The Phase Rule and Its Applications

In the systems which have so far been studied, we have met with cases where two or three components could enter into combination; but in no case did we find double decomposition...

In the preceding chapter we considered the changes in the solubility of double salts and of mixtures of their constituent salts with the temperature; noting, more especially, th...

For the sake of rendering the Phase Rule more readily intelligible, and at the same time also for the purpose of obtaining examples by which we may illustrate the general behavi...

General.--When a solid is brought into contact with a liquid in which it can dissolve, a certain amount of it passes into solution; and the process continues until the concentra...

In the preceding chapter we discussed the behaviour of systems formed of two components, only one of which was volatile, in those cases where the two components separated from s...

In this concluding chapter on two-component systems, it is proposed to indicate briefly how the Phase Rule has been applied to the elucidation of a number of problems connected...

In the preceding pages we have learned how the principles of the Phase Rule can be applied to the elucidation of various systems consisting of one component. In the present chap...

General.--With the conception of gaseous and liquid solutions, every one is familiar. Gases can mix in all proportions to form homogeneous solutions. Gases can dissolve in or be...

In the preceding pages we have studied the behaviour of systems consisting of only one component, or systems in which all the phases, whether solid, liquid, or vapour, had the s...

Although the fact that chemical reactions do not take place completely in one direction, but proceed only to a certain point and there make a halt, was known in the last quarter...

Definition.--In all the cases which have been considered in the preceding pages, the different phases--with the exception of the vapour phase--consisted of a single substance of...

light of the Phase Rule. Glauber's salt, or sodium sulphate decahydrate, for example, on being heated to a temperature of about 32.5deg, partially liquefies, owing to the fact t...

We have already seen (p. 95) that when two liquids are brought together, they may mix in all proportions and form one homogeneous liquid phase; or, only partial miscibility may...

General.--In the two preceding chapters certain restrictions were imposed on the discussion of the equilibria between two components; but in the present chapter the restriction...

It has long been known that certain substances, _e.g._ acetoacetic ester, are capable when in solution or in the fused state, of reacting as if they possessed two different cons...

General.--Before proceeding to the more systematic treatment of the Phase Rule, it may, perhaps, be not amiss to give first a brief forecast of the nature of the subject we are...

In the preceding chapters dealing with equilibria in three-component systems, our attention was directed only to those cases in which liquid solutions formed one or more phases....

A. The Ternary Eutectic Point.--In passing to the consideration of those ternary systems in which one or more solid phases can exist together with one liquid phase, we shall fir...

General.--It has already been made evident that an increase in the number of the components from one to two gives rise to a considerable increase in the possible number of syste...

During the two years which have elapsed since the first edition of this book appeared, the study of chemical equilibria has been prosecuted with considerable activity, and valua...

A. _Water._ Equilibrium between liquid and vapour. Vaporization curve, 21. Upper limit of vaporization curve, 23. Sublimation curve of ice, 24. Equilibrium between ice and water...

General, 175. Solution of gases in solids, 176. Palladium and hydrogen, 178. Solutions of solids in solids. Mixed crystals, 180. Formation of mixed crystals of isomorphous subst...

General, 106. The saturated solution, 108. Form of the solubility curve, 108. A. ANHYDROUS SALT AND WATER. {xiii} The solubility curve, 111. Suspended transformation and supersa...

Non-formation of double salts, 272. Formation of double salt, 273. Transition interval, 277. Isothermal evaporation, 278. Crystallization of double salt from solutions containin...

B. HYDRATED SALT AND WATER, (1) _The compounds formed do not have a definite melting point._ Concentration-temperature diagram, 133. Sodium sulphate and water, 134. Suspended tr...

Reciprocal salt-pairs. Choice of components, 313. Transition point, 314. Formation of double salts, 315. Transition interval, 315. Graphic representation, 316. Example, 317. Amm...

Different systems of two components, 77. PHENOMENA OF DISSOCIATION. Bivariant systems, 79. Univariant systems, 80. Ammonia compounds of metal chlorides, 82. Salts with water of...

A. The ternary eutectic point, 253. Formation of compounds, 255. B. Equilibria at higher temperatures. Formation of double salts, 258. Transition point, 258. Vapour pressure. {x...

Summary of the different systems of two components, 208. (1) _Organic compounds_, 212. (2) _Optically active substances_, 213. Examples, 216. Transformations, 217. (3) _Alloys_,...

Triple point, 55. Theorems of van't Hoff and of Le Chatelier, 57. Changes at the triple point, 58. Triple point solid--solid--vapour, 62. Sublimation and vaporization curves, 63...

Definition, 92. SOLUTIONS OF GASES IN LIQUIDS, 93. SOLUTIONS OF LIQUIDS IN LIQUIDS, 95. Partial or limited miscibility, 96. Phenol and water, 97. Methylethylketone and water, 10...

1. _The three components form only one pair of partially miscible liquids_, 240. Retrograde solubility, 245. The influence of temperature, 247. 2. _The three components can form...

Phases, 8. Components, 10. Degree of freedom. Variability of a system, 14. The Phase Rule, 16. Classification of systems according to the Phase Rule, 17. Deduction of the Phase...