iii. 45, 316, 318;

relations and alliances with Austria, i. 325, 425; ii. 44, 61, 72, 145, 154, 209, 312, 355, 360, 363, 381; iii. 169, 178, 311-316, 328, 331, 342, 419; iv. 75, 76; death of Catherine II, i. 425; foreign policy (1797), 425; _N._ intercepts despatches from the Czar to Malta, 424; weakness of revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 45; alliances and relations with, schemes of conquest of, and wars with Turkey, 67, 72, 418; iii. 20, 51, 52, 55, 64, 99, 106-114, 162, 176, 236, 248, 309, 310, 321, 350; plans military operations in Italy, ii. 72; the second coalition, 86, 90, 136, 142; military operations in Holland, 90; military operations in Switzerland and Italy, 91; successes on the Trebbia, 92; defeats Joubert at Novi, 92; defeated at Zuerich by Massena, 93; withdraws from the second coalition, 142; interest in, and activity concerning Malta, 141, 154, 193, 210, 285; alliances and general friendly relations with France, 154, 203, 209-211, 263, 266, 347, 394, 401; iii. 36, 38, 43-46, 49, 65, 73, 107, 115, 166, 176, 178, 244, 255, 329; organizes the "armed neutrality," ii. 194, 209, 210; schemes of Oriental extension and conquest, 194, 209, 262, 330, 347, 348, 401; iii. 50, 55, 64, 108, 167, 236; iv. 41, 67; intercedes for Naples, ii. 203; _N.'s_ relations with and attitudes toward, 203, 293, 356, 361; ii. 440-442; iii. 45, 103, 115, 280, 304, 306, 313-318, 392; relations with, subsidies from, and wars with England, ii. 209, 210, 263, 357, 401, 406, 421; iii. 49, 55, 64, 99, 100, 102, 105, 117, 265, 266, 287, 288, 316, 321, 351, 398, 417; iv. 41, 76, 164; assassination of Paul I and accession of Alexander I, ii. 210; abandons the "armed neutrality," 263; hostile and general unfriendly relations with France, 293, 312, 330, 347-349; 355, 356, 361; iii. 287, 288, 305, 309-318, 329, 392, 408; mourns the death of the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311; stains on reigning houses of, 317; protests against seizure of Enghien, 331; occupies Ionian Islands, 330, 353, 357, 405; demands indemnity for the king of Sardinia, 330, 348, 418; attitude in 1805, 352; relations (friendly and hostile) with Prussia, 353, 376-378, 417, 418; iii. 1, 18, 21-23, 55, 225, 316, 320, 331, 382, 385, 397, 424; her troops in Galicia, ii. 363; Bernadotte and Davout watch her army, 366; military position on the Inn, 367; defeat of Mortier at Duerrenstein, 368; military position on the Enns, 367; outgeneraled by _N._, 376; the battle of Austerlitz, 382 et seq.; Czartoryski's view of her policy in 1803, 381; occupies Naples, 395; excluded from councils of Western Europe, 402; occupies Bocche di Cattaro, 405; strengthens Corfu, 405; pretensions in Germany, 419; military operations on the Danube, ii. 441; military operations against, iii. 1; concentrates troops at Pultusk, 1; driven from Warsaw, 2; character of the population, 3; a new seat of war for _N._, 3; battle of Pultusk, 4; retreat to Ostrolenka, 5; _N.'s_ new experience in campaigning in, 5; defects in the army, 9; devotion of the army to the Czar, 9; the Cossacks, 9; defeat at Mohrungen, 10; condition of troops at Eylau, 14; financial difficulties, 20, 35, 304, 305; Turko-Persian alliance against, 20; successes on the lower Danube, 20; weakness of, 22, 23; requests Francis's adherence to convention of Bartenstein, 22; proposal for a new coalition, 22; bravery of her soldiers, 27; dissensions in the court, 28; forces engaged at Friedland, 31, 32; military sacrifices, 35; peace party in, 35; fighting the battles of others, 34, 35; destitution in the army, 35; schemes of territorial aggrandizement, 34, 35; _N._ demands pledges from, 36; proposed Baltic boundary line, 36; ambition to be regarded as a European power, 45; _N._ a foil to her ambition, 45; representatives at Tilsit, 49; schemes for the partition or acquisition of the Danubian principalities, 50, 55, 98, 99, 105, 310, 314; to mediate between England and France, 55; acquires Bielostok, 56, 62; refuses to seize Memel, 62; dislike of Savary in, 64; court and social manners and customs, 64; discontent with the Czar, 64, 109, 117; intrigues to acquire, and the invasion and acquisition of Finland, 64, 98, 113-116, 236, 248, 268, 281, 310, 316; attempts to bring Spain into the coalition, 71; effect of the treaty of Tilsit, 72; diplomatic intrigues in, 98; her good offices sought with Denmark, 98; frontier menaced by France, 99; Alexander seeks to abolish serfdom in, 99; commerce of, 99; effects of the peace of Tilsit on, 99; _N._ intervenes between Turkey and, 99; terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105; Tolstoi defends, 105; diplomatic crisis in, 108-110; sends a fresh mission to _N._, 110; proposed invasion of Sweden, 113; court intrigue in, 115; Caulaincourt conducts negotiations with, 116; blockade of the fleet by England, 117; outwitted by _N._, 129; the Spanish question discussed with, 158; _N.'s_ proposed naval cooeperation with, 166; the anti-French party in, 167, 195; urged to occupy Warsaw, and parts of Prussia and Austria, 177; _N._ makes technical call for the aid of, 198; invades Galicia, 236; acquires part of Galicia, 239; menaced by the treaty of Schoenbrunn, 244; news of the Austrian marriage in, 255; treaty with Sweden, Sept. 17, 1809, 268; evades the Continental System, 280; Mme. de Stael in, 299; rivalry of France, 309; effects of the Continental System on, 310; an incident that changed the course of history, 314, 315; advances an army to the Danube, 314; prepares for war, 314; opens negotiations with England and Sweden, 316; war with France inevitable, 317; acquires a boundary on the Pruth, 321; treaty with Sweden, April 12, 1812, 321; withdraws troops from the Danube, 321; thoroughness of _N.'s_ preparations for war with, 323-325; Caulaincourt's knowledge of, 326; agricultural distress in, 328; concentration of troops in, 328; intrigues leading to the war of 1812, 328-333; ukase of Dec., 1810, 329; the neutral trade of, 329; Narbonne's mission from Dresden to, 331; _N.'s_ scheme to expel her from Europe, 332; _N.'s_ military knowledge of, 333, 334, 340; menacing outlook for, 334; _N.'s_ plan of campaign in, 333, 338; disposition of her army, 335; _N._ strikes the first blow at, 335; military weakness, 336; military enthusiasm in, 337; sufferings of both armies in, 337, 357 et seq.; battle of Smolensk, iii. 339; "the Ney of," 339, 340; despotic character of her government, 340; lack of centralization in, 340, 374; horrors of the campaign in, 340, 341; _N._ fails to pass counterfeit money in, 341; the lessons of Eylau and Austerlitz, 341; _N.'s_ ignorance of the strength of feeling in, 342; speculation on the Czar's military policy, 342; battle of Borodino, 343-345, 346; the Kremlin, 345, 347; claims the honor of burning Moscow, 349; temper of the peasantry, 350; the Old Russian party for peace, 351; Alexander's advisers, 351; founding of the Russian Bible Society, 351; English military mission to reorganize the army, 351; causes of the French disasters in, 353; _N.'s_ retreat from Moscow, 353-356; partizan warfare in, 359; adopting the tactics of Egypt in, 359; the terror of _N.'s_ name in, 360, 363, 365; her allies, Want and Winter, 360, 373; massacre of French stragglers in, 362; _N.'s_ contempt for, 363; treatment of French prisoners in, 367; hopes in, of capturing _N._, 367; _N.'s_ excuse for defeat in, 372; compared with Spain, 374; poor generalship in, 374; diminishing strength of, 382; invades the grand duchy of Warsaw, 385; treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 391; Metternich seeks to embroil Sweden and, 395; possession of Warsaw, 399; apathy of, 403; Nesselrode's appearance in, 409; secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 421; issues paper money, 417; treaty with England, 417; to maintain a standing army, 417; guarantees a war loan, 417; inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424; strength, iv. 6; _N._ attempts to separate Prussia from, 17; concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22; the campaign of 1813, 39; at the Congress of Frankfort, 41; anxiety for peace, 41; troops on the Rhine, 55; _N._ endeavors to separate Austria from, 75; the triple alliance, 76; treaty of Chaumont, 76; suspicious of Schwarzenberg's attitude, 89; barbarity of her troops, 102; party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; Alexander proposes a home for _N._ in, 133; attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145; quota of troops, 164; member of the Vienna coalition, 164; the campaign of the Hundred Days, 167 et seq.; claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214; claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 225; _N.'s_ horror of being sent to, 227; expansion of, 298. _See also_ =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =St. Petersburg=.

=Rustan=, _N.'s_ body-servant, ii. 426; iii. 74; 410; iv. 134; Queen Louisa's allusion to, at Tilsit, iii. 61.

=Rustchuk, Pasha of=, appointed grand vizir, iii. 162; attempts to restore Selim III, 162.

S

=Saalburg=, military operations at, ii. 428.

=Saale, River=, military operations on the, ii. 429-433; iv. 19, 23, 25.

=Saar, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58.

=Sachsen, Gen.=, leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72.

=Sacken, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15; checks Schwarzenberg, 369; reinforces Bluecher at Montmirail, iv. 63; held by Mortier, 74; battle of Craonne, 78.

=St. Aignan=, French envoy to Saxon duchies, iv. 42; imprisoned at Gotha, 42; conducts negotiations with _N._, 42, 43, 45.

=St. Amand=, d'Erlon ordered to move on, iv. 186.

=St. Andre=, mayor of Mainz, anecdote concerning _N._ and, iii. 421.

=St. Bartholomew's Day=, fears of a repetition of the massacre of, iv. 147.

="St. Bartholomew of privilege," the=, i. 110.

=St. Bernard range=, Austrian watch on the, ii. 170, 171. _See also_ =Great St. Bernard=; =Little St. Bernard=.

=Saint-Cannat=, _N._ at, iv. 139.

=St. Cloud=, proposed councils at, ii. 101-104, 106, 109 et seq.; Bernadotte plans to head a force at, 109; Murat commanding guard at, 109; the 18th and 19th Brumaire at, 111 et seq.; iv. 258; _N._ declines a gift of, ii. 244; promulgation of the decree creating the empire from, 322; return of _N._ from Tilsit to, iii. 72; social vices at, 92; important levee at, Aug. 15, 1808, 169; _N._ and Maria Louisa at, 258; the imperial court at, 258; _N._ returns to, iv. 39, 47.

=Saint-Cyr=, Elisa Buonaparte educated at, i. 55, 176, 182; the Academy at, 176, 182.

=Saint-Cyr, Carra=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220, 221.

=Saint-Cyr, Gen.=, military successes of, i. 274; at battle of Biberach, ii. 167; engagement on the Mettenberg, 168; fails to come up at Messkirch, 167; reinforces Moreau at Engen, 167; enters Naples, 287; ordered to occupy Naples, 362; Villeneuve ordered to cooeperate with, 371; at La Junquera, iii. 183.

=Saint-Cyr, Gouvion=, strength of his corps, March, 1812, iii. 324; losses of his Bavarian corps in Russia, 337; Wittgenstein resumes offensive against, 359; junction with Victor, 360; checks Wittgenstein, 361; holds Dresden, iv. 7, 8, 25, 27; battle of Dresden, 9; sent to support Vandamme at Kulm, 15; guarding roads from Bohemia, 18.

=St. Denis=, tumults at, i. 86; restoration of the cathedral at, iii. 74; defense of, iv. 109.

=St. Dizier=, military movements near, iv. 58, 60, 95; _N._ at, 95, 96, 101; military council at, 103.

=St. Florent=, _N._ prepares plans for its defense, i. 91; French fleet at, 125; disorders at, 126, 191; expedition against Ajaccio from, 203-208; French power in, 207; English capture of, 260.

=St. George=, Provera at, i. 414.

=St. Gotthard Pass=, Suvaroff's disasters in, ii. 141; French passage of, 169, 172-174; Austrian watch on, 170.

=St. Helena=, _N.'s_ will made at, i. 127; _N.'s_ reminiscent statements made at, 146, 232, 289, 306; ii. 47, 75, 79, 81, 118, 145, 208, 292; 311; iii. 85, 210, 277; iv. 16, 62, 153, 156, 177, 191; _N.'s_ death at, ii. 82; iv. 234; _N.'s_ ambition concerning, ii. 289; early proposition to deport _N._ to, iv. 145; chosen as the place of exile, 224-229; _N.'s_ objections to the rock, 226; special form of government for, 227, 229; the voyage to, 227, 287; landing of _N._ at, 229; topography, climate, etc., 228, 232; _N.'s_ life on, 229-235; violent storm in, 234; the exile's court at, 288.

=Saint-Hilaire, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 388; in Eylau campaign, iii. 15.

=St. Ildefonso=, the treaties of, ii. 204.

=St. Jean d'Acre=. _See_ =Acre=.

"=St. Jerome=," Correggio's, i. 374.

=St. Julien, Count=, blundering negotiations by, ii. 187, 188; imprisonment of, 188.

=St. Lambert=, Grouchy ordered to, iv. 190; Buelow at, 193.

=St. Leu=, proposal that Louis withdraw to, iii. 276.

=St. Mark=, actions at, i. 410, 412, 413.

=St. Maximin=, Lucien Buonaparte in, i. 238.

=St. Michael=, seizure of, by Massena, i. 436.

=St. Michel=, battle of, i. 410.

=St. Napoleon=, i. 39.

=St. Peter, island of=, capture, ii. 13.

=St. Peter's, Rome=, _N._ claims coronation in, ii. 396.

=St. Petersburg=, the French envoy dismissed from, ii. 348; return of the Czar from Tilsit to, iii. 64; the peace of Europe in, 65; the French ambassador at, 87; diplomatic intrigues at, 97; Alexander fears for, 98; diplomatic crisis in, 108, 109; court intrigue in, 115; terror of the British fleet in, 117; situation at, 118; social and diplomatic life in, 166; Caulaincourt's mission to, 165, 168, 169; Frederick William III at, 194; news of the Austrian marriage at, 255; _N._ threatens to march to, 304; Lauriston sent to replace Caulaincourt at, 318; defense of, 336; demoralization at, 336; military enthusiasm in, 337; founding of the Russian Bible Society in, 351; England's diplomacy in, 417. _See also_ =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =Russia=.

=St. Pierre=, arrest of the Prince of Monaco at, iv. 154.

=Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de=, rewards to, for literary work, iii. 297.

=St. Priest, Gen.=, captures Rheims, iv. 80; killed at Rheims, 82.

=St. Quentin=, the canal of, ii. 349.

=St. Roch=, the melee at the church of, i. 301-303.

=Saint-Ruff, Abbe de=, _N.'s_ social relations with, i. 69, 81; death of, 149.

=St. Stephen=, attack on, i. 192.

=St. Sulpice=, banquet to _N._ in church of, ii. 100, 101.

=St. Tropez=, _N.'s_ embarkation from, iv. 135, 137, 139; place of _N.'s_ embarkation changed to Frejus, 139.

=Saladin=, founds the military organization of Mamelukes, ii. 58.

=Salamanca=, Sir John Moore at, iii. 186; battle of, 290, 377; defeat of Marmont at, iii. 343.

=Salicetti, Christopher=, represents Corsica in the National Assembly, i. 116-121; succeeds Buttafuoco, 133; influence in Corsica, 185, 197, 204; plans invasion of Sardinia, 187-189; arrives in Corsica, 201; relations with _N._ and influence on his career, 201, 202, 205-209, 219, 225, 228, 252-257; adheres to France, 202; defends the Corsican commission, 205; arrives in Paris, 207; heads a commission to Corsica, 219; in siege of Toulon, 232, 233; influence in France, 233; plans expedition to Corsica, 233; ambition, 238; blamed for insurrection in Corsica, 254; seeks his own safety, 254; influence among the Thermidorians, 254, 255; friendship with Mme. Permon, 285; concealed by Mme. Permon, 285, 286; _N.'s_ address to, 285, 286; levies forced contributions in Genoa, 345; plans of the Directory concerning, 364; rapacity, 376; duplicity, ii. 109, 110; gives Genoa a consular constitution, 233.

=Salm=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Salo=, the revolutionary movement in, i. 436; engagement at, 437, 441.

=Salzburg=, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; ceded to Austria, 391; Lefebvre at, iii. 211; embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, 239.

=Sambre, River=, military movements on the, iv. 170, 173-175, 181.

=Sampiero=, i. 14; resemblance to _N._, 26; _N.'s_ sketch of, 92.

=Sand, George=, in Madrid during the war, iii. 292.

=San Domingo=, influence of Louverture in, ii. 237; declares its independence, 237; unsuccessful attempt to conquer, 237; failure of _N.'s_ ambition concerning, 289; plan for French recovery of, 333.

=Sandoz-Rollin=, Prussian minister in Paris, ii. 31.

=San Giuliano=, military operations at, ii. 178, 179.

=San Miniato=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 30.

=Sansculottes, the=, i. 249.

=Sansculottides, the=, i. 249.

=San Sebastian=, captured by the French, iii. 132.

=Santa Lucia=, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333.

=Santander=, besieged by Bessieres, iii. 156.

=Santarem=, Massena withdraws toward, iii. 286; "Marshal Stockpots" deserters at, 291.

=Santerre, A. J.=, leader of the mob of Aug. 10, 1792, i. 178; favored by _N._, 178; _N.'s_ threat against, ii. 108.

="Santissima Trinidad," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.

=Santon, Mount= (Austerlitz), ii. 386, 387.

=Saorgio=, _N._ at taking of, i. 255.

=Saragossa=, siege of, iii. 154-159, 184-186.

=Sardinia=, weakness of, i. 22; compared with Corsica, 25; hostilities between France and, 187-193, 196, 206, 214, 243, 247, 261, 262; goes to defense of Toulon, 221; operations in Piedmont, in 1794, 341; revolutionary spirit in, 345; signs armistice, 350, 354, 356; Victor Amadeus, king of, 352; conclusion of peace with France (1796), 363, 364, 400; _N._ opens negotiations with, ii. 11; provoked by France into Italian quarrels, 87; _N.'s_ bad faith with, 144; Russia demands indemnity for the king of, 330, 417-418; Prussia bound to secure indemnity for king of, 377.

=Sardinia, island of=, Charles Emmanuel king of, i. 356; Charles Emmanuel retires to, ii. 39, 141; Nelson seeks shelter at, 57.

=Sart-a-Walhain=, Grouchy's movements via, iv. 188, 193.

=Sarzana=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27.

=Satschan Lake=, Russian disasters at, ii. 388.

=Saumarez, Sir James=, blockades the Russian fleet, iii. 117.

=Sauvinieres=, military movements near, iv. 185.

=Savary, Gen.=, aide-de-camp to _N._, ii. 306; share in Duc d'Enghien's trial and execution, 306, 308-310; mission to Alexander I at Austerlitz, 382, 383; reports interview of Alexander I with _N._, 389; unsavory career, 412; marries Mlle. de Coigny, 412; in Eylau campaign, iii. 13; on _N.'s_ mental and personal vigor, 19; expels the Russians from the Narew and Ostrolenka, 19; in battle of Heilsberg, 29; report of the meeting at Tilsit, 41; accompanies the Czar to St. Petersburg, 64; French ambassador to Russia, 98, 105; influence over the Czar, 64; disliked in Russia, 64; created Duke of Rovigo, 86; mission to Madrid, 142, 143; recognizes Ferdinand as king, 143; reproached by Ferdinand, 143; encourages Ferdinand to rely on _N._, 143, 144; accompanies Ferdinand toward Bayonne, 143, 144; notifies Ferdinand of his deposition, 145; hatred of, in Paris, 275; minister of police, 275, 376; episode of the Malet conspiracy, 376; provides for time of danger, 51; records _N._ correspondence, 97; alarm for the safety of Paris, 97; member of the Empress-regent's council, 105; character, 105; reproved by _N._, 107; Talleyrand to, on the flight of the Empress, 109; surprises Talleyrand and De Pradt together, 109; accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, 219; negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 223.

=Save, River=, territory on, ceded to France, iii. 239.

=Savigny, F. K. von=, characterization of the Code, ii. 223.

=Savona=, military operations at, i. 253, 352, 353; ii. 160; imprisonment of Pius VII at, iii. 243, 306.

=Savoy=, military operations against, in Piedmont, i. 213; captured by France, 222; France's ambition to conquer, 276; France's claims to, 327; lost to Sardinia, 352; Kellermann in, 365; Chabran's forces in, ii. 169; proposal that France should keep, iv. 41.

=Savoy, House of, the=, French schemes against, i. 187; importance of France gaining over, 342; its system of government, 345; vicissitudes, 352; Francis I's hostility to, ii. 141; loses the support of Paul I, 232; lineage, 317.

=Saxe-Gotha=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443; spread of liberal ideas in, 443.

=Saxe-Weimar=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443; spread of liberal ideas in, 443.

=Saxony=, withdraws from the coalition, i. 385; neutrality of, 1796, 385; seizure of the English minister to, ii. 330; excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine, 403; proposal to include her in North German Confederation, 418; reported French advance on, 420; proposed independence for, 420; military movements in, 424-425; alliance with Prussia, 429; takes part in the Jena campaign, 443; spread of liberal ideas in, 443; abandons Prussia and adopts neutrality, 443; proposed exchange of territories, iii. 50; united with the Rhine Confederation, 56; acquires Kottbus, 62; independence, 73; the Archduke Charles proposes to march into, 198; furnishes troops to France, 202; troops in Dresden, 203, 324; defeated at Nossen by the Black Legion, 234; in vassalage to France, 279; supports _N._, 322; the levies in, 387; peculiar relations toward _N._, 394; turns to Austria, 394; threatened war in, 394; secret agreement with Austria, 399; Prussian designs on, 399; the campaign of 1813 in, 401 et seq.; iv. 1; strategy of the campaign in, iii. 404; abandons Austria, 407; declares in favor of France, 407; proposed allotment of territory to, 409; Prussia promises to cede part of, to Hanover, 417; invaded by Austro-Russian troops, iv. 8; national spirit in, 19; revulsion of feeling against France, 20, 22; refuge of the allies in, 24; defection of troops at Leipsic, 33; character of the campaigns in, 38.

=Say, J. B.=, member of the tribunate, ii. 151.

=Scandinavia=, effort to bring her into the coalition, iii. 22.

=Schaffhausen=, _N._ plans operations at, ii. 163.

=Scharnhorst, Gen.=, plan of the Prussian campaign, ii. 427-429; in battle of Eylau, iii. 16; institutes military reforms in Prussia, 103, 161; mission to Vienna, 320; hostility to _N._, 396; limits to his means, 403; killed at Luetzen, 406.

=Scheldt, River, the=, reopening of, i. 194; closing the navigation of, 450; a French river, iii. 270; scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399.

=Scherer, Gen.=, commanding the Army of Italy, i. 344; ordered to upper Italy, ii. 88; driven behind the Mincio and Oglio, 88; defeated at Magnano, 88; succeeded by Moreau, 88; incompetency, 88, 91.

=Schill, F. von=, _N.'s_ abuse of, iii. 213; attempts to rouse the German spirit, 213; final stand and death at Stralsund, 213, 233; helps insurrection in Westphalia, 225; denounced by Frederick William, 233.

=Schimmelpenninck, R. J.=, Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic,