ii. 359;

oaths taken in connection with a, ii. 621 _sq._; connected with prayer, ii. 655 _sq._; importance of, ii. 705, 707-712, 714, 716, 718. See Human sacrifice, Offerings to the dead

Sacrificial victims, magic virtue ascribed to, i. 63, 65, 69, 444-447, ii. 563, 625, 658; looked upon as guardian spirits, i. 464 _sq._; as messengers, i. 465 _sq._, ii. 618; privilege granted to, i. 585 n. ^1; must be free from pollution, ii. 295, 296, 419

Sacrilege, punished with death, i. 188, 197, 439, 492; refuge denied to persons guilty of, ii. 633; if committed by foreigners, ii. 648

Sago, abstinence from, after a death, ii. 301

Saints, oaths taken at the shrines of, i. 59 _sq._, ii. 120; diseases cured by contact with, i. 63; lunatics regarded as, i. 270 _sq._; curses pronounced by, i. 563, 622; _l-[(]âr_ (implying {860} the transference of a conditional curse) made upon, i. 566, ii. 584, 585, 618, 619, 636, 638; robbed of their holiness, i. 586, ii. 608; compacts made at the shrines of, i. 587, ii. 623 _sq._; old men regarded as, i. 619; looked upon as guardians of property, ii. 67 _sq._; the saliva of, ii. 322; ceremonial cleanliness required of those who approach the shrines of, ii. 416, 418, 752; sexual intercourse with, ii. 444, 488; places of striking appearance associated with, ii. 589, 627; miracles performed by, ii. 590-592; gifts offered to, ii. 619; offerings to, participate in their sanctity, i. 445 _sq._, ii. 625; sacredness of the shrines of, ii. 627, 628, 635; lunacy attributed to the resentment of, ii. 628; their shrines asylums, ii. 628, 635, 636, 638; persons attached to the shrines of, ii. 635; unconcerned about the worldly morality of their devotees, ii. 669; invoked by thieves, ii. 669

Salmon, abstinence from eating, after a death, ii. 306 _sq._

Salutations, i. 590-592, ii. 146, 147, 149-151

Sanctuary, the right of. See Asylums

Scalping, i. 333, 375, ii. 525

Scape-goats, i. 53-55, 61-65

Scientific research, ii. 133-136

Scourging, as a religious rite, ii. 294, 357-359

Sea, human sacrifices offered to the, i. 452-454

Self-approval, i. 105-107, 123

defence, i. 288-290; lying in, ii. 92, 94, 97-101, 103-106, 112

mortification, ii. 281, 315-318, 355-363, 421

mutilation, after a death, i. 26, 27, 476, ii. 524, 528, 544, 545, 547; as a religious rite, i. 470 _sq._, ii. 357

Self-regarding duties and virtues, ii. 265-268

regarding pride, respect for other men's, ch. xxxii. (ii. 137-152); in men, i. 23, 24, 30, 38-40, 94, 179, 315, ii. 110, 137-140; a cause of suicide, ii. 73, 139, 140, 231-233, 243; in animals, i. 39, ii. 137 _sq._; attributed to the dead, ii. 519; to gods, ii. 639-655

reproach, i. 105-107, 123-125

respect, ii. 265

Self-sacrifice, i. 213, 214, 565, ii. 154, 265, 359

Seniority, respect for, i. 605, 606, 614, 615, 619, 626, ii. 703

Sensuous pleasures, condemnation of, ii. 291, 292, 361-363

Sentiment, i. 110 n. ^3

Separation, judicial, ii. 397, 455

Serfdom, i. 701-704; as a punishment, ii. 19; strangers reduced to, ii. 24; shipwrecked persons reduced to, ii. 25

Serfs, bodily injuries inflicted upon, i. 524 n. ^3; proprietary rights or in capacities of, i. 701 _sq._, ii. 32; intermarriage between freewomen and, ii. 379

Serpents, worship of, ii. 590. See Snakes

Seven, the number, ii. 311 _sq._

Seventh day, the, ii. 286-289. See Sabbath

Sexual impulse, the, in males, i. 657, ii. 435 _sq._; in females, i. 657 _sq._, ii. 435; connection between religious feelings and, ii. 375 n. ^3; regarded as sinful in the unmarried, ii. 432; associated with affection, ii. 439 _sq._, see Conjugal affection

---- intercourse, between man and beast, i. 253 _sq._, ii. 409, 749; manslayers temporarily prohibited from, i. 375, 377; abstinence from, with women who are pregnant or who suckle a child, i. 399, ii. 388, 391; with strangers, i. 575, 593, ii. 444-446; with holy persons, i. 593 n. ^1, ii. 444, 488; abstained from after a death, ii. 306; abstained from during the month of Rama[d.]ân, ii. 313; abstinence from, a means of propitiating or pleasing the deity, ii. 358, 420 _sq._; as a magical or religious rite, ii. 395, 443-446, 488; between a man and a married woman, ii. 397, 447-455; between a married man and a woman, ii. 397, 451-455; forbidden to priests and priestesses, ii. 405-409, 412-414, 418-421; to monks and nuns, ii. 409, 412; considered impure, ii. 410, 411, 414-420, 752; regarded as a consequence of Adam's sin, ii. 411; supposed to have been originally free from all carnal desire, ii. 411 n. ^4; supposed to take place between gods and women, ii. 412 _sq._; the future state of persons {861} who have refrained from, ii. 414 _sq._; danger attributed to, ii. 415, 446; prohibited in sacred places, ii. 416, 752; abstained from in connection with religious observances, ii. 416-420, 736, 752; admission into priesthood preceded by abstinence from, ii. 419; regarded as a transmitter of hereditary sin, ii. 421; between unmarried persons, ii. 422-446, 675, 747; between persons of the same sex, ch. xliii. (ii. 456-489), 752 _sq._; between animals of the same sex, ii. 456, 466, 475 n. ^2; temporarily forbidden to men who have eaten human flesh, ii. 575. See Adultery, Incest, _Jus primæ noctis_, Sodomy

Sexual inversion, congenital, ii. 465-467; acquired, ii. 467-470

Shame, putting offenders to, i. 170; a cause of suicide, ii. 233

Shaving, as a means of purification, ii. 294 _sq._

Sheep, stealing of, i. 187 _sq._, ii. 14; abstinence from killing, for food, ii. 330. See Mutton

Shipwrecked persons, sacrifice of, i. 467; treatment of, ii. 25, 37 _sq._

Sick persons, killing or abandoning of, i. 391-393, ii. 542; kind treatment of, i. 546-548; suicide committed by, ii. 232; unkindness to, punished by the supreme being, ii. 672. See Disease

Sin, collective responsibility in the case of, i. 48-57, 61-72; prayers for remission of, i. 49, 54, 55, 228 _sq._, ii. 654, 655, 702, 707; materialistic conception and transference of, i. 52-57, 61-65, 70, 71, 85, 86, 407, ii. 256 n. ^2, 654 _sq._; committed accidentally or unknowingly, i. 227-231, 233-235; the sense of, ii. 361; sexual intercourse regarded as a transmitter of hereditary, ii. 421

Sister, the elder, respect for, i. 605, 606, 614; swearing by, i. 606; curses of, i. 626, ii. 703

Slander, ii. 96, 98, 140-142, 700

Slavery, ch. xxvii. (i. 670-716); as a punishment for crime, i. 45, 46, 494, 518, 675, 676, 681, 682, 685, 688-691, ii. 7, 8, 12, 13, 74; a cause of suicide, ii. 233, 235, 241; produces contempt for manual labour, ii. 272, 273, 278

Slaves, sacrificed to gods, i. 66, 452, 455, 456, 467 _sq._; to dead persons, i. 472, 474, 486, ii. 234; killing of, i. 378, 421-429, 696, 707; of free men by, i. 429, 430, 491 n. ^5; refuge denied to, i. 427; granted to, i. 690, 692, 696, ii. 637; not allowed as witnesses, i. 429, 697; bodily injuries inflicted upon, i. 515-518, 524, 677, 707; upon freemen by, i. 516-518; corporal punishment inflicted upon, i. 522-524; children sold as, by their parents, i. 599, 607, 609, 611, 612, 615, 675, 681, 682, 684, 685, 689, 691 _sq._; curses of, i. 716; proprietary rights and incapacities of, i. 677, 684, 688, 690, 697, ii. 28, 31-33, 57; rules of inheritance relating to, i. 679, ii. 46 _sq._; addicted to falsehood, ii. 113, 129 _sq._; insults offered by, ii. 142 _sq._; offered to, ii. 143; marriages between free men and, ii. 379; treatment of the dead bodies of, ii. 527, 549; eaten, ii. 559 567; cursed by their masters, ii. 703

Snakes, abstinence from eating, ii. 324. See Serpents

Social affection, i. 94, 95, 112-114, 559, ii. 197, 198, 226-228

---- aggregates, the evolution of, ii. 198-226

Socialism, ii. 69-71

Society, the birthplace of the moral consciousness, i. 117-123

Sodomy, i. 188, ii. 460, 465 n. ^2, 474-476, 479-483, 486-489. See Homosexual love

Solstices, fasting at, ii. 309 _sq._ See Midsummer customs

_Soma_, ii. 591, 592, 707 _sq._

Son, sacrificed to save the life of his father, i. 455 _sq._; the parents' or father's consent required for the marriage of the, i. 607-609, 613, 615-618, 624 _sq._; mother committing suicide on the death of her only, ii. 244 n. ^3; allowed to eat only certain foods after the death of his father, ii. 301 _sq._ See Children, Firstborn, Primogeniture, Ultimogeniture

Sorrow expressions of, ii. 283, 308, 316, 528

Soul, the immateriality of the, ii. 595 _sq._ See Annihilation, Dead, Future Life, Future state, Transmigration

{862} Spiders, prohibition of killing white, ii. 490

Spirits, evil. See Evil spirits

"Spiritual relationship," a bar to inter-marriage, ii. 369, 377

Spitting, superstitions relating to, i. 588, 594, ii. 65, 151, 209, 322, 546 n. ^2, 636 _sq._

State, the, as a social unit, ii. 221-226; its influence on the smaller units of which it was composed, i. 627 _sq._, ii. 222 _sq._; suicide regarded as a wrong against, ii. 248, 253, 259, 263; celibacy regarded as a wrong against, ii. 404

Stealing, ii. 1-27, 57-69; of horses**, cattle, or sheep, i. 187 _sq._, ii. 14; from houses, i. 187 _sq._, ii. 15, 16, 58, see Burglary; of letters, i. 188; of food, i. 286, 287, 676, ii. 14, 15, 57 _sq._; at night, i. 289, ii. 16, 58; self-defence in the case of, i. 289 _sq._; persons who are caught, i. 293. 294. 311, ii. 8, 13, 17-19, 58; punishment inflicted on the offending member in the case of, i. 311, 312, 521 n. ^1, ii. 9, 13; from relatives, ii. 53 _sq._ n. ^4; punished by supernatural beings, ii. 59-69, 669, 675-677, 679, 684, 686, 699, 700, 705, 714, 717, 732; curses pronounced to punish or prevent, ii. 62-69, 703; adultery regarded as a form of, ii. 449 _sq._; from tombs, ii. 518, 519, 540 _sq._; of property belonging to gods, ii. 626 _sq._

Stimulants, religious veneration of, ii. 591

Storks, abstinence from killing, ii. 490

Strangers, protected by the chief or king, i. 180, 181, 338; killing of, i. 331-334, 337-34, 370, 371, 373; sacrificed, i. 467 _sq._; infliction of bodily injuries upon, i. 519; kindness to, i. 556-558, see Hospitality; blessings of, i. 581-584, ii. 446; regarded as semi-supernatural beings, i. 583 _sq._; supposed to be versed in magic, i. 584; the evil eye of, i. 584, 591-593; curses of, i. 584-594, ii. 715, 732; reception of, i. 590-592, ii. 621; gifts of, i. 593 _sq._; sexual intercourse with, i. 593, ii. 444-446; enslaving of, i. 674, 675, 689, 690, 691, 714 _sq._; respect for the proprietary rights of, ii. 2, 11, 59; robbery committed upon, ii. 20-25, 58 _sq._; reduced to serfdom, ii. 24; rules of inheritance relating to, ii. 49; deceiving of, ii. 87, 88, 90, 94, 97, 112, 126-129; politeness to, ii. 152; duties to, ii. 166; despised, ii. 171-174, 532; disregard of their interests, ii. 176; antipathy to, ii. 227; marriages with, ii. 378, 381 _sq._; treatment of departed, ii. 525, 548 _sq._; eaten, ii. 554; sacrilege committed by, ii. 648. See Hospitality

Stratagems, ii. 106, 107, 112

Suicide, ch. xxxv. (**ii. 229-264); punished with forfeiture of property, i. 47, ii. 254; prompted by remorse, i. 106, ii. 233; of daughters, i. 473; of widows, i. 473 _sq._, ii. 232, 234, 235, 241, 242, 244, 247; caused by wounded pride, ii. 73, 139, 140, 231-233, 243; the future state of persons who have committed, ii. 235-239, 242-244, 246, 253, 262, 694, 710

Sun, fasting in connection with the, ii. 309, 310, 312 _sq._

---- gods, appealed to in oaths, ii. 121 _sq._; regarded as judges, ii. 698, 699, 703

Sunday, as a day of rest, ii. 288 _sq._; a cause of drunkenness, ii. 343 _sq._

Supernatural, the, ii. 582-584

---- beings, the belief in, ch. xlvii. (ii. 582-601); disease supposed to be caused by, i. 392 _sq._, ii. 593; curses personified and elevated to the rank of, i. 60, 379, 482, 561, 585, 623, 624, 626, ii. 68, 116, 715, 732; fear of mentioning the names of, ii. 640-642; distinction between offences committed against gods and offences against other, ii. 661 _sq._ See Animals (killing of sacred), Erinyes, Evil spirits, Goddesses, Gods, Guardian spirits, _Jinn_, Saints, Supreme beings, Totem

"Superobligatory, the," i. 151-154

Suppliants. See Asylums, _L-[(]âr_

Supreme beings in savage beliefs, ii. 670-687

Swallows, prohibition of killing, ii. 490

Sympathetic feelings springing from association, i. 109 _sq._

---- magic. See Magic, sympathetic

{863} Sympathetic resentment. See Resentment, sympathetic

---- retributive kindly emotion. See Retributive kindly emotion, sympathetic

Sympathy, i. 109-111; for animals, ii. 494-506, 510-514. See Affection, Altruistic sentiment

TABOO, i. 197, 233, ii. 63-66, 583, 584, 675

Talion. See Equivalence, the rule of

Testation, ii. 43, 53. See Wills

Thank offerings, i. 441, ii. 615 _sq._

Theft. See Stealing

Thrift, ii. 265

Throne, the Royal, regarded as holy, ii. 608, 754

Thunder, religious veneration of, ii. 587, 592

Tigers, abstinence from the flesh of, ii. 321; their fear of strange phenomena, ii. 583

Toads, fear of killing, ii. 491

Tobacco, religious veneration of, ii. 591

Tolerance, religious, ii. 647-653

Tombs, theft or violation committed at, ii. 518, 519, 525, 540 _sq._; places of refuge, ii. 630

Tomb-stones, ii. 544, 546

Tortoises, prohibition of eating, ii. 321

Torture, infliction of death by, i. 186-188, 190; judicial, i. 523 _sq._

Totem, eating of the, i. 227, ii. 210, 211, 323, 324, 606; killing of the, ii. 210, 603, 604, 606; regardful treatment of the, ii. 490

Totemism, as a social tie, ii. 210-213; represented as the source of the prohibition of incest, ii. 376, 376 _sq._ n. ^7, 377 n. ^1, 747; believed to be instituted by the All-father, ii. 671

Tournaments, i. 354 _sq._

Trade, moral valuation of, ii. 274, 276, 278-280, 282

Transference, of blessings, see Blessings; of curses, see Curses; of disease, see Disease; of evil, see Evil; of holiness, see Holiness; of the holiness temporarily seated in the ruling sovereign, ii. 607-610, 753 _sq._; of magic virtue ascribed to sacrificial victims, i. 69, 444-447, ii. 563, 624 _sq._; of magic virtue, by sexual intercourse, i. 593, ii. 444-446, 488; by eating or by contact, ii. 562-564, 605, 606, 625; of merits, see Merits; of qualities inherent in animals, men, or man-gods, by eating their flesh or drinking their blood, ii. 320, 333, 334, 560-564; of sin, see Sin; of the souls of divine kings, ii. 606, 607, 753 _sq._; of virtue, see Virtue

Transmigration of human souls, into animals, ii. 324, 328, 338, 490, 496, 500, 504, 516, 517, 693, 709 _sq._; into trees, ii. 516

Treason, punishment of, i. 45-48, 187-189, 492, ii. 558; judicial torture in cases of, i. 523

Trees, revenge taken upon, i. 26, 27, 260-263; transmigration of human souls into, ii. 516

Tribe, the, ii. 202, 217-219, 222 _sq._

Tribes, associations of, ii. 220 _sq._

Tribunals among savages, i. 173-175

Truce of God, the, i. 356 _sq._

Truth and good faith, regard for, ch. xxx. _sq._ (ii. 72-136); gods as guardians of, ii. 96, 114-123, 128, 129, 669, 672, 675-677, 684, 686, 699, 700, 703-705, 707, 711, 714, 717, 726, 732

Turtle, abstinence from eating, ii. 319, 333

Twilight, prohibition of eating, travelling, and sleeping during,