iv. 300;

Carnot's comparison of France with, ii. 321; Moreau's banishment to, 299; commercial rivalry with England, iii. 46; British claim of right of search, 47, 48; effect of British "orders in council" upon, 47; ocean commerce, 48; authorizes reprisals, 48; French attacks on commerce of, seizures of vessels, etc., 49, 273, 274, 296, 321, 322; rising naval power, 49; liberty of testamentary disposition in, 85; English provisions concerning the carrying trade of, 100-102; permitted to trade direct with Sweden, 100, 101; _N._ attempts to force them into the French system, 101, 102; decline of trade with England, 102; Jefferson's administration, 101, 102; agricultural policy of the Democrats, 101, 102; the embargo, 102, 274, 275; the war of 1812, 102, 322; policy of the Federalists, 102; the Non-intervention Act, 102; indispensability of cotton in Europe, 266; "neutralized" commerce of, 267; proposal that Louis XVIII acquire a kingdom in, 271; alleged seizure of French vessels by, 274; the Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, 274; prohibition of commercial intercourse with England and France, 274; seizure of ships by England, 275; Lucien attempts to escape to, 277; chafing under restrictions of commerce, 318; crippled commerce of, 321; declares war against England, 378; naval successes of, 378; Moreau summoned from, 407; iv. 2; _N._ plans escape to, 219, 220; Hamilton's treasury system, 259; the independence of, 261; the war for independence, 297; wars with England, 300, 301; popular interest in _N._ in, 300, 301; expansion of constitutional law, 301; growth of, 301; _N.'s_ influence in, 301; the slavery question in, 301. _See also_ =America=.

=University of Berlin=, iii. 103.

=University of France=, ii. 228; iii. 89.

=Ural Mountains=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.

=Urbino=, annexed to Italy, iii. 68, 118.

=Uscha, River=, military operations on the, iii. 340.

=Ussher, Capt.=, conveys _N._ to Elba in the "Undaunted," iv. 140, 141.

=Usury=, the curse and its cure in France, ii. 219; iii. 76, 77.

=Utizy=, military movements near, iii. 344.

V

=Valais=, declared an independent commonwealth, ii. 233; Chateaubriand French representative in, 260; scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266; separated from Switzerland, 278; independence of, 278; annexed to the French empire, 278.

=Valeggio=, _N.'s_ narrow escape at, i. 393.

=Valencay=, the Spanish captives at, iii. 148, 168, 261.

=Valence=, _N._ joins his regiment at, i. 67; _N.'s_ life at, and visits to, i. 66-82, 125, 134, 141, 145, 149, 150, 154-158, 184, 223; the garrison at, and people of, 143; obsequies of Mirabeau at, 153, 154; friends of the Constitution in, 155; reception of _N._ and Elisa at, 184; occupied by Carteaux, 215; death of Pius VI at, ii. 39; burial of Pius VI at, 216; meeting of _N._ and Augereau near, iv. 138.

=Valencia=, massacre of the French at, iii. 154; Moncey advances on, 156; French defeat before, 159; captured by Suchet, 289; temporary French government at, 377.

=Valenciennes=, evacuation of, i. 222.

=Valenza=, military operations near, i. 358.

=Valetta=, French plot to seize, ii. 18; the sword of, given to Paul I, 154.

=Valjouan=, Victor drives the Austrians from, iv. 71.

=Valladolid=, captured by the French, iii. 132; French success near, 156; French communications at, 157; _N._ at, Jan. 6, 1809, 189.

=Valmaseda=, Blake driven back to, iii. 184.

=Valmy=, defeat of the allies at, i. 194.

=Valtellina, the=, quarrel between the Grisons and, ii. 11; incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 40.

=Vandamme, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-388; dread of _N._, iii. 93; in battle of Eckmuehl, 209; at Linz, 216, 225; relieved by Lefebvre, 225; strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324; commanding division in Eugene's army, 393; junction of Danish troops with, 407; captures Hamburg, 407; goes to Davout's assistance, 413; in battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10; at Pirna, 8-10; pursues the allies, 10; battle of Kulm, 15; captured at Kulm, 15; character, 15; in the Waterloo campaign, 169-173; advances toward Fleurus, 180; battle of Ligny, 181.

=Vandeleur, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.

=Vanne, River=, iv. 105.

=Var, River=, military operations on the, ii. 160, 165, 170, 171, 174.

=Vatican=, relations of Paoli with the, i. 16.

=Vauban=, disgrace of, i. 332; eulogized by Carnot, 333.

=Vaubois, Gen.=, service in the Alps, i. 347; defeated by Davidowich, 387, 388, 392; service in Egypt, ii. 53.

=Vauchamps=, battle of, iv. 64.

=Vaud=, revolutionary outbreak in, ii. 27, 40; French intervention in, 40; Alexander forbids the restoration of, iv. 68.

=Vaux=, submission of Carlo Buonaparte to, i. 31.

=Venaissin, the=, annexed to France, i. 422.

=Vendee, la=, civil war, massacres, and royalist plots in, i. 207, 213, 222, 234, 249, 276, 305, 325, 449; ii. 91, 143, 146, 240, 241; iv. 102, 166, 218; reinforcements for the Army of Italy from, i. 387; _N._ conciliates, ii. 146; revulsion of feeling against the Bourbons in, iv. 146; _N._ seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 220.

=Vendemiaire=, the 13th of, 301-305; ii. 22.

=Vendetta, the=, i. 10-15.

=Vendome, Column of=, erection of the, iii. 74; placard on the, iv. 158.

=Venetia=, neutrality violated by Beaulieu, i. 361; jealousy between Venice and other towns of, 427; coveted by Austria, 428; the revolutionary movement in, 436; the mainland ceded to Austria, 438; the oligarchy of, 444; French military operations in, ii. 13; France's acquisitions in, 21; incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 21; plunder of, 38; surrender to Austria, 38; _N._ threatens to seize, 389; incorporated with Italy, 395, 405; admitted to the Concordat, iii. 118. _See also_ =Venice=.

=Venetian Alps=, road to Vienna through the, i. 342.

=Venetian Republic=, political status in 1796, i. 345.

=Venice=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95; Austria's ambitions in, 325, 424; ii. 357, 363; military operations against (1796), i. 357; Beaulieu violates neutrality of, 371-373; treaty with Austria, 371; decadence and downfall of, 371, 451; at _N.'s_ mercy, 373; resents violations of territory, 401; _N.'s_ violation of neutrality of, 427; the humiliation of, 427-429; the Golden Book of, 428, 429, 436; pillage in, 427, 445; ii. 16; Kilmaine's military watch on, i. 431; revolution in, 435, 445-447; concludes negotiations with _N._, 436-438; acquires Bologna, Ferrara, and the Romagna, 438; _N._ forbidden to interfere with, 441; loss of independence, 441-446; fires on French ship, 443; _N._ "an Attila to," 443; _N._ declares war against, 443; the oligarchy of, 444; attempts to bribe _N._, 445; treaty between France and (1797), 446; the new republic of, 446; loses independence, 446, 447; French occupation of, 445-447; letter from _N._ to the provisional government, 447; _N.'s_ characterization of the Venetians, 447; _N._ offers the republic to Austria, 446; _N._ reproached for the overthrow of, ii. 5; Lallemant's propaganda in, 10, 11; Junot's demands on the senate, 11; dismemberment of, 16; the Directory's ambition for the conquest of, 16; ceded to Austria, 21; the last doge of, 24; destruction of the "Bucentaur" at, 24; destruction of naval stores at, 24; seeks to continue war with Austria, 24; dragged into war by _N._, 144; election of Pius VII at, 206; _N._ threatens to seize, 361; surrendered to France, 391; Pius VII refuses to extend the Concordat to, iii. 68; ceded to France, 109; appropriations for the harbor, 109; _N._ at, Nov., 1808, 128; interview between Joseph and _N._ at, 129-132; basis of possible Oriental operations, 332. _See also_ =Venetia=; =Venetian Republic=.

=Ventimiglia=, seized by Massena, i. 243.

=Vercelli=, Melas proposes to attack _N._ via, ii. 174.

=Verdier=, success at Logrono, iii. 156; occupies Aragon, 155.

=Verdun=, abandoned by the enemy, i. 186; imperial troops at, iv. 102.

=Verhuel=, Dutch commissioner to Paris, ii. 397.

=Verona=, _N._ at, i. 399; French occupation of, 372; military operations near, 379, 380, 388-392, 410-414; insurrection in, 436, 442, 443; disarmament of, 442.

=Veronese Vespers, the=, i. 436, 442.

=Versailles=, meetings of the Estates at, i. 96, 107; luxury in, 151; the Parisian mob at, 151; prison massacres in, 188; Macdonald's guard at, ii. 108; _N._ retires to, after his divorce, iii. 257; Souham delivers his army prisoners at, iv. 126, 127.

=Vicenza=, military operations before, i. 387; creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.

=Victor, Gen. C. P.=, attacks Provera at La Favorita, i. 415; watches Rome, 431; reinforces Lannes at Casteggio, ii. 176; commanding corps at Marengo, 176-182; service in the Army of England, 291; battle of Heilsberg, iii. 29; battle of Friedland, 30-32; created Duke of Belluno, 86; yearly income, 87; character, 93; _N.'s_ opinion of, 93; at Amurrio, 183; defeated by Wellesley at Talavera, 236; strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324; ordered to advance east from the Niemen, 347; in retreat from Moscow, 359 et seq.; effects junction with Saint-Cyr, 361; checks Wittgenstein, 361; abandons Vitebsk, 361; driven back, 366; at the crossing of the Beresina, 366-372; ordered to hold back Wittgenstein, 369; defeated by Wittgenstein at Borrissoff, 369; division commander under Eugene, 393; in campaign of 1813, 402; relieves Glogau, 413; battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10; guarding roads from Bohemia, 18; battle of Leipsic, 28, 31, 32; assigned to defense of the Rhine, 54; ordered to Nogent, 62; junction with Macdonald at Montereau, 64; abandons Nogent, 64; driven back to Nangis, 65; drives the Austrians from Valjouan, 71; fails to capture Montereau, 71-73; moral exhaustion of, 71-73; degraded, but restored to favor, 72; commanding portion of the Young Guard, 72; battle of Craonne, 78.

=Victor Amadeus=, king of Sardinia, i. 244, 352; guards Lombardy, 342; checkmated by _N._, 355; death of, 336; relationship to Louis XVIII, 355, 356.

="Victory," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 373, 374.

=Vienna=, plans for French advance on, i. 385; Austria opposes _N.'s_ advance to, 426; combined movements on, 430 et seq.; the peace party in, 437; rejoicing in, at treaty of Leoben, 439; Gen. Clarke's mission to, 451; rejoicings in, over treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 22; Gen. Clarke forbidden to enter, 42; dread of revolutionary sentiment in, 42; attack on the French embassy (1798), 43; flight of Ferdinand III to, 87; _N.'s_ plans to subdue, 163; _N._ sends peace commissioner to, 186; court intrigues at, 189; Moreau advances toward, 192; Stuart British envoy to, 302; _N._ threatens, 361, 378; French treachery at, 369; the French enter, 367-369, 378; Talleyrand at, 382; Pozzo di Borgo's mission at, ii. 445; Andreossy's mission at, 443; French influence in, iii. 22; decree of, May 17, 1809, 118; belligerent tone at, 165, 178, 193, 195; effect of _N.'s_ and Alexander's remonstrances at, 167, 168; Metternich goes to, 193; defensive measures for, 203; _N.'s_ march on, after Eckmuehl, 212; capitulation of, 212; _N.'s_ characterization of its inhabitants, 213; Charles's plan to free, 216; proposed French retreat toward, 222; _N.'s_ army around, 226; consternation at rumored Franco-Russian marriage, 251; French soldiers nursed in, 254; marriage of Maria Louisa at, 254-257; pro-Russian party in, 313, 314; characterization of _N._ in, 415; England's diplomacy in, 417; Francis fears a French invasion of, iv. 3; Congress of, 144, 145, 162, 164; news of _N.'s_ escape in, 162.

=Vienna Coalition, the=, iv. 164, 251.

=Vigo=, Villeneuve at, ii. 359.

=Villach=, _N._ enters Germany at, i, 434; Eugene and Macdonald at, iii. 217.

=Villanova=, military operations at, i. 389.

=Villefranche=, expedition against Corsica from, i. 189.

=Villeneuve=, _N._ at, iv. 105.

=Villeneuve, Adm.=, in the battle of the Nile, ii. 63; commanding at Toulon, 332; proposed naval expedition for, 333; escapes from Toulon, and returns, 333; ordered to the West Indies, 334; character, 333, 358, 371-375; returns to European waters, 358; his combined fleet at Ferrol and Corunna, 359; at Vigo, 359; disheartened, 359; dissatisfied with his fleet, 359, 371, 372; encounter with Calder, 359, 371; ordered to relieve Rochefort and Brest, 359; retreats to Cadiz, 359, 370, 371; fails to appear in the Channel, 362; chased by Nelson to the West Indies and back, 370; retreat to Ferrol, 371; orders for Mediterranean cruise, 372; remonstrates against his orders, 372; _N._ prepares to supersede, 372; tries to evade disgrace, 372; battle of Trafalgar, 373-375; interview with _N._, 375; his suicide, 375.

=Villetard=, French republican agent in Venice, i. 445.

=Vilna=, _N._ in, iii. 331-335; Barclay de Tolly's army confronting, 335; the French retreat through, 370, 372; _N.'s_ incognito journey through, 375; Kutusoff enters, 383; Alexander goes to, 383.

=Vimeiro=, defeat of Junot at, iii. 157-159.

=Vincennes=, the trial and execution of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 305, 306, 308-310; iii. 196.

=Vincent, Gen.=, Austrian representative at Erfurt, iii. 178, 193.

=Visconti=, "Greek Iconography," iv. 219.

=Vistula, River, the=, _N.'s_ conquests west of, ii. 437; plan of campaign on, 441; bridging of, iii. 2, 3; French positions on, 7; attempt to drive the French across, 28; proposed boundary line on, 36; military operations on, 117, 393, 396; Alexander promises assistance to Prussia on, iii. 320; the French army reaches, 330; French advance to the Niemen from, 337; Murat's position on, untenable, 385; Schwarzenberg retreats across, 385; threatened expulsion of the French from, 416; French garrisons on, iv. 35; _N._ entertains hopes of returning to, 63, 66, 69.

=Vitebsk=, its strategical position, iii. 338; _N._ at, 338; military movements near, 339, 364; French garrison in, 341; the French abandon, 361.

=Vitoria=, Dupont ordered to, iii. 128; Ferdinand VII at, 143; French forces at, 183; battle of, 420.

=Vitrolles=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 98, 106, 108; captured with Weissenberg at St. Dizier, 104.

=Vitry=, military movements near, iv. 58, 91, 93, 94; Prussian occupation of, 95; French troops at, 102.

=Vives, Gen.=, besieges Barcelona, iii. 184.

=Vivian, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.

=Volga, River, the=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209; Cossacks of, iii. 9.

=Volhynia=, Austrian troops in, iii. 331, 338; Bagration's position in, 335.

=Voelkermarkt=, Archduke John at, iii. 317.

=Volney, Constantin F. C.=, espouses the Corsican cause, i. 120, 121; _N.'s_ friendship with, 163; ii. 97, 335; member of the senate, 151.

=Voltaire=, on the character of Paoli, i. 18; _N.'s_ study of, 78; ii. 256; iv. 231; his "Essay on Manners," i. 150; on the Hohenzollern territories, ii. 442; performance of his "Oedipe" at Erfurt, iii. 172.

=Voltri=, military operations at, i. 353.

=Vorarlberg=, Kray's retreat via, cut off, ii. 166; ceded to Bavaria, 391.

=Vosges Mountains, the=, proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320; the allies turn the line of, iv. 57, 58; supposed retreat of Schwarzenberg to, 86; reported rising in, 88; _N._ urges guerrilla risings in, 90.

=Voss, Countess=, attendant on Queen Louisa, iii. 60.

W

=Wachau=, battle of, iv. 27-30.

=Wagram=, Charles's advance toward, iii. 218; battle of, 225-232; iv. 173; French demoralization after, iii. 231; doubtful honors of, 231, 232; _N.'s_ position after, 232; position of Francis after, 232; Berthier created Prince of, 256. _See also_ =Berthier=.

=Walcheren=, the English expedition to, iii. 237, 253, 270, 272, 284.

=Walewska, Countess=, _N.'s_ amours with, iii. 11; visits _N._ at Elba, iv. 142.

=Walhain=, Gerard at, iv. 192; Grouchy at, 192, 213.

=Wallachia=, dismissal of the Turkish viceroy of, ii. 440, 441; alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55; Russian evacuation of, 64; Russian ambition to possess, 98, 115, 116, 176, 310; Russian occupation of, 99, 105; Alexander demands possession of, 105; _N._ offers to offset Moldavia and, against Silesia, 106, 108, 113; proposed evacuation of Prussia for that of, 108; Alexander's fear of losing, 248; Russia threatened with the loss of, 314.

=Wallenstein=, scene of his overthrow by Gustavus Adolphus, iii. 404.

=War=, _N.'s_ aphorisms, theories, and plans of, i. 346-349; ii. 268; iii. 202; barbarity in, ii. 70; thirst for, in France, 93; the art of, 180.

=Warens, Mme. de=, memoirs of, i. 76.

=Warfare=, progress in methods of, i. 394, 395; in Napoleonic times, ii. 178-180.

=Warsaw= (city), Louis XVIII living in, ii. 239; Polish national movement in, ii. 444; the Russians driven from, iii. 1, 2; French occupation of, 6-11; frivolity in, 10; _N.'s_ amours in, 11; _N._ offers to evacuate, 167; proposition that Russia occupy, 177, 178; Archduke Ferdinand to march against, 199; captured by Archduke Ferdinand, 201; Polish troops at, 203; reoccupied by Poniatowski, 212; offered to Prussia, 225; attitude of the Poles in, 313; Jesuit influence in, 31; proposition to make it capital of a Saxon province, 328; _N._ in, 331; the Diet begs the restoration of Poland, 331; Schwarzenberg evacuates, 385; Russian occupation of, 385; proposed new capital for Prussia, 409.

=Warsaw, Grand Duchy of=, creation of, iii. 56, 64, 73; acquires Prussian territory, 62; new constitution for, 67; _N._ seeks to add Silesia to, 106, 108, 113; Alexander's jealousy of, 108; _N._ promises to evacuate, 113; fortification of, 117, 165; acquires New Galicia, 239; territorial acquisitions, 244, 310; pro-Russian party in, 311; Alexander proposes to accept the crown of, 311; military operations in, 322; open to invasion, 329; _N.'s_ incognito journey through, 375; interview between _N._ and De Pradt at, 375, 382; Russian invasion of, 385; _N._ refuses to give up, 392; reft from Saxony, 394; in Russian possession, 399; threatened dismemberment of, 409, 423; proposed extinction of, 415; _N.'s_ scheme in, 298.

=Washington, George=, comparison of Paoli with, i. 18; death of, ii. 147; admiration of France for, 147; statue at the Tuileries, 147; festival in honor of, 147, 148; compared with _N._, 148; declares the neutrality of the United States (1793), 212.

=Waterloo=, the advantage of position at, ii. 179; the Prussian pursuit after, iii. 210; _N.'s_ attempt at suicide after, iv. 131; _N.'s_ reminiscences of, 175; Wellington indicates the battle-ground, 178; the controversial literature of, 186; the battle-field, 189 et seq.; character of the French troops at, 196; Wellington's headquarters at, 195; the plans of battle, 197; the battle, 199 et seq.; application of the name to the battle, 212; review of the battle, 212 et seq.; political spoils, 214; moral effect on the Emperor, 216; the news in Paris, 216; _N.'s_ monograph on, 232; _N.'s_ delay at, 267; epic character of, 288; effect on the world, 289.

=Waterloo Campaign=, parallel between campaign in Piedmont and, iv. 170.

=Wavre=, military operations at, iv. 182, 184, 187, 191-195, 214.

=Wealth=, _N._ on, i. 137.

=Weapons of war in 1796=, i. 349.

=Wehlau=, military movements near, iii. 30.

=Weimar=, dissension in the Prussian camp at, ii. 429; fighting at, 431; meetings of _N._ with Goethe and Wieland at, iii. 72, 73, 176.

=Weimar, Grand Duchess of=, entertains _N._, iii. 174.

=Weirother, Col.=, at Austerlitz, ii. 381.

=Weissenberg, Gen.=, captured near St. Dizier, iv. 104.

=Weissenburg=, battle of, i. 273; the French position at, ii. 365.

=Weissenfels=, taken by Bertrand, iv. 35.

=Weissensee=, narrow escape of Frederick William III at, ii. 436.

=Wellenburg=, acquired by Wuertemberg, ii. 391.

=Wellesley, Sir Arthur=, takes command of operations in Portugal,