iv. 171;

education in, ii. 415; condition in 1806, 415; feudalism in, 414-417; influence of Queen Louisa in, 415; the reform party in, 414-417; exasperation at _N._ in, 416, 417, 420; _N._ demands the disarmament of, 418; ill effects of aristocratic pride in, 418-420; advised by _N._ to seize Pomerania, 420; _N.'s_ necessity for quick action with, 420-422; the war party, 420, 427, 428; hesitation about mobilization, 421; declares war, 421; state of war with England, 421; weakness of, 422; plan of the campaign, 423, 424, 427; alliance with Saxony, 429; moral effect of Jena upon, 434, 435; advance of the French through, 435-439; total defeat of, 436-440; _N.'s_ treatment of, 436, 441; plundered of works of art, 439; sack and rapine in, 439; unconscionable demands on, 442; peace negotiations, 442; abandoned by Saxony, 443; enlistments from, under the French eagles, iii. 3; retreat from Pultusk, 4; _N.'s_ proffered terms to, after Eylau, 18; proposed rehabilitation of, 18; _N.'s_ reserve forces in central, 22; treaty with Russia at Bartenstein, 22; proposal for a new coalition, 22; weakness of, 23, 35; numbers in the field, summer of 1807, 28; severity of _N.'s_ terms for, 37; _N._ grants concessions at Tilsit, 42; armistice with, 42; retains strongholds in Silesia and Pomerania, 42; _N.'s_ attempts to secure alliance with, 44; interest in Poland, 45; French liberal idea of France's affinity with, 45; representatives at Tilsit, 49; acquisitions of territory, 50; proposed transfer of Saxony to, 50; responsibility for her belligerency, 50; new boundaries, 55; retains Silesia, 55, 56; reorganization at Tilsit, 56; the kingdom of Westphalia carved out of, 56; treaty of Tilsit, 63 (_see also_ =Tilsit=); feeling toward Frederick William in, 62; mutilation of, 62; war indemnity exacted from, 62, 78; French occupation of, 63, 99, 104, 108, 116, 166, 307; effect of the peace of Tilsit on, 95; fails to raise war indemnity, 99; closes and fortifies her harbors, 102; abolition of old land tenures in, 102; responsibility for the war with France, 102; the patriotic writers of, 103; reorganization of the educational system, 103; abolition of the privy council, 103; municipal autonomy, 103; freeing the serfs in, 103; the "yunker" class, 103; military reforms in, 103, 104, 162; the League of Virtue, 103, 161; subserviency to France, 104; hostility to France, 106; pleads bankruptcy, 106; _N._ proposes further humiliation of, 107; _N._ offers to evacuate, 108, 112, 167; encouraged to revolt, 159, 161, 163; civil reforms in, 164; death of military reforms in, 164; death of militarism in, 164; _N.'s_ attitude toward, 178; endeavors to secure mitigation of _N.'s_ demands, 178; proposes to reduce her army, 178; French evacuation of, 178, 182; effect of battle of Jena on, 190; military centralization of, 190; warlike temper in, 195; the pursuit after Waterloo, 210; secret armament in, 225; offer of Warsaw to, 225; French occupation of the coast, 266; Mme. de Stael in, 300; pecuniary demands upon, 307; treaty with France, Feb. 24, 1812, 320, 330; _N.'s_ attitude toward, 321; influence in Germany, 320; threatened dismemberment of, 320; renders military aid to France, 320; furnishes contingent to _N.'s_ army, 324; _N._ belittles, 327; coalition with Austria and Russia, 331; religious aspect of the European situation in, 382; _N._ hints at territorial cessions to, 392; in grand coalition against _N._, 393; forced to a decision, 395; _N._ demands more troops from, 395; advised by Metternich to join Russia, 395; entry of Russian troops into, 393, 398; aims to recover Prussian Poland, 396-400; popular detestation of _N._ in, 397; death of the Queen, 397; mobilization of the army, 397; condition at opening of 1813, 397-399; declares war, 398; scheme for territorial aggrandizement of, 398; seeks subsidy from England, 398; designs on Saxony, 399; _N._ determines to dismember, 399; subsidized by England, 399, 417; iv. 76, 164; strenuous endeavors of, iii. 403; proposed restoration of, 407; proposed new capital for, 409; _N.'s_ new schemes for, 409; proposed enlargement of, 415; proposed rectification of the western boundary, 415; secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 417, 422; guarantees a war loan, 417; treaty with England, June 14, 1813, 417; strength of, iv. 5; _N.'s_ personal spite against, 5, 17; _N.'s_ attempts to separate Russia from, 17; heroism in, 19; losses at Dennewitz, 19; _N._ offers terms to, 21; scheme to restore her status of 1805, 22; concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22; beginning of her military aggrandizement, 37; acquires the hegemony of continental Europe, 37; eagerness for war in, 41; at the Congress of Frankfort, 41; proposes to invade France via Liege, 54, 57; troops on the Rhine, 55; _N.'s_ implacable foe, 57; seeks the retention of her acquisitions, 67; desire for constitutional government in, 68; eager for an armistice, 70, 71, 75; treaty of Chaumont, 76; the triple alliance, 76; Metternich strives to check ambition of, 88; party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145; quota of troops, 164; member of the Vienna coalition, 164; campaign of Waterloo, 169 et seq.; reaps harvest of political spoils at Waterloo, 214; claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214; losses at Waterloo, 214; claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 225; influence in Germany, 298.

=Pruth, River=, Russia acquires a boundary on the, iii. 321.

=Przasnysz=, military operations near, iii. 13.

=Public works=, _N.'s_ scheme of, ii. 279.

=Pultusk=, battle of, iii. 1-10.

=Puntowitz=, military operations near, ii. 385, 386.

=Puster Valley=, military operations in the, i. 433.

=Pyramids=, battle of the, ii. 60.

=Pyrenees, the=, French troops in ii. 37, 44, 48; iii. 133, 134; Louis XIV "abolishes," 70; a boundary of the Continental System, 280; plans for the defense of, 421; Soult driven over, iv. 40; France's "natural boundary," 41.

Q

=Quasdanowich, Gen.=, _N.'s_ operations against, i. 350; captures Brescia, 380; battle of Lonato, 380, 383; strength in Friuli, 386.

=Quatre Bras=, military operations near, iv. 171, 175, 178; battle of, 180-188; _N.'s_ flight through, 211; Ney at, 214.

=Quedlinburg=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 263.

=Queiss, River=, military operations on the, iv. 15.

=Quenza, Col.=, elected lieutenant-colonel in National Guard of Corsica, i. 166; commanding Corsican volunteers, 170; conduct at Ajaccio condemned, 172; his command under Dumouriez, 184.

=Quiberon=, English expedition to, i. 277.

=Quinette, N. M.=, member of the new Directory, iv. 218.

=Quirinal, the=, Pius VII a _faineant_ prince in, iii. 119; forcible entry into, 242.

R

=Raab=, Archduke John advances toward, iii. 226.

=Radetsky, Count J. J. W.=, military genius, 6; favors invasion of France, 57; courage, 59; advises concentration of the allies at Arcis, 89.

=Radziwill, Princess=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415.

=Ragusa=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; _N._ offers the territory to England, 404, 405; Marmont created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Marmont=.

"=Ragusade=," the word, iv. 127.

=Rahmaniyeh=, Mameluke retreat toward, ii. 69.

=Raigern=, military operations near, ii. 385, 386.

=Rambouillet=, the imperial court at, iii. 301; flight of the Empress to, iv. 108-112, 135; _N._ at, 219.

=Rambouillet decree, the=, March 23, 1810, iii. 274.

=Ramolini=, associated with _N._ in Corsica, i. 117.

=Ramolino, Letizia= (mother of _N._), marriage, i. 30; character, 30-34. _See also_ =Buonaparte, Letizia=.

=Rampon, Gen.=, holds Argenteau in check, i. 353, 356; his stand at Monte Legino, 356, 393.

=Rapinat=, frauds of, ii. 91.

=Rapp, Count Jean=, on _N.'s_ desire for peace, ii. 268; in battle of Austerlitz, 387; seizes a would-be assassin of _N._, iii. 240; recounts the horrors of the Russian campaign, 340; begs _N._ to desist at Smolensk, 340; commanding at Dantzic, 402.

=Rastatt=, Congress of, ii. 19, 22, 27, 38, 41, 51, 52, 69, 88, 89, 264; neutralization of, 22; the murders at, 89, 300.

=Ratisbon=, Jourdan's defeat near, i. 385; selected as _N.'s_ headquarters, iii. 202; military movements near, 203, 204, 205, 209, 216; battle of, 211; seized by Archduke Charles, 216; _N._ wounded at, 240; given to Dalberg, 266; Saxon troops offered to Austria at, 399.

=Raynal, Abbe G. T. F.=, _N._ a disciple of, i. 71, 75-78, 81, 114, 115, 127, 137; ii. 46, 139; his works and opinions, i. 75-78; the "History of Corsica" addressed to, 92, 124, 127; founds prize for essay on America, 137.

=Raynouard, F. J. M.=, "The Templars," ii. 350.

=Real, P. F.=, urges action against Bourbon plotters, ii. 304; police-agent, 306; share in the trial of d'Enghien, 306-310.

=Reason=, the party of, i. 250.

=Recamier, Mme.=, social life in Paris, i. 290; ii. 411, 412; instigates Moreau's letter to _N._, 290; _N.'s_ differences with, 411, 412; relations with Mme. de Stael, 411; exiled, 412.

=Recamier, M.=, bankruptcy of, ii. 411.

=Recco, Abbe=, _N.'s_ early tutor, i. 41.

="Redoubtable," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.

=Red Sea=, its importance, ii. 46.

"=Reflections on the State of Nature=," i. 145.

=Reform=, the French nobility and, i. 142.

=Regensburg=, seat of the German Diet, ii. 404. _See also_ =Ratisbon=.

=Reggio=, new scheme of government for, i. 402; disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439; creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; Oudinot created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Oudinot=.

=Regnaud, M. L. E.=, ii. 214.

=Regnier, C. A.=, moves the appointment of _N._ as commander of the Paris garrison, ii. 104; in Leon, iii. 283; strength, March, 1812, 324.

=Reich, Baronne de=, imprisonment of, ii. 304.

=Reichenbach=, French generals killed at, iii. 410; secret treaty of, 416, 418, 422, 423; iv. 68.

=Reille, Gen.=, service in Spain, iii. 283; at Leers, iv. 171; in the Waterloo campaign, 171; seizes Marchiennes, 173; crosses the Sambre, 173; at Thuin, 173; disperses the Prussians at Gosselies, 175, 177; battle of Quatre Bras, 181, 183, 186; battle of Waterloo, 199-203.

=Religion=, _N.'s_ attitude toward, i. 146; ii. 205-208, 215-218, 224, 226, 227, 245, 256, 258, 259; iii. 174, 175; influence on the social life of the world, ii. 47.

=Religious opinion=, freedom of, decreed, i. 110.

=Remusat, Mme. de=, _N.'s_ relations with, i. 77; ii. 9, 55, 118, 197, 198, 255, 421; iii. 19, 27, 80; confidences with Josephine, ii. 308; reports _N.'s_ answers to Josephine's charges, iii. 27; conversations with Talleyrand, 80.

=Rene=, exploit at Lake Garda, i. 414.

=Rennes=, interview between _N._ and Villeneuve at, ii. 375.

=Republican calendar=, ceases to exist, ii. 406.

=Restoration, the=, revulsion of feeling against _N._ at the, ii. 199.

=Reudnitz=, military operations near, iv. 28.

=Revolution, the=, its germ, i. 74; _N.'s_ views concerning, 78; first mutterings and opening of, 96-98 et seq.; excesses of, 108-111; federation for, 141; European antagonism to, 142; in the Rhone Valley, 148-159; becomes a national movement, 240; favored in Lombardy and Tuscany, 261; propagating the ideas of, 276; ii. 38; failure to give political freedom to France, 293; effect on the French people, 319; its humanitarian mission, 348; the art of, iii. 88; treatment in French literature, 88; completion of its program to close the continent to English commerce, 279; the work of, 422; _N._ the standard-bearer of, 424; iv. 152, 261; its principles and effect, 253-257; shorn of its horrors, 297.

=Rewbell, J. F.=, member of the Directory, i. 309, 329, 332; ii. 35; character, i. 329; dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441; _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 23; advocates _N.'s_ resignation, 52; suspected of peculation, 92; fails of reelection to the Directory, 91.

=Rey, Gen.=, in the battle of Rivoli, i. 414.

=Reynier, Gen.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53; battle of the Pyramids, 60; fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw, iii. 385; division commander under Eugene, 393; in campaign of 1813, 402; beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413; battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18; battle of Leipsic, 27, 32, 34; captured at Leipsic, 34; exchanged, 61.

=Rheims=, prison massacres in, i. 188; occupied by _N._, iv. 77; captured by St. Priest, 80; _N.'s_ low physical and moral condition at, 82; captured by the French, 82, 84, 85; _N._ at, 91, 107; captured by the allies, 94; possible advantages of a supposititious retreat by Marmont to, 99.

=Rhine, River, the=, the boundary question and struggles for, i. 276, 327, 334, 446, 450; ii. 22, 38, 41, 51, 193, 264, 356; iii. 416, 422; iv. 31, 41; royalist plots on, i. 297; military operations on, 341, 347, 358, 435, 439, 440; ii. 48, 87, 88, 160, 166, 304, 362-364, 404; iv. 36, 40, 54-60, 70, 169; plundering on, ii. 38; iii. 75; French supremacy on, ii. 96; _N.'s_ scheme of petty states on, 265; French march to the Danube from, 376; Louis ordered to hold, 424; a French river, iii. 270; _N.'s_ excursion on, 421.

=Rhodes=, Turkish naval preparations at, ii. 75; expedition to Egypt from, 75-79.

=Rhone, River, the=, French acquisitions on, i. 422; _N.'s_ reception on, iv. 137.

=Rhone, Valley, the=, the Revolution in, i. 148-159; _N.'s_ influence in, 178; civil war in, 213; to be ceded to France, ii. 40.

=Richelieu, Cardinal=, scheme of intervention in Germany, ii. 211; policy at close of the Thirty Years' War, 264.

=Richepanse, Gen.=, success on the Mettenberg, ii. 168; in battle of Hohenlinden, 191.

=Richmond, Duchess of=, ball on the eve of Waterloo, iv. 178.

=Richmond, Duke of=, interview between Wellington and, at the ball, iv. 178.

=Ricord=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219; in siege of Toulon, 231; in charge of movements against Genoa, 248.

=Ricord, Mme.=, _N.'s_ attentions to, i. 256.

=Riga=, _N._ threatens to march to, iii. 304; preparations for the siege of, 333; Prussian troops at, 338; military operations near, 353.

=Rights of man=, the, i. 326.

=Rippach=, skirmish at, iii. 404; death of Bessieres at, 404.

=Riviera=, Austrian garrison for the, ii. 170.

=Rivoli=, the starting-point of _N.'s_ public career, i. 148; battle of, 380, 388, 410-416; ii. 140, 323; _N.'s_ estimate of, i. 416, 420; effect of the campaign on European history, 416; Massena created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Massena=.

=Road-work=, French popular hatred of, i. 105.

=Roberjot=, member of Congress of Rastatt, ii. 88; killed at Rastatt, 89.

=Roberjot, Mme.=, accuses Debry of murder, ii. 89.

=Robespierre, Augustin=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219; in siege of Toulon, 231; _N.'s_ friendship with, 236, 241, 247, 253, 289; leadership of, 241; describes the French campaign in Lombardy, 244; execution, 251; influence on _N.'s_ life, iv. 248.

=Robespierre, Charlotte=, _N.'s_ attentions to, i. 256.

=Robespierre, Mme.=, pension for, ii. 293.

=Robespierre, Maximilien=, member of the National Convention, i. 188; dictator of France, 194; fall and execution, 247-252, 266; religious decrees, 250; _N.'s_ characterization of, 251; hatred of the Church, 330; dread of Carnot, 333; influence on _N.'s_ life, iv. 248.

"=Robespierre, the Little=," i. 238.

=Rochambeau, Gen.=, succeeds Leclerc in San Domingo, ii. 237; surrenders to an English fleet, 237.

=Rochefort=, naval expedition from, ii. 331, 333; the fleet ordered to the English Channel from, 359; Villeneuve's mission to relieve, 359; the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, iii. 111; _N._ journeys to Rochefort, iv. 220; English cruisers at, 220; immunity from the White Terror, 223.

=Roederer=, ii. 51, 214; dreads a new Terror, 94; joins the Bonapartist ranks, 96; an opportunist, 98; on the necessity of renewing the constitution, 106; the 18th Brumaire, 107; member of the council of state, 152; on Fourcroy's educational measures, 227; advocates the Legion of Honor, 246; suggests hereditary consulship, 245; dismissed, 277; character, 277; reforms Neapolitan finance, iii. 130; interviews and conversations with _N._, 197; iv. 248, 249; sent out of France, 262.

=Roger-Ducos=, member of the Directory, ii. 92; scheme to make him consul, 102; proposed resignation of, 102; resigns from the Directory, 106, 115, 118; consul of France, 123.

=Rohan, Cardinal=, retirement at Ettenheim, ii. 301.

=Rohan-Rochefort, Princess Charlotte of=, married to Duc d'Enghien,