----------+ 1 Alabama | 2| ... | ... | ... | 6,856 | 2 Arkansas | 0| ... | ... | ... | 3,555 | 3 Florida | 0| ... | ... | ... | 5,531 | 4 Georgia | 1| 100 | 350 | 466 | 10,952 | 5 Louisiana | 1| 500 | 5,089 | 6,572 | 25,307 | 6 Mississippi | 1| 50 | 86 | 163 | 8,909 | 7 North Carolina| 2| 68 | 52 | 141 | 9,722 | 8 South Carolina| 0| ... | ... | ... | 9,891 | 9 Tennessee | 7| 340 | 939 | 1,850 | 21,723 | 10 Virginia | 10| 1,089 | 3,910 | 7,246 | 28,244 | +---+--------+---------+-------+----------+ Total 10 | | | | | | States | 24| 2,147 | 10,426 |16,438 | 130,690 | 11 Texas | 0| ... | ... | ... | 31,747 | +---+--------+---------+-------+----------+ Total 11 | | | | | | Seceding | | | | | | States | 24| 2,147 | 10,426 |16,438 | 162,437 | +===+========+=========+=======+==========+ 12 Delaware | 11| 1,328 | 1,555 | 4,479 | 7,020 | 13 Dist. Columbia| 6| 1,550 | 5,483 |18,396 | 18,677 | 14 Kentucky | 11| 2,272 | 2,129 | 6,841 | 41,502 | 15 Maryland | 27| 11,910 | 15,212 |38,923 | 87,354 | 16 Missouri | 11| 3,574 | 5,622 |14,144 | 117,150 | +---+--------+---------+-------+----------+ Total Border | | | | | | States | 66| 20,634 | 30,001 |82,783 | 271,703 | +---+--------+---------+-------+----------+ Whole South | 90| 22,781 | 40,427 |99,221 | 434,140 | -----------------+---+--------+---------+-------+----------+
-----------------+----------------------------------+-------------------- | NATIONAL BANKS, 1905. | ALL BANKS, 1906. +-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------- | No. |Capital.|Deposits.| Assets. |Deposits.|Clearings. -----------------+-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------- 1 Alabama | 67| 5,993| 21,235| 37,809| 52,004| 238,514 2 Arkansas | 28| 2,650| 8,803| 15,323| 19,533| 62,608 3 Florida | 34| 2,840| 14,085| 22,837| 31,878| ... 4 Georgia | 63| 6,371| 22,527| 43,333| 68,131| 594,700 5 Louisiana | 35| 5,905| 30,091| 55,678| 83,634| 984,264 6 Mississippi | 25| 2,970| 8,578| 16,139| 44,727| ... 7 North Carolina| 48| 3,850| 14,057| 26,499| 47,377| 19,484 8 South Carolina| 24| 2,986| 9,059| 18,819| 41,095| 68,415 9 Tennessee | 68| 8,425| 36,417| 66,079| 86,706| 594,979 10 Virginia | 85| 8,344| 42,277| 76,381| 95,132| 411,353 +-----+--------+---------+---------+---------|---------- Total 10 | | | | | | States | 477| 50,334| 207,129| 378,897| 570,217| 2,974,317 11 Texas | 440| 32,295| 101,285| 189,484| 130,364| 946,197 +-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------- Total 11 | | | | | | Seceding | | | | | | States | 917| 82,629| 308,414| 568,381| 700,581| 3,920,514 +=====+========+=========+=========+=========+========== 12 Delaware | 24| 2,274| 8,164| 14,220| 24,552| 65,309 13 Dist. Columbia| 12| 4,827| 21,868| 41,391| 47,861| 284,214 14 Kentucky | 124| 14,686| 40,208| 89,523| 105,252| 674,079 15 Maryland | 89| 17,294| 61,986| 130,422| 171,313| 1,442,156 16 Missouri | 101| 23,580| 117,079| 309,821| 347,613| 4,373,738 +-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------- Total Border | | | | | | States | 350| 62,661| 249,305| 585,377| 696,591| 6,839,496 +-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------- Whole South |1,267| 145,290| 557,719|1,153,758|1,397,172|10,760,010 -----------------+-----+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------
COMPARATIVE BANKING STATISTICS (1865-1906)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS
(_In Thousands of Dollars_)
----------------+--------------------------------+----------+ | |All Banks.| | NATIONAL BANKS, 1865. | 1896. | | |Deposits. | +----+--------+---------+--------+ | | No.|Capital.|Deposits.| Assets.| | ----------------+----+--------+---------+--------+----------+ 1 Colorado | 1| 200 | 162 | 427 | 29,967 | 2 Indiana | 70| 12,260 | 10,526 | 33,259 | 52,386 | 3 Indian Terr. | 0| ... | ... | ... | 704 | 4 Iowa | 36| 3,196 | 5,110 | 11,128 | 78,440 | 5 Kansas | 2| 200 | 2,479 | 2,910 | 30,529 | 6 Michigan | 35| 4,148 | 4,307 | 11,665 | 103,671 | 7 Minnesota | 11| 1,345 | 1,894 | 4,582 | 68,494 | 8 Nebraska | 2| 115 | 337 | 525 | 30,866 | 9 North Dakota | 0| ... | ... | ... | 7,032 | 10 Oklahoma | 0| ... | ... | ... | 756 | 11 South Dakota | 0| ... | ... | ... | 7,217 | 12 Utah | 0| ... | ... | ... | 6,366 | 13 Wisconsin | 34| 200 | 262 | 463 | 68,864 | +----+--------+---------+--------+----------+ Total | 191| 21,664 | 25,077 | 64,959 | 485,292 | +====+========+=========+========+==========+ 14 California | 0| ... | ... | ... | 202,874 | 15 Idaho | 0| ... | ... | ... | 1,969 | 16 Montana | 0| ... | ... | ... | 16,801 | 17 Oregon | 0| ... | ... | ... | 9,262 | 18 Vermont | 27| 4,863 | 1,019 | 10,384 | 40,572 | 19 Washington | 0| ... | ... | ... | 9,229 | +----+--------+---------+--------+----------+ Total | 27| 4,863 | 1,019 | 10,384 | 280,707 | +----+--------+---------+--------+----------+ Double Total | 218| 26,527 | 26,096 | 75,343 | 765,999 | +====+========+=========+========+==========+ 20 Arizona | 0| ... | ... | ... | 1,548 | 21 Illinois | 76| 10,715 | 15,783 | 39,812 | 213,799 | 22 Nevada | 0| ... | ... | ... | 580 | 23 New Mexico | 0| ... | ... | ... | 2,311 | 24 New Hampshire| 38| 4,635 | 1,390 | 10,814 | 71,922 | 25 Wyoming | 0| ... | ... | ... | 2,651 | 26 West Virginia| 12| 1,652 | 2,325 | 4,807 | 17,746 | +----+--------+---------+--------+----------+ Total | 126| 17,002 | 19,498 | 55,433 | 310,557 | +----+--------+---------+--------+----------+ Grand Total | 344| 43,529 | 45,594 |130,776 |1,076,556 | ----------------+----+--------+---------+--------+----------+
---------------+----------------------------------+---------------------- | NATIONAL BANKS, 1905. | ALL BANKS, 1906. +-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------- | No. |Capital.|Deposits.| Assets.| DEPS. |Clearings. ---------------+-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------- 1 Colorado | 74| 7,093| 66,618| 102,970| 93,243| 399,242 2 Indiana | 197| 20,551| 91,727| 160,193| 203,333| 511,813 3 Indian Terr. | 133| 5,629| 11,657| 24,059| 15,529| ... 4 Iowa | 281| 17,665| 69,709| 134,197| 262,176| 308,990 5 Kansas | 171| 10,313| 50,236| 84,155| 118,269| 99,533 6 Michigan | 88| 12,720| 74,719| 115,736| 278,579| 830,735 7 Minnesota | 229| 18,606| 83,491| 145,250| 179,699| 1,374,158 8 Nebraska | 159| 10,885| 56,822| 106,743| 114,645| 524,947 9 North Dakota | 97| 3,498| 14,519| 22,396| 35,416| 27,935 10 Oklahoma | 98| 3,780| 12,822| 21,881| 26,985| ... 11 South Dakota| 72| 2,790| 13,752| 20,510| 41,982| 18,554 12 Utah | 17| 1,948| 10,758| 18,392| 38,331| 267,961 13 Wisconsin | 115| 13,585| 85,736| 124,241| 189,181| 476,709 +-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------- Total |1,731| 129,063| 642,566|1,080,723| 1,597,368| 4,840,677 +=====+========+=========+=========+==========+=========== 14 California | 95| 23,065| 92,111| 181,699| 593,979| 2,506,729 15 Idaho | 27| 1,275| 8,282| 11,392| 19,194| ... 16 Montana | 29| 2,895| 18,855| 27,005| 37,663| 42,113 17 Oregon | 43| 3,160| 24,285| 38,193| 34,535| 259,704 18 Vermont | 50| 5,935| 12,796| 27,362| 65,240| ... 19 Washington | 36| 4,013| 36,100| 51,225| 91,309| 843,145 +-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------- Total | 280| 40,343| 192,429| 336,876| 841,920| 3,651,691 +-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------- Double Total|2,011| 169,406| 834,995|1,417,599| 2,439,288| 8,492,268 +=====+========+=========+=========+==========+=========== 20 Arizona | 13| 705| 4,319| 6,247| 13,708| ... 21 Illinois | 346| 48,709| 276,382| 572,972| 714,421| 11,174,325 22 Nevada | 4| 407| 1,333| 2,136| 5,813| ... 23 New Mexico | 23| 1,342| 7,194| 11,012| 10,782| ... 24 New | | | | | | Hampshire | 55| 5,330| 15,307| 31,044| 93,083| ... 25 Wyoming | 19| 1,085| 6,630| 9,498| 11,620| ... 26 West | | | | | | Virginia | 79| 6,604| 24,848| 43,079| 76,465| 50,918 +-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------- Total | 539| 64,182| 336,013| 675,988| 925,892| 11,225,243 +-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------- Grand Total |2,550| 233,588|1,171,008|2,093,587| 3,365,180| 19,717,511 ---------------+-----+--------+---------+---------+----------+-----------
COMPARATIVE MANUFACTURES (1905)
SOUTHERN GROUPS
(_Money Values in Thousands of Dollars_)
Column heading:
No.: No. of Establishments
----------------+-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+--------- | No. | Wage |Capital. | Annual | Cost of |Value of | |Earners.| | Wages. | Material.|Products. ----------------+-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+--------- 1 Alabama | 1,882| 62,173| 105,383| 21,878| 60,458| 109,170 2 Arkansas | 1,907| 33,089| 46,306| 14,544| 21,799| 53,864 3 Florida | 1,413| 42,091| 32,972| 15,767| 16,532| 50,298 4 Georgia | 3,219| 92,749| 135,212| 27,392| 83,625| 151,040 5 Louisiana | 2,091| 55,859| 150,811| 25,316| 117,035| 186,380 6 Mississippi | 1,520| 38,690| 50,256| 14,819| 25,801| 57,451 7 North Carolina| 3,272| 85,339| 141,001| 21,375| 79,268| 142,521 8 South Carolina| 1,399| 59,441| 113,422| 13,869| 49,969| 79,376 9 Tennessee | 3,175| 60,572| 102,439| 22,806| 79,352| 137,960 10 Virginia | 3,187| 80,285| 147,989| 27,943| 83,649| 148,856 | | | | | | +-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+--------- Total 10 | | | | | | States | 23,065| 610,288|1,025,791| 205,709| 617,488|1,116,916 | | | | | | 11 Texas | 3,158| 49,066| 115,665| 24,469| 91,604| 150,528 | | | | | | +-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+--------- Total, 11 | | | | | | Seceding | | | | | | States | 26,223| 659,354|1,141,456| 230,178| 709,092|1,267,444 +=======+========+=========+========+==========+========= 12 Delaware | 631| 18,475| 50,926| 8,158| 24,884| 41,160 13 Dist. | | | | | | of Columbia | 482| 6,299| 20,200| 3,658| 7,732| 18,359 14 Kentucky | 3,734| 59,794| 147,282| 24,439| 86,545| 159,754 15 Maryland | 3,852| 94,174| 201,878| 36,144| 150,024| 243,376 16 Missouri | 6,464| 133,167| 379,369| 66,644| 252,258| 439,549 | | | | | | +-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+--------- Total Border| | | | | | States | 15,163| 311,909| 799,655| 139,043| 521,443| 902,198 +-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+--------- Whole South | 41,386| 971,263|1,941,111| 369,221| 1,230,535|2,169,642 ----------------+-------+--------+---------+--------+----------+---------
COMPARATIVE MANUFACTURES (1905)
EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS
(_Money Values in Thousands of Dollars_)
Column heading:
No.: No. of Establishments
----------------+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+--------- | No. | Wage | Annual |Capital.| Cost of |Value of | | Earners.| Wages. | | Material.|Products. ----------------+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+--------- 1 Colorado | 1,606| 21,813| 107,664| 15,100| 63,114| 100,144 2 Indiana | 7,044| 154,174| 312,071| 72,056| 220,507| 393,954 3 Indian Terr. | 466| 2,257| 5,016| 1,114| 4,849| 7,909 4 Iowa | 4,785| 49,451| 111,427| 22,997| 102,844| 160,572 5 Kansas | 2,475| 35,570| 88,680| 18,883| 156,510| 198,245 6 Michigan | 7,446| 175,229| 337,894| 81,279| 230,081| 429,120 7 Minnesota | 4,756| 69,636| 184,903| 35,843| 210,554| 307,858 8 Nebraska | 1,819| 20,260| 80,235| 11,022| 124,052| 154,918 9 North Dakota | 507| 1,755| 5,704| 1,031| 7,096| 10,218 10 Oklahoma | 657| 3,199| 11,108| 1,655| 11,545| 16,550 11 South Dakota | 686| 2,492| 7,585| 1,422| 8,697| 13,085 12 Utah | 606| 8,052| 26,004| 5,157| 24,940| 38,926 13 Wisconsin | 8,558| 151,391| 412,647| 71,472| 227,255| 411,140 +------+---------+---------+--------+----------+--------- Total |41,411| 695,279|1,690,938| 339,023| 1,392,044|2,242,639 +======+=========+=========+========+==========+========= 14 California | 6,839| 100,355| 282,647| 64,657| 215,726| 367,218 15 Idaho | 364| 3,061| 9,689| 2,059| 4,069| 8,769 16 Montana | 382| 8,957| 52,590| 8,652| 40,930| 66,415 17 Oregon | 1,602| 18,523| 44,024| 11,444| 30,597| 55,525 18 Vermont | 1,699| 33,106| 62,659| 15,221| 32,430| 63,054 19 Washington | 2,751| 45,199| 96,953| 30,087| 66,166| 128,522 +------+---------+---------+--------+----------+--------- Total |13,637| 209,201| 548,562| 132,120| 389,918| 689,833 +------+---------+---------+--------+----------+--------- Double Total |55,048| 904,480|2,239,500| 471,143| 1,781,962|2,932,472 +======+=========+=========+========+==========+========= 20 Arizona | 169| 4,793| 14,396| 3,969| 14,595| 28,083 21 Illinois |14,921| 379,436| 975,845| 208,405| 840,057|1,410,342 22 Nevada | 115| 802| 2,892| 693| 1,628| 3,096 23 New Mexico | 199| 3,478| 4,638| 2,153| 2,236| 5,706 24 New Hampshire| 1,618| 65,366| 109,495| 27,693| 73,216| 123,611 25 Wyoming | 169| 1,834| 2,696| 1,261| 1,301| 3,523 26 West Virginia| 2,109| 43,758| 86,821| 21,153| 54,419| 99,041 +------+---------+---------+--------+----------+--------- Total |19,300| 499,467|1,196,783| 265,327| 987,452|1,673,402 +------+---------+---------+--------+----------+--------- Grand Total |74,348|1,403,947|3,436,283| 736,470| 2,769,414|4,605,874 ----------------+------+---------+---------+--------+----------+---------
COMPARATIVE CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS (1904-1905)--SOUTHERN GROUPS
-----------------+-----------+-------------------+----------------------+ | | PRISONERS | INSANE IN HOSPITALS | |Delinquents| (June 30, 1904). | (Jan. 1, 1905). | | (June 30, +-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+ | 1904). |White|Negro |Total | White | Negro| Total | -----------------+-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+ 1 Alabama | 37 | 270| 1,798| 2,068| 1,222| 490| 1,712| 2 Arkansas | ... | 251| 632| 884| 56| 107| 669| 3 Florida | 31 | 140| 1,094| 1,234| 457| 283| 740| 4 Georgia | 99 | 544| 2,029| 2,579| 2,049| 915| 2,964| 5 Louisiana | 36 | 325| 1,355| 1,680| 1,122| 467| 1,589| 6 Mississippi | ... | 114| 1,122| 1,238| 981| 598| 1,579| 7 North Carolina | ... | 269| 912| 1,185| 1,532| 545| 2,077| 8 South Carolina | ... | 142| 903| 1,045| 709| 498| 1,207| 9 Tennessee | 246 | 600| 1,397| 1,997| 1,457| 336| 1,793| 10 Virginia | 279 | 401| 1,494| 1,895| 2,239| 1,200| 3,439| | | | | | | | | +-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+ Total 10 States| 728 |3,056|12,736|15,805| 12,330| 5,439| 17,769| 11 Texas | ... |1,835| 2,667| 4,504| 3,081 | 401| 3,482| | | | | | | | | Total +-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+ Seceding States| 728 |4,891|15,403|20,309| 15,411| 5,840| 21,251| +===========+=====+======+======+=======+======+=======+ | | | | | | | | 12 Delaware | 98 | 66| 94| 160| 288| 78| 366| 13 District of | | | | | | | | Columbia | 405 | 12| 34| 46| 2,074| 517| 2,591| 14 Kentucky | 301 | 923| 1,298| 2,221| 2,632| 508| 3,140| 15 Maryland | 1,070 | 750| 1,117| 1,867| 2,189| 325| 2,514| 16 Missouri | 670 |1,752| 1,040| 2,793| 4,923| 273| 5,196| +-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+ Total | | | | | | | | Border States | 2,544 |3,503| 3,583| 7,087| 12,106| 1,701| 13,807| +-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+ Total South | 3,272 |8,394|18,986|27,396| 27,517| 7,541| 35,058| -----------------+-----------+-----+------+------+-------+------+-------+
------------------+------------------------ | PAUPERS | (Jan. 1, 1905). | +--------+------+-------- | White | Negro| Total ------------------+--------+------+-------- 1 Alabama | 414| 357| 771 2 Arkansas | 476| 167| 643 3 Florida | 80| 70| 150 4 Georgia | 602| 407| 1,009 5 Louisiana | 149| 14| 163 6 Mississippi | 223| 280| 503 7 North Carolina | 981| 578| 1,559 8 South Carolina | 415| 289| 704 9 Tennessee | 1,343| 641| 1,984 10 Virginia | 1,112| 883| 1,995 | | | +--------+------+-------- Total 10 States| 5,795| 3,686| 9,481 11 Texas | 742| 221| 963 | | | +--------+------+-------- Total | | | Seceding States| 6,537| 3,907| 10,444 +========+======+======== | | | 12 Delaware | 229| 63| 292 13 District of | | | Columbia | 90| 160| 250 14 Kentucky | 1,396| 306| 1,702 15 Maryland | 1,325| 405| 1,730 16 Missouri | 2,257| 244| 2,501 | | | +--------+------+-------- Total | | | Border States | 5,297| 1,178| 6,475 +--------+------+-------- Total South | 11,834| 5,085| 16,919 ------------------+--------+------+--------
COMPARATIVE CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS (1904-1905)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS
----------------+-------------+----------------------+ | | PRISONERS | | Juvenile | (June 30, 1904). | |Delinquents, +-------+------+-------+ | June 30, | White.|Black.| Total.| | 1904. | | | | ----------------+-------------+-------+------+-------+ 1 Colorado | 288 | 901| 120| 1,022| 2 Indiana | 872 | 1,719| 419| 2,138| 3 Indian | | | | | Territory | ... | ...| ...| ...| 4 Iowa | 714 | 1,131| 122| 1,255| 5 Kansas | 372 | 1,918| 801| 2,876| 6 Michigan | 1,114 | 1,857| 124| 1,995| 7 Minnesota | 360 | 995| 59| 1,067| 8 Nebraska | 164 | 430| 85| 519| 9 North | | | | | Dakota | 39 | 198| 5| 203| 10 Oklahoma | ... | 21| ...| 22| 11 South | | | | | Dakota | 65 | 217| 9| 245| 12 Utah | 79 | 212| 11| 223| 13 Wisconsin | 543 | 1,311| 32| 1,366| +-------------+-------+------+-------+ Total | 4,610 | 10,910| 1,787| 12,931| +=============+=======+======+=======+ 14 California | 474 | 3,036| 165| 3,355| 15 Idaho | ... | 183| 8| 196| 16 Montana | 78 | 519| 38| 571| 17 Oregon | 93 | 360| 21| 399| 18 Vermont | 137 | 262| 12| 274| 19 Washington | 158 | 841| 37| 911| +-------------+-------+------+-------+ Total | 940 | 5,201| 281| 5,706| +-------------+-------+------+-------+ Double Total | 5,550 | 16,111| 2,068| 18,637| +=============+=======+======+=======+ 20 Arizona | 31 | 289| 13| 318| 21 Illinois | 1,386 | 2,550| 629| 3,180| 22 Nevada | ... | 99| 5| 129| 23 New Mexico | ... | 236| 15| 265| 24 Wyoming | ... | 195| 26| 230| 25 New | | | | | Hampshire | 181 | 411| 5| 416| 26 West | | | | | Virginia | 314 | 535| 604| 1,139| +-------------+-------+------+-------+ Total | 1,912 | 4,315| 1,297| 5,677| +-------------+-------+------+-------+ Grand Total | 7,462 | 20,426| 3,365| 24,314| ----------------+-------------+-------+------+-------+
----------------+----------------------+---------------------- | INSANE IN HOSPITALS | PAUPERS | (Jan. 1, 1905). | (Jan. 1, 1905). +-------+------+-------+-------+------+------- | White.|Black.| Total.| White.|Black.| Total. | | [1]| | | [1]| ----------------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------- 1 Colorado | 880| 31| 911| 452| 10 | 462 2 Indiana | 4,324| 125| 4,449| 3,206| 129 | 3,335 3 Indian | | | | | | Territory | ...| ...| ...| ...| ... | ... 4 Iowa | 4,603| 60| 4,663| 2,055| 41 | 2,096 5 Kansas | 2,539| 121| 2,660| 693| 93 | 786 6 Michigan | 5,483| 81| 5,564| 2,796| 57 | 2,853 7 Minnesota | 4,263| 14| 4,277| 557| 8 | 565 8 Nebraska | 1,592| 16| 1,608| 477| 10 | 487 9 North | | | | | | Dakota | 473| 4| 477| 233| 3 | 236 10 Oklahoma | 394| 19| 413| 58| 4 | 62 11 South | | | | | | Dakota | 591| 31| 622| 161| 3 | 164 12 Utah | 373| 3| 376| 184| 3 | 187 13 Wisconsin | 5,024| 25| 5,049| 1,707| 6 | 1,713 +-------+------+-------+-------+------+------- Total | 30,539| 530| 31,069| 12,579| 367 | 12,946 +=======+======+=======+=======+======+======= 14 California | 5,705| 305| 6,010| 4,156| 136 | 4,292 15 Idaho | 277| 3| 280| 111| 1 | 112 16 Montana | 563| 16| 579| 420| 9 | 429 17 Oregon | 1,276| 47| 1,323| 378| 11 | 389 18 Vermont | 883| 2| 885| 414| 11 | 425 19 Washington | 1,420| 27| 1,447| 311| 7 | 318 +-------+------+-------+-------+------+------- Total | 10,124| 400| 10,524| 5,790| 175 | 5,965 +-------+------+-------+-------+------+------- Double Total | 40,663| 930| 41,593| 18,369| 542 | 18,911 +=======+======+=======+=======+======+======= 20 Arizona | 258| 12| 270| 180| 11 | 191 21 Illinois | 10,184| 264| 10,448| 5,238| 149 | 5,387 22 Nevada | 175| 11| 186| 162| 4 | 166 23 New Mexico | 112| 1| 113| ...| ... | ... 24 Wyoming | 104| 3| 107| ...| ... | ... 25 New | | | | | | Hampshire | 608| 2| 610| 1,064| 12 | 1,076 26 West | | | | | | Virginia | 1,417| 86| 1,503| 846| 115 | 961 +-------+------+-------+-------+------+------- Total | 12,858| 379| 13,237| 7,490| 291 | 7,781 +-------+------+-------+-------+------+------- Grand Total | 53,521| 1,309| 54,830| 25,859| 833 | 26,692 ----------------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
[1] Not possible for figures of Jan. 1, 1905, to distinguish between blacks and other colored insane and paupers; not important except in California where on Dec. 31, 1903, there were 218 Mongolian insane.
COMPARATIVE COMMON SCHOOL EDUCATION (1905)--SOUTHERN GROUPS
Key:
POP: Estimated Population [thousands]. ESP: Estimated School Population [thousands]. NPR: Number Pupils Enrolled [thousands]. NPA: Number Pupils Attending [thousands]. ADS: Average Days of School NUM: Number AVS: Average Monthly Salary. VSP: Value of School Property [thousands]. ANR: Annual Revenue [thousands]. RPP: Revenue per Person of School Age. ANO: Annual Outgo [thousands]. OAA: Outgo per Average Attendance. OPV: Outgo per $10,000 Actual Property.
-----------------+------+-----+-----------+----+-----------+------+ | | |ENROLLMENT | | TEACHERS. | | | | | AND | | | | | | |ATTENDANCE.| | | | | | +-----+-----+ +-------+---+ | | POP | ESP | NPR | NPA | ADS| NUM |AVS| VSP | -----------------+------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+ 1 Alabama | 1,986| 663| 400| 210| 103| 5,400| 28| 2,200| 2 Arkansas | 1,403| 474| 336| 207| 88| 7,826| 40| 3,171| 3 Florida | 613| 185| 123| 84| 108| 2,925| 38| 1,290| 4 Georgia | 2,406| 803| 499| 311| 118| 10,360| 34| 4,010| 5 Louisiana | 1,513| 493| 210| 146| 130| 4,680| 40| 3,660| 6 Mississippi | 1,682| 572| 404| 233| 123| 8,922| 31| 2,190| 7 North Carolina| 2,032| 676| 474| 280| 95| 9,687| 31| 3,183| 8 South Carolina| 1,435| 497| 303| 200| 106| 6,059| 30| 2,000| 9 Tennessee | 2,147| 687| 508| 349| 113| 9,784| 36| 5,172| 10 Virginia | 1,953| 618| 362| 215| 128| 9,072| 29| 4,298| +------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+ Total 10 | | | | | | | | | States |17,170|5,668|3,619|2,235| ...| 74,715|...|31,174| | | | | | | | | | 11 Texas | 3,455|1,156| 756| 502| 112| 17,116| 53|11,897| +------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+ Total Seceding| | | | | | | | | States |20,625|6,824|4,375|2,737| ...| 91,831|...|43,071| +======+=====+=====+=====+====+=======+===+======+ 12 Delaware | 193| 51| 37| 25| 170| 897| 40| 1,627| 13 Dist. of | | | | | | | | | Columbia | 303| 66| 51| 41| 181| 1,478| 64| 5,816| 14 Kentucky | 2,291| 709| 501| 310| 90| 10,449| 44| 6,118| 15 Maryland | 1,261| 352| 227| 140| 192| 5,150| 47| 4,790| 16 Missouri | 3,320| 978| 729| 471| 152| 17,385| 47|22,593| +------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+ Total Border | | | | | | | | | States | 7,368|2,156|1,545| 987| ...| 35,359|...|40,944| +------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+ Total South |27,993|8,980|5,920|3,724| ...|127,190|...|84,015| -----------------+------+-----+-----+-----+----+-------+---+------+
--------------------+--------------+----------------------- | REVENUE. | EXPENDITURE. +-------+------+-------+-------+------- | ANR | RPP | ANO | OAA | OPV --------------------+-------+------+-------+-------+------- 1 Alabama | 1,589| 2.39| 1,475| 7.03| 13.0 2 Arkansas | 2,042| 4.31| 1,955| 9.43| 21.5 3 Florida | 946| 5.20| 945| 11.30| 21.9 4 Georgia | 2,397| 3.03| 2,328| 7.47| 19.2 5 Louisiana | 2,219| 4.51| 2,169| 14.83| 15.0 6 Mississippi | 1,859| 3.35| 1,869| 8.01| 27.1 7 North Carolina | 1,881| 2.78| 1,936| 6.90| 24.6 8 South Carolina | 1,310| 2.64| 1,305| 6.51| 20.3 9 Tennessee | 3,102| 4.52| 2,933| 8.41| 23.6 10 Virginia | 2,432| 3.94| 2,378| 11.05| 16.6 +-------+------+-------+-------+------- Total 10 | | | | | States | 19,777| ...| 19,293| ...| ... | | | | | 11 Texas | 6,406| 5.54| 6,400| 12.76| 21.9 +-------+------+-------+-------+------- Total Seceding | | | | | States | 26,183| ...| 25,693| ...| ... +=======+======+=======+=======+======= 12 Delaware | 499| 9.75| 540| 17.93| 21.4 13 Dist. of | | | | | Columbia | 1,680| 25.54| 1,676| 41.28| 15.1 14 Kentucky | 2,723| 3.94| 2,663| 8.59| 17.4 15 Maryland | 3,163| 8.99| 2,961| 21.32| 18.2 16 Missouri | 10,330| 10.56| 10,102| 21.46| 26.3 +-------+------+-------+-------+------- Total Border | | | | | States | 18,395| ...| 17,942| ...| ... +-------+------+-------+-------+------- Total South | 44,578| ...| 43,635| ...| ... --------------------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------
COMPARATIVE COMMON SCHOOL EDUCATION (1905)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS
Column headings:
EP: Estimated Population [thousands]. ESP: Estimated School Population [thousands]. NPE: Number Pupils Enrolled [thousands]. APA: Average Number Pupils Attending [thousands]. ADS: Average Days of School. AMS: Average Monthly Salary. VSP: Value of School Property [thousands]. AR: Annual Revenue [thousands]. RP: Revenue per Person of School Age. AO: Annual Outgo [thousands]. OAA: Outgo per Average Attendance. OAP: Outgo per $10,000 Actual Property.
-------------------+-------+------+-------------+----+------------+ | | | ENROLLMENT | | | | EP | ESP | AND | ADS| TEACHERS. | | | | ATTENDANCE. | | | | | +------+------+ +--------+---+ | | | NPE | APA | | Number.|AMS| -------------------+-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+ 1 Colorado | 603| 149| 138| 92| 158| 4,454| 47| 2 Indiana | 2,678| 741| 550| 416| 160| 16,495| 54| 3 Indian Territory| 498| 170| 48| 28| 115| 1,325| 44| 4 Iowa | 2,210| 681| 540| 376| 160| 29,619| 38| 5 Kansas | 1,546| 470| 382| 264| 145| 12,036| 42| 6 Michigan | 2,557| 692| 521| 408| 168| 16,823| 45| 7 Minnesota | 1,980| 579| 430| 281| 161| 13,320| 44| 8 Nebraska | 1,068| 322| 279| 185| 170| 9,680| 44| 9 North Dakota | 440| 115| 107| 68| 141| 5,714| 44| 10 Oklahoma | 558| 175| 158| 90| 104| 3,687| 37| 11 South Dakota | 455| 132| 109| 75| 140| 5,150| 38| 12 Utah | 310| 101| 76| 56| 153| 1,718| 62| 13 Wisconsin | 2,229| 670| 465| 291| 169| 14,004| 38| +-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+ Total | 17,132| 4,997| 3,803| 2,630| ...| 134,025|...| +=======+======+======+======+====+========+===+ 14 California | 1,621| 370| 315| 239| 170| 9,026| 67| 15 Idaho | 198| 57| 57| 41| 136| 1,547| 58| 16 Montana | 294| 65| 45| 31| 107| 1,268| 56| 17 Oregon | 465| 122| 108| 78| 158| 4,022| 45| 18 Vermont | 349| 82| 67| 48| 157| 3,417| 32| 19 Washington | 599| 151| 170| 119| 167| 5,179| 55| +-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+ Total | 3,526| 847| 762| 556| ...| 24,459|...| +-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+ Double Total | 20,658| 5,844| 4,565| 3,186| ...| 158,484|...| +=======+======+======+======+====+========+===+ 20 Arizona | 140| 36| 22| 14| 135| 538| 76| 21 Illinois | 5,319| 1,456| 985| 812| 169| 27,860| 60| 22 Nevada | 42| 9| 7| 5| 159| 357| 68| 23 New Mexico | 213| 65| 38| 26| 114| 828| 54| 24 New Hampshire | 429| 93| 78| 50| 152| 2,416| 36| 25 Wyoming | 102| 26| 18| 12| 140| 728| 51| 26 West Virginia | 1,057| 326| 248| 163| 123| 7,636| 35| +-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+ Total | 7,302| 2,011| 1,396| 1,082| ...| 40,363|...| +-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+ Grand Total | 27,960| 7,855| 5,961| 4,268| ...| 198,847|...| -------------------+-------+------+------+------+----+--------+---+
-------------------+--------+---------------+--------------------- | | | | VSP | REVENUE. | EXPENDITURE. | | | | +--------+------+--------+------+----- | | AR | RP | AO | OAA | OAP -------------------+--------+--------+------+--------+------+----- 1 Colorado | 10,265| 4,172| 28.62| 3,985| 41.89| 33.0 2 Indiana | 29,059| 11,927| 16.09| 11,501| 27.67| 30.1 3 Indian Territory| 750| 643| 3.78| 715| 25.10| 14.0 4 Iowa | 23,305| 11,195| 16.43| 10,316| 27.47| 26.4 5 Kansas | 10,525| 5,506| 11.72| 5,830| 22.08| 25.2 6 Michigan | 25,963| 9,760| 14.11| 9,630| 23.60| 27.9 7 Minnesota | 22,018| 9,163| 15.82| 8,470| 30.19| 24.1 8 Nebraska | 11,309| 5,218| 16.29| 5,304| 28.64| 23.8 9 North Dakota | 4,334| 2,435| 21.21| 2,530| 37.27| 31.5 10 Oklahoma | 2,123| 1,429| 8.17| 1,488| 16.49| 21.4 11 South Dakota | 4,550| 2,341| 17.67| 2,380| 31.61| 32.9 12 Utah | 3,538| 1,655| 16.76| 1,657| 29.50| 34.0 13 Wisconsin | 16,575| 8,531| 12.74| 8,240| 28.34| 27.8 +--------+--------+------+--------+------+----- Total | 164,314| 73,975| ...| 72,046| ...| ... +========+========+======+========+======+===== 14 California | 27,551| 9,271| 25.05| 9,771| 40.80| 22.8 15 Idaho | 1,892| 914| 16.09| 912| 22.39| 29.1 16 Montana | 4,832| 1,278| 20.68| 1,236| 39.28| 16.6 17 Oregon | 4,671| 2,013| 16.57| 2,052| 26.27| 21.2 18 Vermont | 2,964| 1,290| 15.80| 1,324| 27.39| 32.6 19 Washington | 9,808| 3,648| 24.10| 3,220| 27.09| 38.6 +--------+--------+------+--------+------+----- Total | 51,718| 18,414| ...| 18,515| ...| ... +--------+--------+------+--------+------+----- Double Total | 216,032| 92,389| ...| 90,561| ...| ... +========+========+======+========+======+===== 20 Arizona | 900| 438| 12.08| 457| 32.67| 14.3 21 Illinois | 64,555| 22,670| 15.59| 22,823| 28.11| 24.7 22 Nevada | 270| 271| 30.04| 258| 49.69| 11.7 23 New Mexico | 801| 368| 5.64| 362| 14.09| 10.6 24 New Hampshire | 4,493| 1,360| 14.69| 1,557| 31.22| 26.6 25 Wyoming | 454| 366| 14.27| 388| 31.78| 9.0 26 West Virginia | 5,811| 2,744| 8.42| 2,767| 16.97| 30.1 +--------+--------+------+--------+------+----- Total | 77,284| 28,217| ...| 28,612| ...| ... +--------+--------+------+--------+------+----- Grand Total | 293,316| 120,606| ...| 119,173| ...| ... -------------------+--------+--------+------+--------+------+-----
COMPARATIVE COMMON SCHOOL EDUCATION (1907)
SOUTHERN GROUPS
Key:
PAA: Pupils Average Attendance [thousands]. VSP: Value of School Property [thousands]. ANR: Annual Revenue [thousands]. ANE: Annual Expenditure [thousands].
--------------------+--------+------+-------------------------- | | | FINANCES. | | +---------+-------+-------- |Teachers| PAA | VSP | ANR | ANX --------------------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------- 1 Alabama | 7,757| 249| 4,569| 2,287| 2,620 2 Arkansas | 8,113| 221| 4,039| 2,428| 2,414 3 Florida | 3,362| 91| 2,001| 1,384| 1,352 4 Georgia | 10,379| 317| 5,822| 2,831| 2,850 5 Louisiana | 5,615| 160| 4,098| 2,952| 2,169 6 Mississippi | 9,499| 285| 2,190| 1,511| 2,641 7 North Carolina | 10,146| 297| 4,250| 2,519| 2,378 8 South Carolina | 6,228| 222| 2,200| 1,531| 1,416 9 Tennessee | 9,829| 353| 6,332| 3,314| 2,705 10 Virginia | 9,468| 220| 5,718| 3,323| 3,357 +--------+------+---------+-------+------- Total 10 States | 80,396| 2,415| 41,219| 24,080| 23,902 | | | | | 11 Texas | 17,867| 499| 15,178| 7,443| 7,402 +--------+------+---------+-------+------- Total, 11 Seceding | | | | | States | 98,263| 2,914| 56,397| 31,523| 31,304 +========+======+=========+=======+======= 12 Delaware | 897| 25| 1,627| 499| 540 13 Dist. of Columbia| 1,575| 43| 7,005| 2,164| 2,012 14 Kentucky | 9,245| 310| 6,368| 4,263| 4,051 15 Maryland | 5,290| 135| 4,790| 3,424| 3,307 16 Missouri | 17,847| 493| 27,847| 10,853| 8,482 +--------+------+---------+-------+------- Total South | 133,117| 3,920| 104,034| 52,726| 49,696 --------------------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------
COMPARATIVE COMMON SCHOOL EDUCATION (1907)
EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS
Key:
PAA = Pupils Average Attendance [thousands]. VSP = Value of School Property [thousands]. ANR = Annual Revenue [thousands]. ANE = Annual Expenditure [thousands].
----------------+--------+------+--------------------------- | | | FINANCES. |Teachers| PAA +--------+--------+--------- | | | VSP | ANR | ANE ----------------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------- 1 Colorado | 4,944| 106| 10,207| 5,836| 4,476 2 Indiana | 16,841| 420| 31,499| 13,816| 12,012 3 Indian Terr | 2,740| 61| 2,175| 790| 920 4 Iowa | 28,508| 366| 24,950| 11,619| 10,681 5 Kansas | 12,743| 277| 11,000| 6,294| 6,874 6 Michigan | 17,286| 423| 30,944| 15,260| 12,086 7 Minnesota | 13,928| 322| 26,000| 11,085| 10,803 8 Nebraska | 10,059| 186| 12,755| 5,809| 5,561 9 North Dakota | 6,109| 72| 4,900| 3,000| 2,900 10 Oklahoma | 4,386| 103| 3,624| 2,053| 1,629 11 South Dakota | 5,358| 65| 5,138| 2,702| 2,730 12 Utah | 2,010| 61| 3,577| 1,996| 2,056 13 Wisconsin | 14,491| 328| 23,243| 10,223| 8,946 +--------+------+--------+--------+--------- Total | 139,403| 2,790| 190,012| 90,483| 81,674 | | | | | 14 California | 9,714| 248| 36,680 | 10,914| 12,219 15 Idaho | 1,897| 48| 3,162 | 1,240| 1,370 16 Montana | 1,741| 35| 3,489 | 1,597| 1,716 17 Oregon | 4,228| 77| 5,732 | 2,671| 2,474 18 Vermont | 3,984| 49| 3,416 | 1,255| 1,271 19 Washington | 6,209| 131| 12,448| 5,397| 5,504 +--------+------+--------+--------+--------- Double Total| 167,176| 3,378| 254,939| 113,557| 106,228 +========+======+========+========+========= 20 Arizona | 626| 15| 1,158| 610| 620 21 Illinois | 28,083| 770| 69,142| 30,958| 30,106 22 Nevada | 322| 7| 523| 345| 490 23 New Mexico | 923| 25| 1,000| 524| 484 24 New Hampshire| 2,916| 50| 5,240| 1,379| 1,453 25 Wyoming | 787| 14| 914| 609| 436 26 West Virginia| 8,061| 165| 7,113| 3,490| 3,361 +--------+------+--------+--------+--------- Grand Total | 208,894| 4,424| 340,029| 151,472| 143,178 ----------------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SCHOOLS (1905)--SOUTHERN GROUPS
---------------------+----------------------------------------+ | STUDENTS. | +---------------+---------------+--------+ | Public. | Private. | | +--------+------+-------+-------+ Total. | | White. |Negro.| White.| Negro.| | ---------------------+--------+------+-------+-------+--------+ 1 Alabama | 4,646| 231| 1,485| 116 | 6,478| 2 Arkansas | 3,215| 295| 1,562| 159 | 5,231| 3 Florida | 1,493| 102| 242| 95 | 2,382| 4 Georgia | 7,015| 139| 2,499| 585 | 10,238| 5 Louisiana | 2,927| 80| 1,320| 35 | 4,362| 6 Mississippi | 3,998| 286| 1,375| 160 | 5,819| 7 North Carolina | 2,958| 14| 4,185| 383 | 7,540| 8 South Carolina | 4,380| 278| 748| 344 | 5,750| 9 Tennessee | 5,459| 605| 3,528| 90 | 9,682| 10 Virginia | 4,095| 545| 4,302| 338 | 8,264| | | | | | | +--------+------+-------+-------+--------+ Total 10 States | 40,636| 2,575| 20,230| 2,305 | 65,746| 11 Texas | 19,427| 1,134| 3,710| 221 | 24,492| | | | | | | +--------+------+-------+-------+--------+ Total Seceding | | | | | | States | 60,063| 3,709| 23,940| 2,526 | 90,238| +========+======+=======+=======+========+ 12 Delaware | 1,340| 53| 238 | ... | 1,631| 13 Dist. of Columbia | 2,968| 891| 1,117 | ... | 4,976| 14 Kentucky | 6,155| 651| 3,261 | 51 | 10,118| 15 Maryland | 6,362| 350| 2,094 | ... | 8,806| 16 Missouri | 26,278| 1,080| 3,365 | 89 | 30,812| +--------+------+-------+-------+--------+ | | | | | | Total Border | | | | | | States | 43,103| 3,025| 10,075| 140 | 56,343| +--------+------+-------+-------+--------+ Grand Total | 103,166| 6,734| 34,015| 2,666 | 146,581| ---------------------+--------+------+-------+-------+--------+
------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------- | TEACHERS. | VALUE OF PLANT. +-------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------- | | | | Public |Private | Total |Public.|Private.|Total.|[1000s].|[1000s].|[1000s]. ------------------+-------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------- 1 Alabama | 223 | 112 | 335| 831 | 516 | 1,347 2 Arkansas | 144 | 77 | 221| 620 | 419 | 1,039 3 Florida | 114 | 21 | 135| 501 | 134 | 635 4 Georgia | 320 | 207 | 527| 1,339 | 1,111 | 2,450 5 Louisiana | 155 | 102 | 257| 909 | 457 | 1,366 6 Mississippi | 225 | 89 | 314| 1,027 | 509 | 1,536 7 North Carolina | 123 | 270 | 393| 553 | 896 | 1,449 8 South Carolina | 214 | 83 | 297| 689 | 612 | 1,301 9 Tennessee | 242 | 215 | 257| 1,145 | 865 | 2,010 10 Virginia | 193 | 273 | 466| 596 | 1,424 | 2,020 | | | | | | +-------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------- Total 10 States| 1,953 | 1,449 | 3,402| 8,210 | 6,943 | 15,153 11 Texas | 842 | 264 | 1,106| 4,323 | 1,988 | 6,311 | | | | | | +-------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------- Total Seceding | | | | | | States | 2,795 | 1,713 | 4,508| 12,533 | 8,931 | 21,464 +=======+========+======+========+========+========= 12 Delaware | 63 | 30 | 93| 487 | 200 | 687 13 Dist. of | | | | | | Columbia | 196 | 203 | 399| 536 | 1,007 | 1,543 14 Kentucky | 297 | 289 | 586| 1,597 | 850 | 2,447 15 Maryland | 261 | 248 | 509| 1,149 | 3,125 | 4,274 16 Missouri | 1,140 | 311 | 1,451| 6,532 | 2,072 | 8,604 +-------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------- | | | | | | Total Border | | | | | | States | 1,957 | 1,081 | 3,035| 10,301 | 7,254 | 17,555 +-------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------- Grand Total | 4,752 | 2,794 | 7,546| 22,834 | 16,185 | 39,019 ------------------+-------+--------+------+--------+--------+---------
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY EDUCATION (1905)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS
Key:
PUB: Public. PRIV: Private.
--------------+------------------------------------+--------------------+ | STUDENTS. | TEACHERS. | +--------------+-------------+-------+------+------+------+ | Public. | Private. | | | | | +-------+------+------+------+ Total.| PUB | PRIV |Total.| | White.|Negro.|White.|Negro.| | | | | --------------+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+ 1 Colorado | 8,079| 56| 323| ... | 8,458| 347| 49 | 396| 2 Indiana | 34,848| 658| 1,831| 2 | 37,339| 1,596| 185 | 1,781| 3 Indian | | | | | | | | | Territory| 340| 26| 423| ... | 789| 20| 19 | 39| 4 Iowa | 32,210| 134| 2,577| ... | 34,921| 1,367| 147 | 1,514| 5 Kansas | 19,715| 310| 832| ... | 20,857| 756| 67 | 823| 6 Michigan | 33,077| 110| 1,523| ... | 34,710| 1,412| 148 | 1,560| 7 Minnesota | 18,073| 62| 2,381| ... | 20,516| 767| 205 | 972| 8 Nebraska | 17,425| 49| 1,461| 1 | 18,836| 749| 126 | 875| 9 North | | | | | | | | | Dakota | 2,218| 1| 48| ... | 2,267| 119| 3 | 122| 10 Oklahoma | 1,917| 78| 286| ... | 2,281| 87| 14 | 101| 11 South | | | | | | | | | Dakota | 4,543| 7| 340| ... | 4,890| 229| 34 | 263| 12 Utah | 1,785| 2| 2,731| ... | 4,578| 84| 144 | 228| 13 Wisconsin | 23,956| 17| 1,476| ... | 25,449| 1,051| 166 | 1,217| +-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+ Total |198,186| 1,510|16,232| 3 |215,931| 8,584|1,307 | 9,891| +=======+======+======+======+=======+======+======+======+ 14 California | 23,125| 64| 2,749| ... | 25,938| 930| 349 | 1,279| 15 Idaho | 930| 1| 366| ... | 1,297| 48| 22 | 70| 16 Montana | 2,641| 4| 200| ... | 2,845| 133| 26 | 159| 17 Oregon | 4,125| 12| 811| 1 | 4,949| 165| 74 | 239| 18 Vermont | 4,378| 3| 1,523| 1 | 5,805| 196| 98 | 294| 19 Washington | 8,168| 40| 524| ... | 8,732| 346| 62 | 408| +-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+ Total | 43,367| 124| 6,173| 2 | 49,666| 1,818| 631 | 2,449| +-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+ Double Total |241,553| 1,634|22,405| 5 |265,597|10,402|1,938 |12,340| +=======+======+======+======+=======+======+======+======+ 20 Arizona | 285| 1| 55| ... | 341| 13| 4 | 17| 21 Illinois | 48,212| 461| 3,434| 6 | 52,113| 1,945| 314 | 2,259| 22 Nevada | 171| ...| ...| ... | 171| 10| ... | 10| 23 New Mexico | 638| 3| 33| ... | 674| 34| 3 | 37| 24 New | | | | | | | | | Hampshire | 4,766| 3| 2,281| 14 | 7,064| 227| 185 | 412| 25 Wyoming | 560| 3| 35| ... | 598| 29| 5 | 34| 26 West | | | | | | | | | Virginia | 2,408| 63| 1,019| ... | 3,480| 121| 83 | 204| +-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+ | 57,040| 534| 6,857| 20 | 64,451| 2,379| 594 | 2,973| +-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+ Total |298,593| 2,168|29,262| 25 |330,048|12,781|2,532 |15,313| --------------+-------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+------+
-------------------+-------------------------- | VALUE OF PLANT. +--------+--------+-------- | Public |Private | Total |[1000s].|[1000s].|[1000s]. -------------------+--------+--------+-------- 1 Colorado | 2,634 | 200 | 2,834 2 Indiana | 9,540 | 836 | 10,376 3 Indian | | | Territory | 352 | 239 | 591 4 Iowa | 8,452 | 643 | 9,095 5 Kansas | 4,636 | 604 | 5,240 6 Michigan | 8,905 | 639 | 9,544 7 Minnesota | 5,244 | 1,731 | 6,975 8 Nebraska | 4,309 | 505 | 4,814 9 North Dakota | 725 | ... | 725 10 Oklahoma | 551 | 145 | 696 11 South Dakota | 1,566 | 255 | 1,821 12 Utah | 268 | 1,049 | 1,317 13 Wisconsin | 6,457 | 1,539 | 7,996 +--------+--------+-------- Total | 53,039 | 8,385 | 62,024 +========+========+======== 14 California | 4,616 | 2,722 | 7,338 15 Idaho | 441 | 179 | 620 16 Montana | 980 | 139 | 1,119 17 Oregon | 1,157 | 309 | 1,466 18 Vermont | 1,234 | 775 | 2,009 19 Washington | 2,050 | 496 | 2,546 +--------+--------+-------- Total | 10,478 | 4,620 | 15,098 +--------+--------+-------- Double Total | 64,117 | 13,005 | 77,122 +========+========+======== 20 Arizona | 128 | 80 | 208 21 Illinois | 11,757 | 2,985 | 14,742 22 Nevada | 69 | ... | 69 23 New Mexico | 381 | ... | 381 24 New Hampshire | 1,478 | 1,108 | 2,586 25 Wyoming | 372 | 75 | 447 26 West Virginia | 1,052 | 367 | 1,419 +--------+--------+-------- | 15,237 | 4,615 | 19,852 +--------+--------+-------- Total | 79,354 | 17,620 | 96,974 -------------------+--------+--------+--------
COMPARATIVE HIGHER EDUCATION (1905)--SOUTHERN GROUPS
Key:
TEA: Teachers. UNG: Undergraduates. GRD: Graduates. PRO: Professional. VAP: Value of Plant. PRF: Productive Funds. BEN: Benefactions. TI: Total Income.
---------------------+------+------------------------------+ | | STUDENTS. | | +-------+------+-------+-------+ | TEA | UNG | GRD | PRO | Total.| ---------------------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+ | | | | | | 1 Alabama | 258| 1,895| 47| 241| 2,183| 2 Arkansas | 154| 894| 7| 272| 1,173| 3 Florida | 109| 311| 1| 37| 349| 4 Georgia | 430| 3,719| 19| 311| 4,049| 5 Louisiana | 266| 1,172| 101| 716| 1,989| 6 Mississippi | 315| 2,021| 72| 87| 2,180| 7 North Carolina | 465| 3,255| 49| 588| 3,892| 8 South Carolina | 295| 2,878| 37| 66| 2,981| 9 Tennessee | 681| 2,770| 80| 1,870| 4,720| 10 Virginia | 450| 3,741| 81| 472| 4,294| +------+-------+------+-------+-------+ Total 10 States | 3,393| 22,656| 494| 4,660| 27,810| 11 Texas | 513| 2,954| 46| 862| 3,862| +------+-------+------+-------+-------+ Total Seceding States| 3,906| 25,610| 540| 5,522| 31,672| +======+=======+======+=======+=======+ 12 Delaware | 29| 173| 1| ...| 174| 13 Dist. of Columbia | 501| 875| 146| 1,790| 2,811| 14 Kentucky | 448| 2,281| 42| 1,080| 3,403| 15 Maryland | 540| 2,433| 206| 405| 3,044| 16 Missouri | 929| 3,736| 203| 1,417| 5,356| +------+-------+------+-------+-------+ Total Border States | 2,447| 9,498| 598| 4,692| 14,788| +------+-------+------+-------+-------+ Total South | 6,353| 35,108| 1,138| 10,214| 46,460| ---------------------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+
---------------------+------+----------------------------- | | FINANCES. | +-------+-------+------+------ | TEA | VAP | PRF | BEN | TI ---------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------ | | 1000s | 1000s | 1000s| 1000s 1 Alabama | 258| 1,845| 1,306| 17| 393 2 Arkansas | 154| 913| 208| 15| 247 3 Florida | 109| 722| 614| 22| 176 4 Georgia | 430| 3,972| 1,161| 153| 701 5 Louisiana | 266| 2,877| 3,560| 13| 404 6 Mississippi | 315| 2,229| 1,510| 21| 589 7 North Carolina | 465| 3,699| 1,441| 186| 645 8 South Carolina | 295| 2,740| 783| 159| 542 9 Tennessee | 681| 4,659| 3,050| 310| 718 10 Virginia | 450| 5,475| 2,747| 850| 857 +------+-------+-------+------+------ Total 10 States | 3,393| 29,131| 16,380| 1,746| 5,272 11 Texas | 513| 3,975| 1,059| 2| 776 +------+-------+-------+------+------ Total Seceding States| 3,906| 33,106| 17,439| 1,748| 6,048 +======+=======+=======+======+====== 12 Delaware | 29| 270| 83| ...| 68 13 Dist. of Columbia | 501| 9,416| 1,510| 355| 517 14 Kentucky | 448| 2,934| 2,287| 257| 420 15 Maryland | 540| 16,218| 5,388| 110| 1,131 16 Missouri | 929| 8,063| 8,005| 253| 1,164 +------+-------+-------+------+------ Total Border States | 2,447| 36,901| 17,273| 975| 3,300 +------+-------+-------+------+------ Total South | 6,353| 70,007| 34,71 | 2,723| 9,348 ---------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------
COMPARATIVE HIGHER EDUCATION (1905)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS
Key:
UNG: Undergraduates. GRA: Graduates. PRO: Professional. VAP: Value of Plant. PRF: Productive Funds. BEN: Benefactions. TI: Total Income.
-------------------+---------+-----------------------------+ | | Students. | |Teachers.+-------+------+-------+------+ | | UNG | GRA | PRO |Total.| -------------------+---------+-------+------+-------+------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 Colorado | 425| 1,826| 140| 333| 2,299| 2 Indiana | 462| 5,004| 136| 295| 5,435| 3 Indian Territory | 21| 25| ...| ...| 25| 4 Iowa | 775| 4,165| 238| 1,102| 5,505| 5 Kansas | 609| 3,396| 120| 487| 4,003| 6 Michigan | 560| 4,198| 144| 1,538| 5,880| 7 Minnesota | 595| 2,770| 140| 1,138| 4,048| 8 Nebraska | 502| 2,283| 153| 650| 3,086| 9 North Dakota | 88| 267| 11| 49| 327| 10 Oklahoma | 62| 323| 3| 50| 376| 11 South Dakota | 138| 516| 19| 48| 583| 12 Utah | 146| 580| 2| ...| 582| 13 Wisconsin | 452| 3,741| 157| 198| 4,096| +---------+-------+------+-------+------+ Total. | 4,835| 29,094| 1,263| 5,888|36,245| +=========+=======+======+=======+======+ 14 California | 882| 5,285| 380| 617| 6,282| 15 Idaho | 22| 173| 1| ...| 174| 16 Montana | 52| 322| 12| ...| 334| 17 Oregon | 201| 1,078| 20| 193| 1,291| 18 Vermont | 89| 574| 1| 193| 768| 19 Washington | 170| 1,315| 85| 104| 1,504| +---------+-------+------+-------+------+ Total | 1,416| 8,747| 499| 1,107|10,353| +---------+-------+------+-------+------+ Double Total | 6,251| 37,841| 1,762| 6,995|46,598| +=========+=======+======+=======+======+ 20 Arizona | 26| 33| 6| ...| 39| 21 Illinois | 1,634| 8,889| 1,368| 3,809|14,066| 22 Nevada | 33| 178| 3| ...| 181| 23 New Mexico | 54| 105| 9| ...| 114| 24 New Hampshire | 119| 1,038| 36| 60| 1,130| 25 Wyoming | 18| 62| 3| ...| 65| 26 West Virginia | 106| 889| 2| 220| 1,111| +---------+-------+------+-------+------+ Total | 1,990| 11,194| 1,427| 4,089|16,710| +---------+-------+------+-------+------+ Grand Total | 8,241| 49,035| 3,189| 11,084|63,308| -------------------+---------+-------+------+-------+------+
-------------------+------------------------------ | Finances. +-------+-------+------+------- | VAP | PRF | BEN | TI -------------------+-------+-------+------+------- | 1000s| 1000s| 1000s| 1000s 1 Colorado | 2,713| 812| 75| 525 2 Indiana | 6,312| 2,964| 80| 1,022 3 Indian Territory | 171| ...| 12| 16 4 Iowa | 5,959| 3,251| 342| 1,426 5 Kansas | 4,287| 1,232| 130| 710 6 Michigan | 6,076| 2,863| 106| 1,324 7 Minnesota | 3,506| 2,118| 50| 883 8 Nebraska | 2,588| 1,254| 193| 599 9 North Dakota | 1,096| 1,151| 50| 368 10 Oklahoma | 546| ...| ...| 145 11 South Dakota | 1,299| 199| 73| 275 12 Utah | 1,044| 326| 1| 282 13 Wisconsin | 4,548| 2,464| 311| 1,106 +-------+-------+------+------- Total. | 40,145| 18,634| 1,423| 8,681 +=======+=======+======+======= 14 California | 10,755| 35,270| 470| 1,999 15 Idaho | 288| 213| ...| 93 16 Montana | 695| 523| ...| 177 17 Oregon | 907| 680| 17| 191 18 Vermont | 1,430| 1,073| 101| 149 19 Washington | 2,015| 295| 33| 607 +-------+-------+------+------- Total | 16,090| 38,054| 621| 3,216 +-------+-------+------+------- Double Total | 56,235| 56,688| 2,044| 11,897 +=======+=======+======+======= 20 Arizona | 234| ...| ...| 55 21 Illinois | 20,112| 17,052| 1,133| 3,072 22 Nevada | 282| 147| 2| 98 23 New Mexico | 292| ...| ...| 91 24 New Hampshire | 1,996| 2,750| 110| 279 25 Wyoming | 358| 26| ...| 59 26 West Virginia | 1,122| 276| 115| 217 +-------+-------+------+------------ Total | 24,396| 20,251| 1,360| 3,871 +-------+-------+------+------------ Grand Total | 80,631| 76,939| 3,404| 15,768 -------------------+-------+-------+------+------------
COMPARATIVE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS (1905)--SOUTHERN GROUPS
---------------------+------------------------------------------- | NORMAL SCHOOLS (PUBLIC AND PRIVATE). +----------+----------+----------+---------- | | | | | Teachers | Number | Value of | Total |for Normal| of Normal| Plant. | Income. | Students.| Students.| | ---------------------+----------+----------+----------+---------- 1 Alabama | 89| 1,866| 988,000| 310,000 2 Arkansas | 15| 292| 112,000| 17,000 3 Florida | 34| 350| 55,000| 30,000 4 Georgia | 77| 831| 370,000| 82,000 5 Louisiana | 35| 638| 130,000| 31,000 6 Mississippi | 23| 269| 7,000| 6,900 7 North Carolina | 114| 1,872| 707,000| 166,000 8 South Carolina | 48| 502| 370,000| 74,000 9 Tennessee | 84| 1,652| 600,000| 109,000 10 Virginia | 62| 1,146| 1,274,000| 267,000 +----------+----------+----------+---------- Total 10 States | 581| 9,418| 4,613,000| 1,092,000 11 Texas | 51| 1,510| 372,000| 120,000 +----------+----------+----------+---------- Total Seceding States| 632| 10,928| 4,985,000| 1,212,000 +==========+==========+==========+========== 12 Delaware | ...| ...| ...| ... 13 Dist. of Columbia | 21| 181| ...| ... 14 Kentucky | 26| 434| 114,000| 29,000 15 Maryland | 22| 475| 227,000| 33,000 16 Missouri | 106| 3,324| 1,188,000| 186,000 +----------+----------+----------+---------- Total | 175| 4,414| 1,529,000| 248,000 +----------+----------+----------+---------- Grand Total | 807| 15,342| 6,514,000| 1,460,000 ---------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------
---------------------+---------------------------------------------- | REFORM AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS (PUBLIC). +----------+----------+------------------------ | | | Finances. | Teachers.| Number of+----------+------------- | | Students.| Value of | Total | | | Plant. |Expenditures. ---------------------+----------+----------+----------+------------- 1 Alabama | 2| 78| 37,000| 8,000 2 Arkansas | ...| ...| ...| ... 3 Florida | 1| 52| 25,000| 3,000 4 Georgia | 1| 49| 30,000| 3,000 5 Louisiana | ...| ...| ...| ... 6 Mississippi | ...| ...| ...| ... 7 North Carolina | ...| ...| ...| ... 8 South Carolina | ...| ...| ...| ... 9 Tennessee | 28| 1,279| 170,000| 87,000 10 Virginia | 6| 351| 59,000| 24,000 +----------+----------+----------+------------- Total 10 States | 38| 1,809| 321,000| 125,000 11 Texas | 2| 180| 50,000| 35,000 +----------+----------+----------+------------- Total Seceding States| 40| 1,989| 371,000| 160,000 +==========+==========+==========+============= 12 Delaware | 6| 229| 165,000| 20,000 13 Dist. of Columbia | 15| 436| 460,000| 71,000 14 Kentucky | 9| 744| 200,000| 57,000 15 Maryland | 31| 1,486| 1,122,000| 147,000 16 Missouri | 18| 1,247| 771,000| 124,000 +----------+----------+----------+------------- Total | 79| 4,142| 2,718,000| 419,000 +----------+----------+----------+------------- Grand Total | 119| 6,131| 3,089,000| 579,000 ---------------------+----------+----------+----------+-------------
COMPARATIVE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS (1905)--EQUIVALENT NORTHERN GROUPS
-------------------+------------------------------------------- | NORMAL SCHOOLS (PUBLIC AND PRIVATE). +----------+----------+----------+---------- | | | | | Teachers | Number of| Value of | Total |for Normal| Normal | Plant. | Income. | Students.| Students.| | +----------+----------+----------+---------- 1 Colorado | 35| 490| 250,000| 71,000 2 Indiana | 140| 3,877| 905,000| 268,000 3 Indian Territory| ...| ...| ...| ... 4 Iowa | 129| 2,757| 518,000| 203,000 5 Kansas | 54| 1,040| 396,000| 79,000 6 Michigan | 122| 2,416| 795,000| 216,000 7 Minnesota | 96| 1,968| 983,000| 202,000 8 Nebraska | 64| 1,533| 415,000| 73,000 9 North Dakota | 15| 397| 108,000| 26,000 10 Oklahoma | 72| 1,471| 405,000| 118,000 11 South Dakota | 44| 702| 390,000| 46,000 12 Utah | 8| 182| 100,000| 19,000 13 Wisconsin | 173| 2,723| 1,075,000| 313,000 +----------+----------+----------+---------- Total | 952| 19,546| 6,340,000| 1,634,000 +==========+==========+==========+========== 14 California | 101| 1,614| 1,179,000| 198,000 15 Idaho | 21| 239| 145,000| 33,000 16 Montana | 14| 126| 100,000| 30,000 17 Oregon | 46| 466| 163,000| 65,000 18 Vermont | 19| 256| 20,000| 21,000 19 Washington | 47| 753| 350,000| 101,000 +----------+----------+----------+---------- Total | 248| 3,444| 1,957,000| 448,000 +----------+----------+----------+---------- Double Total | 1,200| 22,990| 8,297,000| 2,082,000 +==========+==========+==========+========== 20 Arizona | 18| 288| 183,000| 46,000 21 Illinois | 146| 2,997| 3,011,000| 337,000 22 Nevada | ...| ...| ...| ... 23 New Mexico | 15| 206| 135,000| 36,000 24 New Hampshire | 9| 119| 125,000| 27,000 25 Wyoming | ...| ...| ...| ... 26 West Virginia | 75| 1,339| 642,000| 139,000 +----------+----------+----------+---------- Total | 263| 4,949| 4,096,000| 585,000 +----------+----------+----------+---------- Grand Total | 1,463| 27,939|12,393,000| 2,667,000 -------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------
-------------------+---------------------------------------------- | REFORM AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS (PUBLIC). +----------+----------+------------------------ | | | Finances. | Teachers.| Number of+----------+------------- | | Students.| Value of | Total | | | Plant. |Expenditures. +----------+----------+----------+------------- 1 Colorado | 12| 549| 180,000| 67,000 2 Indiana | 8| 1,186| 280,000| 103,000 3 Indian Territory| ...| ...| ...| ... 4 Iowa | 29| 986| 420,000| 99,000 5 Kansas | 6| 575| 299,000| 75,000 6 Michigan | 56| 2,149| 850,000| 198,000 7 Minnesota | 16| 250| 381,000| 81,000 8 Nebraska | 11| 310| 340,000| 61,000 9 North Dakota | ...| ...| ...| ... 10 Oklahoma | ...| ...| ...| ... 11 South Dakota | 2| 89| 86,000| 26,000 12 Utah | ...| ...| ...| ... 13 Wisconsin | 30| 900| 671,000| 136,000 +----------+----------+----------+------------- Total | 170| 6,994| 3,507,000| 846,000 +==========+==========+==========+============= 14 California | 9| 676| 529,000| 156,000 15 Idaho | 1| 20| 50,000| 5,000 16 Montana | 2| 127| 45,000| 24,000 17 Oregon | 2| 110| 50,000| 46,000 18 Vermont | 4| 240| 60,000| 25,000 19 Washington | 6| 48| ...| ... +----------+----------+----------+------------- Total | 24| 1,221| 734,000| 256,000 +----------+----------+----------+------------- Double Total | 194| 8,215| 4,241,000| 1,106,000 +==========+==========+==========+============= 20 Arizona | 1| 55| 35,000| 16,000 21 Illinois | 47| 3,765| 2,200,000| 636,000 22 Nevada | ...| ...| ...| ... 23 New Mexico | ...| ...| ...| ... 24 New Hampshire | 4| 177| 100,000| 30,000 25 Wyoming | ...| ...| ...| ... 26 West Virginia | 10| 505| 170,000| 67,000 +----------+----------+----------+------------- Total | 62| 4,502| 2,505,000| 749,000 +----------+----------+----------+------------- Grand Total | 256| 12,717| 6,746,000| 1,855,000 -------------------+----------+----------+----------+-------------
INDEX
A
Abbott, E. H., articles by, on Southern question, 18.
Advance system on cotton plantations, 268; lien loans, 268; impositions, 269-270, 272; specimen accounts, 271; Christmas money, 272.
Africa, negroes in, 94-97. _See also_ Colonization.
Afro-American as name for Negro, 92.
Agriculture. Southern crops, 24, 220; poor white farmers and tenants, 41, 45; foreign laborers, 57; white small farmers, 60; negro life, 115-116; Negroes as laborers, 127; farms owned by Negroes, 144-145; amount of negro products, 145; actual wealth of Southern states, 220-221; population 221; reclamation of swamps, 221; comparative wealth of seceding states, 237-238; of whole South, 241; comparative value of cotton and other Southern crops, 251. _See also_ Cotton.
Alabama. Mining, 24; Republican party, 173; negro voters, 176; leasing of convicts, 201; contract law and peonage, 283; illiteracy, 293; per-capita school tax, 295; comparative statistics, 395-415.
Albany, Ga., negro school near, 312.
Alderman, E. A., and negro progress, 179.
_Alexander's Magazine_, 18.
Alexandria, La., Italians at, 56.
Amalgamation of races. Evil of, 157; determination against, 344, 349. _See also_ Miscegenation, Mulattoes.
American Colonization Society and Liberia, 96, 97. _See also_ Colonization.
_American Magazine_, articles in, on race question, 18.
Americus, Ga., as trade center, 26.
Amusements, negro, 116.
Andersonville, Ga., statue to Wirz in, 88.
Andrew, J. A., protest of, against class prejudice, 165.
Appalachian Forest Reserve, proposed, 223.
Architecture, Southern standard of, 26, 304.
Arizona, comparative statistics of, 395-415.
Arkansas. Illiteracy, 293; comparative statistics, 395-415.
Armstrong, S. C., and Hampton Institute, 334. _See also_ Hampton.
Art galleries in South, 304.
Assessment. _See_ Taxation.
Association of Colleges, 300.
Atlanta. Size, 28; progress, 29, 242; foreign population, 51; negro population, 107; race riot, 206, 390.
Atlanta, University of. Conferences, 131, 389; founding, 309. _See also_ Colleges.
_Atlanta Evening News_ and race riot, 206.
_Atlanta Georgian_, on lynching, 213.
Augusta, Ga., water power of, 26.
Austin. Capitol, 27; progress, 29.
Avary, Myrta L., on educational value of slavery, 84.
B
Baker, R. S., articles by, on race question, 18.
Baldwin Co., Ala., Northerners in, 48.
Bale, cotton. Making, 259; round, 259; careless construction, 274.
Baltimore. Foreign population, 51; as port, 229, 233; schools, 296, 315.
Banishment of Negroes, 195, 205, 206.
Banking, Southern, 225; comparative statistics of, 236, 238, 402-403; and cotton culture, 263; need of savings banks, 376.
Baptist Church, negro, 117.
"Basket-name," 138.
Bassett, J. S., and race problem, 72, 345.
Beaufort County, S. C., negro suffrage in, 176. _See also_ Sea Islands.
"Before Day Clubs," 190.
Bell, of Alabama. Plantation, 254; and negro uplift, 373.
Benevolent institutions, comparative statistics of, North and South, 237, 406-407.
Benson settlement, 141, 371.
Berea College and negro education, 317.
Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, Duke, on cotton seed, 260.
Bibliography of Southern problem, 7-19; bibliographies, 7; anti-negro works, 8-12; conservative Southern books, 12-14; works by Negroes, 14-17; monographic studies, 17; magazine articles, 18; necessity of first-hand investigation, 19.
Birmingham, Ala. Iron trade, 25; progress, 29, 242.
_Birmingham Age Herald_ on punishment of vagrancy, 383.
Black-and-tan Republicans, 173.
Black Belt. Extent, 21; manufactures, 25; trade centers, 26; richness of soil, 220.
Blount College and coeducation, 290.
Blowing Rock, N. C., view from, 31.
"Bohunks," 54.
"Boomer" described, 34.
Boyd, J. E., and peonage, 285.
Brawley, W. H., and peonage, 285.
Brookhaven, Miss., violence in, 199, 211, 212, 214.
Brown, W. G., "Lower South," 14.
Brownsville incident, 129, 194.
Bruce, P. A., on Virginians of seventeenth century, 82.
Bruce, R. C., as leader, 371.
Brunswick, Ga., as port, 22, 229.
Business. Leadership in South, 62; Negroes in, 130.
C
Cairo, Ill., mob in, 207.
Calhoun, J. C., Northern education of, 290.
Calhoun, Ala. Negro community, 141; school, 318, 389.
California. School expenditures, 295; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Cann, Judge, on concealment of negro criminals, 193.
Capital, in South, 225; comparative statistics of banking, 402-403; of manufacturing, 404-405.
Carnegie Educational Fund and Southern colleges, 300.
Catholic Church and Negroes, 117.
Cavaliers, myth of Southern descent from, 81.
Census Bureau, data from, 235. _See also_ Population.
Ceylon, advance system in, 272.
Chain gangs in South, 200.
Chamberlain, D. H., on lynching, 213.
Charleston. As port, 22, 229; character, 28; negro morality, 108; Crum incident, 171.
_Charleston News and Courier_, character of, 70.
Chattanooga, lynching at, 212.
Chesnutt, C. W., as writer, 15, 325.
Child labor in South, 264.
Chinese and South, 54.
"Christmas money," 272.
Churchill, W. S., on Negroes in Africa, 95.
Cities. Chief Southern, 22; growth of smaller Southern, 26; effect on Whites and Negroes, 27; urban population of South, 28; progress of Southern, 28; negro life, 114, 167; schools, 291, 296, 314, 315.
Civil War. Poor Whites and, 40; present Southern attitude toward secession, 84; towards Northern leaders, 85; belief in impoverishment through emancipation, 86; Andersonville and statue of Wirz, 88; negro soldiers, 129.
Clay Eaters, name for Poor Whites, 38.
Clearings, bank, comparative statistics of, North and South, 402-403.
Climate of South, 24, 25.
Coal in South, 224, 225.
Cole, peonage case, 282.
Colleges, Southern. Antebellum, 290; present development, 292, 302; comparative statistics, 296, 300, 414-415; for women, 301, 302; ranking institutions, 302; state university funds, 302; and politics, 302; Northern instructors, 303; endowments, 307; postbellum negro, 309; character of negro, 315, 317; need of negro, 317, 336; number of negro graduates, 318; objections to negro, 331-332; academic versus industrial training for Negroes, 332-336.
_Collier's Weekly_ on Southern progress, 247.
Colonization of Negroes. Attempts, 96-97; not a solution of race problem, 350-352.
Colorado, comparative statistics of, 397-417.
Colored person as name for Negro, 92.
Columbia, S. C. Water power, 26; progress, 29; manufacturing output, 276.
Columbus, Ga., water power in, 26.
Commerce. Southern ports, 22, 228-229; South and Panama Canal, 22; Southern inland centers, 26; of Liberia, 96; Southern inland transportation, 226-230; through Southern ports, 233; and race separation, 357.
Concealed weapons, carrying of, in South, 37, 64, 196, 216.
Conferences, negro, 131, 389.
Congress, no interference by, in race problem, 347-348.
Consumption, negro mortality, 108.
Convicts. Number, North and South, 197; Southern treatment, 200-202, 286.
Coöperative Educational Association of Virginia, 306.
Corbin, Austin, Sunny Side plantation, 57, 256, 281.
Cordova, S. C., and negro education, 327.
Corn, comparative value of crops of, 237, 241, 242, 248, 251.
Cotton. Extent of belt, 21, 252; Southern manufactures, 25, 274, 276; Poor Whites and manufacture, 45, 275; foreign and negro cultivators, 58; value of crop, 237, 241, 248; making of, 250-260; Southern claim of importance, 250; monopolizes Southern interest, 250; compared with other Southern crops, 251-252; and race problem, 252, 261, 267; history, prices, 252; staples, 252; fertilizing, 253; application of term plantation, 253-255; types of plantations, 255-256; white laborers, 255, 262, 264, 267; labor system, 257, 261; cultivation, 257-258; yield per acre, 258; ginning and baling, 258, 274; round bale, 259; seed as product, 260; hands, 261-277; independent negro raisers, 262; relation of negro hands to plantation, 262, 266; character of labor, 263; management of plantation, 263-264; working division of plantations, 264; renters, croppers, and wage hands, 265-266; extra work, 266; instability of negro laborers, 266; negro monopoly of labor, 267, 277; necessity of training of laborers, 267, 273, 274; complaints of negro hands, 267; advance system and its effect, 268-273; wastefulness of culture and distribution, 273; selection of seed, 274; culture and practical peonage, 279.
Cotton seed. Seed trust of Sea Island staple, 252; value as product, 260; selection, 274.
"Cotton-weed," 256.
Courts. Conduct of criminal trials in South, 198-199; suggestion of negro, 383. _See also_ Crime.
Crackers, name for Poor Whites, 38.
Crime in South. Mountaineer, 37; concealed weapons, 37, 64, 196, 216; mulattoes and, 112; and its penalties, 181-204; in North, 183; Northern ideas of Southern, 184; proportion of homicides, 184, 197; character of white homicides, 185; criminality of Negroes, 186-189; negro education and, 186, 189, 192, 328, 334, 343, 387; Negroes and organized, 189; conditions promoting negro, 190; Before Day Clubs, 190; negro assault on white women, 191-193, 208; concealment of negro criminals, 193; criminal example of Whites, 194, 207; whipping of Negroes, 194, 205; banishment of Negroes, 195, 205, 206; homicide of Negroes by Whites, 195-196; treatment of Negroes by police, 196; relative convictions, North and South, 197; conduct of murder trials, 198; negro trials and protection, 199; chain gangs, 200; prisons, 201; leasing of convicts, 201, 286; prison reform, 202; pardons, 203; white responsibility for inefficient criminal justice, 203; race riots, 205-208; lynching, 208-217, 361-365; prevalence, 216; influences working against, 216; and race animosity, 339; preventative measures for negro, 381-384; comparative statistics of prisoners, North and South, 406-407. _See also_ Peonage.
Croppers on cotton plantations, 266.
Crum, W. D., opposition to appointment of, 171.
Cuba, Negroes in, 98.
Cullman, Ala., excludes Negroes, 167.
Cutler, J. E., on lynching, 191, 208, 362.
D
Dallas, progress, 29.
Davis, Jeff, as political leader, 63.
Davis, Jefferson, on Southland, 2.
Dayton plantation, 255.
Death-rate, negro, 107-110.
Debts, comparative public, of South, 246.
Delaware, comparative statistics of, 397-417.
Democratic party, effect of control of, in South, 72, 173, 174.
Deposits, bank, comparative, statistics of, North and South, 402-403.
District of Columbia, comparative statistics of, 397-417.
Divorce, negro, 135.
Dixon, Thomas, Jr. As writer on race question, 9; on Southern temperament, 68; on Reconstruction, 86; on miscegenation, 155; and suppression of negro development, 180, 345, 370; on Booker Washington and Tuskegee, 319, 332; on cost of negro education, 328; on terrorizing Negroes, 360.
Domestic servants, negro, 124-127.
Domination, negro, as live question, 160.
"Dooley, Mr." on terrorizing Negroes, 358.
Dothan, Ala., abortive lynching in, 211.
Douglass, Margaret, negro school held by, 309.
Drink. Negroes and, 109, 117; Southern manufacture of liquor, 225; Southern prohibition, 384.
Drug habit, negro, 109.
Du Bois, W. E. B. Bibliographies of negro question, 8; as writer and investigator of negro question, 16-17, 114; literary style, 16, 325; on race problem, 69; on gospel of work, 120; on suffrage and leadership, 131; on race prejudice, 161; "Litany of Atlanta," 207; on race separation and progress, 318; on right to education, 325, 333, 336.
Dunbar, P. L. And negro question, 16; on unaccountability, 187; on industry, 372.
Dunleith plantation, 265.
Durham, N. C., tobacco manufacture in, 225.
E
Edmonds, R. H., on Southern potential wealth, 231.
Education, negro. Illiteracy, 98, 293, 294, 320; in North, 99; negro teachers, 130, 314; and crime, 188, 189, 192, 328, 334, 343, 387; race separation, 168, 313; of cotton hands, 267, 273; problem, 308; antebellum, 308; during and after Civil War, 309; beginning of public schools, 310; present status of public schools, 310; white opposition, 311, 323-337; typical rural schools, 311-313; refusal of authorities to provide schools, 313; interaction of poor schools and attendance, 313, 320; character of urban schools, 314; secondary and higher, 314; private schools, white opposition, 315-317, 319, 332; colleges, 315, 317-318; boycotting of white teachers, 316; influence of private schools, 318; Hampton and Tuskegee and industrial, 319; question of federal aid, 321, 348; private funds, 322; as help in race problem, 320, 385-388; needs, 320-321, 385-387; questions of negro capability, 323-327; question of harmful, 327; cost to South, 328; as unreasonable burden on Whites, 328-331; opposition to academic, 331; public industrial training, 332; academic versus industrial, 332-334; contradictory objections, 333, 337; professional, 335; opposition to secondary, 335; necessity of academic, 336; fundamental race objection, 336; negro complaints, 336; comparative statistics, secondary, North and South, 412-413.
Education, white, in South. Of Mountaineers, 36, 37; of Poor Whites, 44; comparative statistics of seceding states, 237, 248, 294, 408-417; of whole South, 241, 248, 295, 408-417; on basis of white population, 295; divergent views of need, 288; tradition of culture, 289; antebellum, 289-290; postbellum, 290; development of public schools, 291; of secondary and higher systems, 292; normal, 292; comparative illiteracy, 292-294; urban schools, 296; rural schools, 296-299; rural superintendence, 299; secondary, 299; of women, 299, 301; colleges, 300-303; professional, 303; influence of travel, 304; hopeful conditions, 304, 306; museums and art galleries, 304; libraries, 305; literature, 305; historical societies, 305; taxes, 306; promotive associations, 306; Northern aid, 306; federal aid, 307; standard, 339.
Electric railroads in South, 227.
Eliot, C. W. On South and Union, 5; on education in South, 288.
Emancipation, Southern belief in impoverishing effect of, 86, 219.
Eyre, J. E., and negro insurrection, 98.
F
Family life, negro, 116, 324.
Farming. _See_ Agriculture, Cotton.
Fenwick's Island, inhabitants of, 107.
Fernandina as port, 229.
Fertilizing in cotton culture, 253.
Fifteenth Amendment. Reason for, 175, 376; present South and, 345. _See also_ Suffrage.
Fisheries, Southern, 225.
Fisk University, founding of, 309.
Fitzgerald, Ga. Northern community, 49; Negroes excluded, 167, 358.
Flaxseed, Southern crop, 251.
Fleming, W. H., on remedy of race problem, 342, 345.
Florida. And immigration, 52; leasing of convicts, 201; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Forests, Southern wealth, 22; 221-223; lumbering and advancement of Mountaineers, 36; lumbering and Poor Whites, 45; efforts for forest reserve, 223; naval stores, 223.
Fourteenth Amendment, enforcement of, and race problem, 347.
Freedmen's Bureau and negro education, 309.
Frontier life of Southern Mountaineers, 23, 33, 37.
G
Gadsden, on South and immigration, 53.
Gallagher peonage case, 280.
Galveston. As port, 22, 233; rivalry with New Orleans, 228; lecture courses, 305.
Gambling, negro, 189.
Garner, J. W. On agitation of race question, 341; on legislative remedy of problem, 381; on negro education and crime, 387.
General Education Board, and Southern education, 300, 306, 307, 390; and negro schools, 322.
Georgia. Loss of natives, 47; valuations, 238; rural police, 384; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Georgia, University of, standing of, 302.
Ginning of cotton, 259, 274.
Glenn, G. R., on negro capability, 326.
Goldsboro, Fla., negro community at, 142.
Gonzales, N. G., murder of, 185.
Grady, H. W. On race problem, 69, 151; on Lincoln, 85; on faithfulness of slaves in war time, 139; on race separation, 356.
Graham, Jeffrey, case of descendants of, 156.
Graves, J. T. On negro advancement, 140, 345, 368, 376; on negro segregation, 355; on terrorizing Negroes, 359; on legal terror, 364.
Greenville, Miss., as trade center, 26.
Griffin, A. P. C., bibliographies of, on negro question, 8.
H
Hammond, Judge, on white duties in race problem, 392.
Hampton, Wade, on coöperation with Negroes, 388.
Hampton Institute. Opposition, 317; influence, 319; justification, 333; basis of success, 334; conferences, 389.
Hardy, J. C., on training of cotton laborers, 274.
Harris, J. C., as writer, 305.
Hay, comparative value of Southern crop of, 241, 251.
Hayti, Negroes in, 98.
Health. Southern, 25; negro death-rate, 107-110; mulatto, 111.
Helms, Glenny, peonage case, 284.
Hermitage plantation, 254.
Hill, W. B., and negro development, 179.
Hill Billies, name for Poor Whites, 38.
Historical societies, Southern, 305.
History. Southern attitude, 80-90; separate, of antebellum South, 80; Southern adherence to traditional views, 81; Cavalier myth, 81; belief in antebellum prosperity, 82; and in advantages of slavery to Negroes, 83; present attitude towards Civil War, 84-85, 88; towards Reconstruction, 85-88; towards post-Reconstruction times, 89, 218.
Hoffman, F. L. "Race traits," 10; on negro death-rate, 107-108; on negro physical inferiority, 132.
Home life. _See_ Family life.
Horseback riding in South, 23.
Hotels. Race separation in South, 170; improvement of Southern, 227.
Houses. Of Mountaineers, 34, 36; of Poor Whites, 43; negro farm, 115, 254-256.
Houston, progress, 29.
Howell, Clark. Gubernational campaign, 173; on progress of South, 247, 248.
I
Idaho, comparative statistics of, 397-417.
Illinois, comparative statistics of, 399-417.
Illiteracy. Comparative Southern, 237, 292; negro, 293, 320; decreasing, 293-294. _See also_ Education.
Immigration, foreign. And South, 50-58; foreign population of South, 50; and antebellum South, 51; Southern encouragement, 51; South Carolina's experiment, 52, 56; foreign groups in South, 53, 56-57; obstacles, 54-56; and negro question, 57; and cotton laborers, 264, 267; not remedy of race problem, 353; and peonage, 353; and crude labor, 374; comparative statistics of foreign population, North and South, 398-399.
Indian question, 76.
Indian Territory, comparative statistics of, 399-417.
Indiana. Colonization of Negroes in, 112; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Indianapolis. Negro question, 112; negro schools, 313.
Indianola, Miss., incident of negro postmistress in, 171.
Industrial education of Negro. Hampton and Tuskegee. 319; public, 332; versus academic, 332-334; dangers, 334.
Industry. _See_ Agriculture, Business, Commerce, Forests, Labor, Manufactures, Mining, Wealth.
Insane, comparative statistics of, North and South, 406-407.
Iowa, comparative, statistics of, 397-417.
Iron, Southern mining and manufacture of, 25, 224.
Italians in South, 53, 56-57, 272, 281.
J
Jackson, Miss., capitol at, 27.
Jacksonville as port, 22.
Jamaica, Negroes in, 98.
Jefferson, Thomas, and colonization of Negroes, 350.
Jim Crow cars, 168-171.
Johnson, E. A., on race antagonism, 160.
Jones, T. G., and peonage, 282, 286.
Jones, Tom, Negro, lynched, 213.
Jonesville, La., Dayton plantation near, 255.
Jury duty, Negroes and, 203.
Juvenile criminals in South, 202; comparative statistics of delinquents, 406-407; of reform schools, 416-417.
K
Kansas. Negro migration, 112; comparative statistics, 395-415.
Kelsey, Carl. "Negro Farmer," 17; on negro immorality, 134, 135.
Kentucky. Liquor manufacture, 225; problem of negro education, 307; taxation for negro schools, 329; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Kowaliga, Ala., negro community at, 141.
Ku-Klux Klan, evil of, 87.
L
Labor. Of Poor Whites, 45; in cotton mills, 45, 275; foreign and negro, 55, 57; white, on cotton plantations, 57, 255, 262, 264, 267; negro, in North, 100; negro, in South, 120-131; Negroes and gospel of work, 120; Negroes and unskilled, 120; white control of negro, 121; willingness of blacks, 121-124; negro managers, 123; negro domestic servants, 124-127; blacks as farm laborers, 127; skilled negro, 127, 225, 370; unions and negro, 128, 370; whipping on plantations, 194; manufacture of iron, 224; influence of Southern, on comparative wealth, 232, 235, 246, 247, 277; system on cotton plantation, 254, 257, 261; cotton hands, 261-277; character, on cotton plantation, 263; child, in South, 264; cotton renters, croppers, and wage hands, 265-266; instability of negro, 266; negro monopoly of cotton culture, 267, 277; necessity of training of cotton hands, 267, 273, 274; negro complaints, 267; advance system and its effect, 268-273; peonage in South, 278-287; postbellum vagrant laws, 279; Negroes as peasants, 374-376; immigration and crude, 374; comparative statistics of manufacturing wages, North and South, 404-405. _See also_ Immigration.
Lake Charles, La., Northerners at, 48.
Lake City, S. C., attack on negro postmaster at, 171.
Lamar, L. Q. C., on coöperation with Negroes, 388.
Land, negro ownership of, and uplift, 144, 372-374.
Lanier, Sidney, as writer, 305.
Lawyers, negro, 130, 335.
Lead in South, 224.
Leadership in South. Antebellum, 59; postwar changes, 60-62; social, 62; business, 62; political, 63; homogeneity, 63; tone, 64; Negroes and negro leaders, 130, 379.
Leasing of convicts in South, 201, 286.
Lee, S. D., on negro labor, 121.
Legislation as remedy of race problem, 381-385.
Leland University, founding of, 309.
Leonard. John, negro settlement started by, 141.
Liberia, failure of, 96-97, 350.
Libraries in South, 305.
Lien loans on cotton plantations, 268.
Lilywhite Republicans, 173.
Lincoln, Abraham. Minor's "Real Lincoln," 85; Grady on, 85; and colonization of Negroes, 350.
Liquor. _See_ Drink.
Literature. Southern, 305; negro, 325.
Little River, plantations on, 255.
Lockhart, Texas, peonage case, 280.
London, murders in, 184.
Louisiana. Immigration, 52, 56, 57; school system, 292; illiteracy, 293; negro illiteracy, 294; rural schools, 299: comparative statistics, 397-417.
Louisville, tobacco manufacture in, 225; schools, 296.
Louisville _Courier-Journal_. On South and immigration, 48.
Lower South, extent, 20. _See also_ South.
Lumber. _See_ Forests.
Lynching. Cutler's researches, 208; origin and early practice, 208; proportion. North and South, 209, 210; not confined to cases of rape, 209, 362; methods of lynchers, 210; mistakes, 211; conduct of officials, 211; and of militia, 212; justified, 212; reasons for practice, race hostility, 213-215; suggestion of legalization, 215; as remedy for race problem, 361-364; reduction, 364.
M
McDonogh, John, educational bequest by, 289.
McKinley, William, price of wheat and election of, 261.
_Macon Telegraph_ on Northern criticism, 243.
Madison, Ga., popular hysteria in, on negro question, 164.
Magic, negro belief in, 137.
Malaria in South, 25.
_Manufacturers' Record._ On immigration, 54; on Southern wealth, 242, 243; on wealth in cotton, 250; opposition to Northern educational aid, 307; on Atlanta riots. 390.
Manufactures of South, 24, 224-225; cheap power, 26, 225; cotton, 45, 274-276; importation of aliens, 52; comparative statistics, North and South, 237, 238, 276, 404-405.
Marriage. _See_ Miscegenation.
Maryland. And South, 20; problem of negro education, 307, 329; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Massachusetts and school tax, 329.
Mean Whites, name for Poor Whites, 38.
Medicine. Negro physicians, 129, 335; schools in South, 303.
Memphis, progress, 242.
Methodist Church. Negro, 117; educational commission of Southern, 300.
Michigan, comparative statistics of, 397-417.
Military service, negro, 129.
Militia and lynchings, 212.
Miller, Kelly. On Dixon, 10; as writer, 15, 325; on race antagonism, 160; on negro advancement, 368, 371.
Mining in South. 24, 224.
Minnesota, comparative statistics of, 397-417.
Minor, C. L. C. On Negroes under slavery, 83; "Real Lincoln," 85.
Miscegenation, 151-154; and principle of social inequality, 154, 156; prohibition of marriage, 155; white exclusion of mulattoes, 156; remedy, 157; and calamity of amalgamation, 157.
Mississippi. Postbellum vagrant laws, 168; negro voters, 176; valuations, 238; illiteracy, 294, school statistics, 295; lynchings, 363; comparative statistics, 395-415.
Missouri. And South, 20; illiteracy, 292; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Mitchell, S. C., and negro development, 179, 345.
Mitchell Co., N. C., Negroes excluded from, 166.
Mobile. As port, 22, 229; progress, 28.
Monroe, La., as trade center, 26.
Montana, comparative statistics of, 397-417.
Montgomery, founder of negro community, 141.
Montgomery, Ala., progress, 29.
Morals. Mountaineer, 35; poor white, 43; negro, 108-109, 134-137; mulatto, 112; miscegenation, 151-157. _See also_ Crime.
Morristown, Tenn., treatment of Negroes in, 167.
Mound Bayou, Miss., negro community at, 141.
Mt. Moriah, Ala., school at, 297.
Mountaineers, Southern, as frontiersmen, 23, 33, 37; conditions, 30-38; uniqueness, 30; region, 31; descent, 31-33; self-sustenance, 32; lowest type, "boomer," 33-35; higher type, 35; advancement, 35-38; crime, 37; and negro question, 38; as laborers in cotton mills, 275; Northern aid for education, 306.
Mulattoes. And negro "race traits," 102; proportion, 110-111; physique, 111; character, 112; social position, 112, 156, 339; and private negro schools, 316; literature, 325.
Murders. Proportion in South, 84; varieties, 185; of Negroes by Whites, 195-196; conduct of trials, 198; lynchings for, 209, 362.
Murphy, E. G. "Present South," 13; on democratic development, 65; on race problem, 69, 79, 345; on South and Northern criticism, 73; on survival of Negroes, 109; on race association, 150; and negro development, 179; on Poor Whites, 293; on Negro academic training, 331.
Museums, Southern, 304.
N
Nashua, N. H., manufacturing output of, 276.
National banks, comparative statistics of, North and South, 402-403. _See also_ Banking.
Naval stores, Southern, 223.
Nebraska. Illiteracy, 292; comparative statistics, 397-417.
"Negro a Beast," 11.
Negroes. Writers, 14-17, 325; periodicals, 18; of Sea Islands, 22, 107, 110, 137, 142; effect of urban life, 27, 114; and Mountaineers, 38; and foreign immigration, 55, 57; temperament of Northern and Southern, 74; present attitude of North on question, 75; Northern responsibility and interest in question, 75-79; persistence of question, 77; necessity of solution, 78; Southern belief in benefits of slavery, 83, 341; character, 91-105; population, 91, 106, 397-399; names for, 91; white generalizations on, 92; character and capability in Africa, 94-96; failure of Liberia, 96-97, 350; conditions in West Indies, 97-99; in North, 99-101; question of inferiority, 101-105, 339; "race traits," 101, 110; lack of opportunity, 103; and white standards, 103; arrested development, 104, 326; irresponsibility, 104; life, 106-119; diffusion, 106; ruralness, 107; survival and death-rate, 107-110; divergent types, 110; proportion and character of mulattoes, 110-112; Northward drift, 112, 354; white ignorance of negro life, 114, 124, 340, 391; investigations of life, 114; rural houses, 115; family life, 116, 324; amusements, 116; religious life, 117, 380; secret societies, 118; as managers, 123; and military service, 129; as business and professional men, 129-130, 335; attitude towards leaders, 130, 379; conferences, 131, 389; question of advancement, 132-148; physical structure and inferiority, 132-134; morality, 134-137; not retrograding, 137, 143; morals under slavery, 138; faithfulness during Civil War, 139; evidences of advancement, 139-142; communities, 141; proportion of uplift, 143, 146, 339, 368-369; accumulation of property, 143-148; savings, 143, 376; real estate, 144-145, 372-374; and tax-paying, 147; race association, 149-165; problem of association, 149-151; miscegenation, 151-157; remedy for it, 157; position of mulattoes, 156, 339; evil of amalgamation, 157, 349; growth of race antagonism, 158-161, 216, 340, 389; white fear of negro domination, 160, 172; Negroes on race antagonism, 160; basis of antagonism, 161; question of social equality, 162-165, 340; race separation, 166-180, 356-358; exclusion from settlements, 166; increasing segregation, 167; quarters in cities, 167; church separation, 167; postbellum vagrant laws, 168, 279; discrimination in travel, 168-171; and public positions, 171-174, 377; disfranchisement, 174-178, 347-348, 376-377; white suppression of development, 178-180, 370-371; illustrations of white antagonism, 181-183; rough language by Whites, 194; and present vagrant laws, 200; and jury duty, 203; testimony, 203; race riots, 205-207; thriftlessness, 271; and newspapers, 324; summary of race problem, 338-341; race separation and principle of equality, 339, 344; perpetual inferiority and subjection, 339, 340, 343, 344; agitation against, 341; postulates as to possible remedies of race problem, 343-346; wrong remedies, 347-366; no help from Congress, 347-348; nor from Northern propaganda, 348; nor from colonization 350-352; nor from substitution of white laborers, 352-354; nor from segregation, 354-358; terrorizing as remedy 358-366; material and political remedies, 367-377; advantage to Whites in negro uplift, 371, 373; as peasant class, 374-376; moral remedies, 378-394; influence of race separation on uplift, 378-381, 388-391; suggestion of socialistic control over, 379; need of equitable vagrant laws, 383; special courts, 383; and prohibition, 384; necessity of discussion of race problem, 389; essentials of remedy, 392-394; comparative statistics of insane and paupers, North and South, 406-407. _See also_ Cotton, Crime, Education, Labor, Lynching, Peonage, Whites.
Nevada, comparative statistics of, 399-417.
New Hampshire, comparative statistics of, 399-417.
New Mexico, comparative statistics of, 399-417.
New Orleans. As port, 22, 233; population and trade, 28; foreign population, 51; negro population, 107; negro morality, 108; rivalry with Galveston, 228; belt line, 228; progress, 242; McDonogh bequest, 289; discontinuance of negro high school, 315.
New York City, murders in, 184.
Newport News as port, 229, 233.
Newspapers. _See_ Press.
Niagara Movement, 389.
Nixburg, Ala., negro community near, 141.
No 'Count, name for Poor Whites, 38.
Norfolk, Va. As port, 22, 229, 233; Mrs. Douglass' negro school, 309.
Normal schools in South. Development, 292; comparative statistics, 296, 416-417. _See also_ Teachers.
North. Extent, 1; Northerners in South, 48-50; position of Southerners in, 49; Southern suspicion, 71, 73, 89; Southern belief in hostility, 74; present attitude on race problem, 75; responsibility and interest in problem, 75-79; condition of Negroes in, 99-101; negro drift, 112, 354; crime, 183; idea of crime in South, 184; criminal spirit in, and in South, 197-199; lynching in, 209, 210; comparative wealth (_see_ Wealth); aid for Southern white education, 306; for negro education, 315-317, 322; and solution of Southern race problem, 345, 347-349, 391; comparative statistics, 397-417.
North Carolina. And immigration, 52; and Mecklenburg Declaration, 81; early negro suffrage, 175; comparative statistics, 397-117.
North Carolina, University of. Founding, 290; standing, 302.
North Dakota. School statistics, 295; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Norwood, T. M., generalization by, on Negroes, 93.
O
Oak Grove, Ala., negro school at, 312.
Oats, comparative value of crops of, 241.
Odum, H. W., negro researches by, 114.
Ogden, R. C., and Southern Education Board, 306, 390.
Oklahoma. And South, 20; comparative statistics of, 397-417.
Onancock, Va., banishment of Negroes from, 206.
Opelika, Ala., public buildings in, 27.
Open-air life in South, 23, 25.
Oregon, comparative statistics of, 397-417.
_Outlook_, articles in, on Southern question, 18.
P
Pace, J. W., peonage case, 282.
Page, T. N. "Negro," 12; on educational value of slavery, 83; on failure of Negro, 101; on negro immorality, 134; on race antagonism, 150; on negro capability, 326, 368; on evils of negro education, 327; on white dominance, 343; on negro court, 383; on mutual discussion of race problem, 391; on need of negro uplift, 392.
Panama Canal and Southern commerce, 22.
Pardon of criminals in South, 203.
Paupers, comparative statistics of, North and South, 406-107.
Peabody fund, 322.
Peasant class, Negroes as, 374-376.
Penn School in Sea Islands, 316.
Pensacola as port, 22, 229.
Pensions, Southern income, 234.
Peonage. And immigration, 56, 353; in South, 278-287; rise, 278; federal law against, 278; principle, 279; development in cotton culture, 279; of Whites, 280-281; restraint of movements of Negroes, 281-282; of Negroes under cover of laws, 282-283, 365; illustrations, 283-285; federal prosecutions, 285; Southern approval, 286; federal investigation, 286; and leasing of convicts, 286; and negro shiftlessness, 287.
Percy, Leroy. On remedy of race problem, 343, 345; on negro education, 387.
Pests, Southern, 25.
Petroleum in South, 225.
Philadelphia, negro mortality in, 107.
Phosphates in South, 225.
Physical conditions of South, 20-29; swamps, 221.
Physicians, negro, 129, 335.
Physique, negro, and inferiority, 132-134.
Plantation. Application of term, 253-255; present types, 255-256. _See also_ Agriculture, Cotton.
"Plow" division of farms, 264.
Poe, E. A., as Southern writer, 305.
Police. Treatment of Negroes, 196; need of rural, 211, 382, 384.
Politics. Southern leadership, 63; cause and effect of Solid South, 72, 173, 174; colonization of Negroes in Indiana, 112; Negroes and public positions, 171-174, 377; Negroes and Republican party in South, 173; negro suffrage, 174-178, 347-348, 376-377.
Poor Whites. Traditional home, 21; conditions, 38-47; names for, 38; diffusion, 38; antebellum isolation, 38-41; and Civil War, 40; as farmers, 41, 45, 46; advancement, 41-47; morals, 43; education, 44, 293; as wage earners, 44-45; in cotton mills, 45, 275; northward and westward drift, 46; term a misnomer, 47; turbulence, 64; and Southern problem, 344; need of uplift, 375.
Population. Southern urban, 28; of South, 30; Southern, of Northern birth, 48; foreign, in South, 50; negro, 91, 106; negro death-rate, 107-110; Southern agricultural, 221; comparative statistics, North and South, 397-399.
Ports of the South, 22, 28, 228-229, 233.
Portsmouth, Va., as port, 229, 233.
Post-office. Negro employees, 171, 172; need of Postal Savings Banks in South, 376.
Potatoes, comparative value of crop of, 241.
Press, Southern. Character, 70; negro journalists, 130, 324; Negroes and newspapers, 324.
Price. Of farm lands, 220; of cotton, 252.
Prisons in South, 201; reform, 202; comparative statistics of prisoners, 406-407.
Professions. Negroes in, 129, 335; schools in South, 292, 303.
Prohibition as remedy of race problem, 384.
Property. _See_ Land, Taxation, Wealth.
Protestant Episcopal Church and race separation, 167.
Pulaski Co., Ga., increasing negro population of, 167.
Pullman Car Co. and Jim Crow cars, 169.
R
Race. _See_ Negroes, Remedies, Whites.
Railroads of South. Race separation, 168-171; development, 226-227; New Orleans belt road, 228; control, 229; comparative mileage of seceding states, 237; of whole South, 248.
Rape, negro, of white women, 191-193; early examples, 208; lynching not confined to, 209, 362; not on increase, 209; and justification of lynching, 213, 214.
Real estate, negro, 144-145.
Reclamation of Southern swamps, 221.
Reconstruction. Present Southern attitude, 85-88; Ku-Klux, 87; and race antagonism, 159; negro suffrage, 175, 376; educational measures, 292, 310.
Red Necks, name for Poor Whites, 38.
Reed, J. C. On Dixon, 9; on Negroes under slavery, 83; on Ku-Klux, 87; on negro segregation, 355.
Religion. Of Mountaineers, 35; of Negroes in Africa, 94; negro, in South, 117, 129; question of negro paganism, 137; race separation, 167; training of Southern ministers, 303; Church and race problem, 380.
Remedies of race problem. Summary of problem, 338-340; essential conditions, 340; types of altitude of Southern Whites, 340-343; postulates, 343-345; division of Whites, 345-346, 391; wrong, 347-366; no Congressional interference, 347-348; no Northern private propaganda, 348; no amalgamation, 349; no colonization, 350-352; no substitutes for negro laborers, 352-354; no segregation, 354-356; possibility of race separation, 356-358; terrorizing, 358-366; legalized terror, 364; material, 367-376; possibility and permission of general negro uplift, 367-372; land-buying by Negroes, 372-374; Negroes as peasants, 374-376; aids for thrift, 376; political, 376-377; moral, 378-394; influence of race separation, 378-381; character of negro leaders, 379; benevolent state socialism, 379; influence of Church, 380; legislative and judicial, 381-385; negro education, 385-388; need of race coöperation and discussion, 388-391; last analysis of problem, 392-394; white duties, 392; patience, 392-394.
Renters on cotton plantations, 256, 266.
Restaurants, race separation in, in South, 170.
Rhett, Barnwell, Northern education of, 290.
Rice as Southern crop, 251.
Richmond. Race separation, 167; tobacco manufacture, 225; progress, 242.
_Richmond Times Despatch_ on immigration, 54.
"Riders" on cotton plantations, 258, 263.
Riots, race, 205-208, 390.
Roads, Southern, 227.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Booker Washington incident, 162; and appointment of Negroes, 171, 174; rewards faithful state official, 211; on lynchings, 363.
Rural life. Open-air life, 23, 25; preponderance in South, 27-29; negro propensity, 107; police, 221, 382, 384; schools, 296-299, 311-313; relative lack of progress, 242. _See also_ Agriculture.
Russell, C. W., on peonage, 286.
S
St. Louis, schools in, 296.
Salisbury, N. C., lynching in, 210.
Sand Hillers, name for Poor Whites, 38.
Santo Domingo, Negroes in, 99.
Savannah as port, 22, 28, 229.
Savings banks, need of, in South, 376.
Saxons, Taine on, 102.
Sea Islands, 22; Negroes of, 107, 110, 137, 142; trucking, 220; cotton, seed trust, 252; ginning and bagging of cotton, 259; war-time negro schools, 309; present education, 316.
Secession, present Southern attitude toward, 84.
Secondary education. Development of Southern, 292, 299; comparative statistics, North and South, 296, 412-413; negro, 314; hostility to negro, 319, 335.
Secret societies, negro, 118.
Shannon, A. H. "Racial Integrity," 12; on mulattoes, 111.
Shipp, J. F., and lynching, 212.
Shreveport. Public buildings, 27; Italians at, 57.
Shufeldt, R. W., "Negro a Menace," 8.
Sinclair, W. A. "Aftermath of Slavery," 15; as writer, 325.
Slater fund, 322.
Slavery. Effect on South, 2; and Southern attitude towards history, 80; traditional belief in prosperity under, 82, 218; and in benefit to Negro, 83, 341; domestic servants, 126; negro morals under, 138; personal race association under, 158; chattel, and leasing of convicts, 201; in Philippines, 279; and education of Negroes, 308. _See also_ Peonage.
Smith, Hoke. Gubernatorial campaign, 173; on negro education, 329; on white control over Negroes, 341.
Smith, W. B. "Color Line," 13; on South and outside public opinion, 77; on negro inferiority, 133; apology for lynching, 363.
Social life in South. Open-air, 23; of Northerners, 49; leadership, 59-62; character, 62; crudeness of behavior, 64; democratic uplift, 65; of Negroes in North, 100; miscegenation and social inequality of Negroes, 154, 156; exclusion of mulattoes, 156; question of negro equality, 162-165, 340; race equality and negro officials, 171; negro homes, 324.
Socialism and race problem, 379.
Solid South, cause and effect of, 72.
South. As part of Union, 1-3; individuality, 2, 30; author's preparation for judging, 3-6; materials on, 7-19; physical conditions, 20-29; extent, 20; physical divisions, 20-22; Black Belt, 21; forests, 22; climate, 24; mining, 24; pests, 25; health, 25; architecture, 26, 304; rural preponderance, 27-29; comparative statistics, 397-417. _See also_ Agriculture, Cities, Civil War, Commerce, Cotton, Crime, Education, History, Immigration, Labor, Leadership, Manufactures, Negroes, Peonage, Politics, Population, Reconstruction, Remedies, Slavery, Social life, Wealth, Whites.
_South Atlantic Monthly_ and discussion of race problem, 390.
South Carolina. Loss of natives, 47; immigration experiment, 52, 56; postbellum vagrant laws, 168; murders in, 184; valuations, 238; cotton manufactures, 275, 276; peonage in, 284; illiteracy, 293; school statistics, 295; rural police, 384; comparative statistics, 397-417.
South Dakota, comparative statistics of, 397-417.
Southern Education Association and negro education, 327.
Southern Education Board, 300, 306, 390.
"Southern South," meaning of term, 6.
Spartanburg, water-power in, 26.
Spencer, Samuel, and immigration, 52.
Springfield, Ill., race riot in, 207.
Springfield, Ohio, race riot in, 207.
_Statistical Abstract_, data from, 235, 243.
Steamboat, race separation on Southern, 169.
Stock, Southern, 251.
Stone, A. H. Studies of negro question, 17; on foreign and negro cotton hands, 58; on negro accumulation of property, 146; on lien loans, 268.
Stone and Webster, and electric power and transportation, 227.
Straight University, founding of, 309.
Street railways. Race separation on Southern, 170; inter-urban trolleys, 227.
Suffrage. Northern distrust of negro, 100; effect of disfranchisement on negro leadership, 131; negro, 174-175; negro disfranchisement, 175-177, 345; reason for disfranchisement, 178; enforcement of Fourteenth Amendment, 347; federal control of elections, 348.
Sugar, Southern crop of, 251.
Sugar beets, Southern crop of, 251.
Sulphur in South, 225.
Sulu Archipelago, slavery in, 279.
Sunny Side. Italian labor at, 57; plantation, 256; alleged peonage case, 281.
Superstitions, negro, 138.
Swamps, Southern, 25; reclamation of, 221.
Syracuse, Ohio, Negroes excluded from, 166.
T
Taine, H. A., on Saxons, 102.
Talassee, school at, 297.
Talladega, school at, 389.
Tar Heels, name for Poor Whites, 38.
Taxation. Negroes and, 147, 330; assessment valuations as comparison of Southern wealth, 235; comparative valuations of seceding states, 236; of whole South, 239-241, 244, 248, 400-401; on basis of white population, 246; ante- and post-bellum valuation in South, 237; school, in South, 295, 306; burden of, for negro schools, 328-331.
Teachers, Southern. Of rural white schools, 298; of negro schools, 310, 314, 320; boycott of Northern, of negro schools, 316; need of white, for colored schools, 385-387; comparative statistics, North and South, 408-417.
Temperament of Southern Whites, 66-79; difficulty in determining, 66; emotionalism, 66, 164; influence of race problem, 67-69, 74; diversity on problem, 69-70; impatience of dissent, 70, 72, 390; suspicion of Northerners, 71, 73, 74, 89; attitude towards criticism, 71-73, 243; exaggeration, 73; of Negroes, 74; Whites, and outside interest in race problem, 75-79; attitude towards history, 80-90, 218; veneration for ancestors, 81.
Tennessee. School statistics, 295; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Tensas River, plantations on, 255.
Testimony, negro, 203.
Texas. Urban population, 29; immigration from other states, 47; foreign settlement, 53; value of farms, 238; school statistics, 248, 295, 306; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Texas, University of, standing of, 302.
Theft, Negroes and, 186.
Thomas, William Hannibal. "American Negro," 15; on negro morals, 134.
Thomas, William Holcombe. On race association, 150; on homicides, 197.
Thorsby, Ala., Northern community at, 49.
Tillman, B. R. As political leader, 63; anti-negro generalizations, 93; on newly imported slaves, 110; attitude on negro disfranchisement, 177; on lynching, 213; and race problem, 345, 359.
Tillman, J. H., killing of Gonzales by, 185.
Tobacco. Southern manufacture, 224; comparative value of crop, 241.
Toombs, Robert, on South under slavery, 82.
Trade. _See_ Commerce.
Transportation. Race separation in South, 168-171; Southern conditions, 226-230.
Trucking in South, 24, 220, 251.
Trudics peonage case, 280.
Tulane University, standing of, 300, 307.
Turner, H. M., on negro segregation, 355.
Turner peonage case, 284, 365.
Turpentine, Southern industry, 223.
Tuskegee Institute. Conferences, 131, 389; influence, 319; number of students, 332; opposition, 332; basis of success, 334.
U
Union, South and, 1, 5.
Urban life. _See_ Cities.
Utah, comparative statistics of, 397-417.
V
Vagrant laws, Southern. Postbellum, 168, 279; present, 200; need of equitable, 383.
Valdese, N. C., Italians at, 57.
Valdosta, Ga., negro teachers in, 314.
Vardaman, J. K. As political leader, 63; abuse of Negro, 72, 93; on negro inferiority, 101; on leasing convicts, 202; pardons, 202; opposition to negro education, 327, 371; and race problem, 345; on illegal control of Negroes, 365.
Venereal disease, Negroes and, 108.
Vermont. School statistics, 295; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Vice. _See_ Morals.
Virginia. And Hampton Institute, 317; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Virginia Coöperative Education Association, 306.
Virginia, University of. Founding, 290; standing of, 203.
W
Wage hands on cotton plantations, 265.
Wages. _See_ Labor, Teachers.
_Wanderer_, Negroes imported in, 110.
Washington, B. T. Works on negro problem, 15; negro hostility to, 130; on acquiring land, 144, 372; incident of lunch with Roosevelt, 162; Dixon on, 180, 319, 332; on South as home of Negro, 262, 355; on treatment of cotton hands, 267; influence of Tuskegee, 319; as writer, 325; as leader, 333, 334.
Washington, George, and fertilizing, 253.
Washington, State of, comparative statistics of, 399-417.
Watauga Co., N. C., Negroes excluded from, 166.
Water-power in South, 26, 225.
Waterways, Southern, 226.
Watson, T. E., on cry of negro domination, 160.
Watterson, Henry, on Southern wealth, 231.
Wealth, Southern. Private, 62; enlarged views, 89, 231, 247; negro accumulation, 143-148; actual, 218-230; under slavery, 218; postbellum poverty, 219; recent great increase, 219; agricultural, 220-221; forests, 221-224; mineral, 224; in manufactures, 224-225: capital and banking, 225; commercial, 226-229, 233; comparative, North and South, 231-249; Southern claims considered, 232, 247, 249, 276, 338; influence of labor conditions, 232, 235, 246, 247, 277; pensions, 234; proper basis for comparison, 234; comparative tables, 234, 400-417; materials for comparison, 235; comparative, of seceding states, 236-239, 248; of whole South, 239-245, 248; on basis of white population, 246-247; uneven advance of Southern, 242; actual and comparative rate of Southern accumulation, 243-245.
West Indies, capacity of Negroes in, 97-99.
West Virginia. And South, 20; comparative statistics, 399-417.
Wheat. As an export, 233; Southern crop, 251; price and election of McKinley, 261.
Whipping on plantations, 194.
White Trash, name for Poor Whites, 38.
Whitecapping, 195.
Whites, Southern. Effect of city life, 27; position of Northerners in South, 48-50; small farmers, 60; division on, and discussion of race problem, 67-72, 345-346, 391; generalizations on Negroes, 92; Southern exaltation, 102; ignorance of negro life, 114, 124, 340, 391; race association, 149-165; problem of association, 149-151; miscegenation, 151-157; remedy for it, 157; exclusion of mulattoes, 156; evil of amalgamation, 157, 344, 349; growth of race antagonism, 158-161, 216, 340, 389; fear of negro domination, 160, 172; Negroes on race antagonism, 160; basis of prejudice, 161; race separation, 160-180; fear of negro social equality, 162-165, 340; suppression of negro development by, 178-180; illustration of race antagonism, 181-183; responsibility for inefficient criminal justice, 203; comparative wealth of South on basis of white inhabitants, 235, 246; laborers on cotton plantations, 255, 262, 264, 267; peonage of, 280-281; advancement, 339; domination, 339, 343; perpetual superiority, 340; violent agitation of race problem, 341; despair over problem, 342; to control settlement of problem, 344; terrorizing of Negroes, 358-366; advantages to, of negro uplift, 371, 373; necessity of coöperation with Negroes, 388-391; duties in problem, 392; comparative statistics of population, 397-399. _See also_ Crime, Education, History, Immigration, Leadership, Mountaineers, Negroes, Poor Whites, Remedies, Social life, Temperament.
Whittaker, assault by, 186.
Williams, G. W., "Negro Race in America," 14.
Williams, J. S. On immigration, 51, 352; senatorial campaign, 72; on increasing race antagonism, 159, 361; on basis of race prejudice, 161; on remedy of race problem, 343, 394; on negro emigration, 352; on good conduct of negroes, 368; on recognizing negro worth, 380; on prevention of negro crimes, 382.
Wilmington, Del., lynching in, 210.
Wilmington, N. C. As port, 22, 229; banishment of Negroes, 206.
Winston, G. T. On South, 5; on negro criminality, 188; on negro uplift, 371.
Wirz, Henry, statue to, 89.
Wisconsin. School statistics, 295; comparative statistics, 397-417.
Women. Labor on cotton plantations, 265; school education in South, 299; college education, 301, 302.
Wool, Southern crop of, 251.
_World Almanac_, statistics from, 235, 248.
_World's Work_, articles in, on Southern question, 18.
"Worth, Nicholas." "Autobiography," 18; on Southerners and criticism, 72; on Southern exaggeration, 73; on historical ignorance, 83; on race antagonism, 159; on training cotton hands, 267.
Wyoming, comparative statistics of, 399-417.
Z
Zinc in South, 224.