CHAPTER III

TYPICAL SYSTEMS OF ONE COMPONENT 21

A. _Water._ Equilibrium between liquid and vapour. Vaporization curve, 21. Upper limit of vaporization curve, 23. Sublimation curve of ice, 24. Equilibrium between ice and water. Curve of fusion, 25. Equilibrium between ice, water, and vapour. The triple point, 27. Bivariant systems of water, 29. Supercooled water. Metastable state, 30. Other systems of the substance water, 32. B. _Sulphur_, 33. Polymorphism, 33. Sulphur, 34. Triple point--Rhombic and monoclinic sulphur and vapour. Transition point, 34. Condensed systems, 36. Suspended transformation, 37. Transition curve--Rhombic and monoclinic sulphur, 37. Triple point--Monoclinic sulphur, liquid, and vapour. Melting point of monoclinic sulphur, 38. Triple point--Rhombic and monoclinic sulphur and liquid, 38. Triple point--Rhombic sulphur, liquid, and vapour. Metastable triple point, 38. Fusion curve of rhombic sulphur, 39. Bivariant systems, 39. C. _Tin_, 41. Transition point, 41. {xii} Enantiotropy and monotropy, 44. D. _Phosphorus_, 46. Enantiotropy combined with monotropy, 51. E. _Liquid Crystals_, 51. Phenomena observed, 51. Nature of liquid crystals, 52. Equilibrium relations in the case of liquid crystals, 53.