iv. 49, 248;

the constitution of 1799, ii. 96, 100, 118, 126, 136, 148, 149, 150, 162, 242, 246, 261; "the pear is ripe," 98, 103; need of a Cromwell, 119; feelings of the various parties, 122; adoption of the Roman consular system, 123; the plebiscite of Dec. 15, 1799, 128, 136; the new charter, 129; compulsory loans, 134; disgust at demagogues, 134; results of the upheaval of Brumaire, 133; taxation methods and reforms, 135, 153, 220, 349; iii. 78, 305, 389; end of the provisional Consulate, ii. 137; two policies open to _N._, 137; confidence in the new administration, 140; English preparations to invade, 143; the inveterate foe of England, 146; salaries of the First Consul, consuls, and other officers, 150; the legislative system, 149-153, 242; iii. 83 (_see also_ titles of its various branches); the judicial system, and legal abuses and reforms, ii. 149-153, 222-224, 306, 319; iv. 260, 295; isolation against England and Austria, ii. 156; _N.'s_ scheme of leadership among nations, 156; her fate identified with that of _N._, 158; inefficiency of the department of war, 165; use of the term "citizen," 194; public festivals, 195; use of the term "empire," 194, 248; the center of a system of republics, 205; characteristics and temperaments of her people, 205, 254, 261, 315; iii. 260; iv. 44, 171, 254; satisfaction with the peace of Amiens, ii. 213; _N.'s_ reorganization of, 213 et seq.; aspirations toward a European empire, 214; position in Europe in 1801, 214; political centralization, 218, 293; iii. 160; iv. 92, 97, 260, 294; usury in, ii. 219; iii. 75, 77; iv. 48; speculation in, ii. 219; the Ministry of the Interior, 218; crime in, 218; confiscation of crown and emigrants' lands, 219; levy of forced contributions by, 220; revival of the public credit, 220; commerce, agriculture, and industries in, 220, 272, 349; iii. 75, 76, 160, 249, 265, 295, 303, 304, 377; iv. 48; compared with the Roman empire, ii. 222; tendency toward one-man government, 229; discontent of the republicans, 230; tendency toward a paternal government, 235; the Consulate compared with the Roman empire, 235; plebiscite on question of hereditary consulship, 245, 247; prerogatives of the government, 248; her cup of satisfaction full, 248; _N._ the personification of, 251; autocratic power of the government, 254; restoration of public confidence, 259; sanctions _N.'s_ schemes of European reorganization, 265; arbitrary shipping regulation, 270; protective policy, 270; restores the slave-trade, 270; sequestrations of English property in, 270; influence of the bourgeoisie, 278; prepares naval armaments, 280; importation of English goods into, forbidden, 288; disregard for treaty stipulations, 288; seizure of English prisoners of war in, 288; declares embargo on British ships, 287; failure of the Revolution to give political freedom to, 293; effect of Moreau's fate on the moderate republicans, 300; police system, 300, 412; iv. 260; law of treason in, ii. 306; indignation over the death of the Duc d'Enghien, 311; the days before the empire, 317 et seq.; _N.'s_ conception of the empire, 317, 318; question of consular heredity, 317; reforms in, 318; creation of the empire, 322 et seq.; the constitution of 1804, 322; the question of hereditary empire, 322; imperial titles in, 322; creation of marshals, 323; _N.'s_ civil list, 323; the imperial heraldic device, 323; _N.'s_ distinction between the state and the empire, 324, 396, 404; scheme of a great empire, 330; her generals and admirals contrasted, 334; blockades European ports, 334; destruction of the Pope's hopes for ecclesiastical matters in, 346; restoration of the Gregorian calendar, 346; European apprehensions as to her assumptions, 348; decline in government bonds, 349; iii. 24; iv. 48; union of the crowns of Italy and, ii. 352; position in the European balance, 354; iii. 46; military commanders, ii. 364; naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 375; preeminence of, 393; the court of (1806), 406, 411; the imperial catechism, 408; venality of officials, 410; iii. 295; continental conquests, ii. 441; right of search and impressment, 441; the supports of the empire, iii. 24; likened to a cephalopod, 24; founding of military factories, 25; declares war against England (1793), 47; colonial trade, rule of 1756. 47; closes harbors to English ships, 47; to mediate between Russia and Turkey, 55; desire for naval allies, 66; effect of the treaty of Tilsit in, 72; her European relations, 73; lays other countries under commercial tribute, 74; journeys of the Emperor and Empress through, 74; the Semitic question in, 75-77; iv. 259; panic of 1805, iii. 78; appreciation of government bonds, 79; prosperity, 80; creation of hereditary legislators, 82; the right of entail, 82, 85; the aristocracy, 85-87; creation of a noble class, 86, 87; salaries of ministers and ambassadors, 87; the prefecture, 89; restriction of commerce with the United States, 102; lack of an heir to the throne, 112; proposed supremacy in Europe, 114; secret compact with Spain for partition of Portugal, 119; negotiates for rights in Spanish colonies, 133; welcome to the grand army in, 182; rival schools of history in, 196; the army and nation exhausted, 224; discontent in, 233, 249, 325; iv. 49-52; cession of Austrian territory to, iii. 239; growing independence of the nobility, 250; absolutist tendency, 256; enthusiasm over _N.'s_ second marriage, 258-261; transplantation of the ecclesiastical establishments from Rome to, 258, 263; creation of the papal departments of Rome and Trasimenus, 262, 263; overpowered by England at sea, 264; monopolies in, 267; violations of the Continental System in, 266; scheme to incorporate new lands into, 266; seizure of American vessels by, 275, 321; part of the North Sea coast incorporated into the empire, 278, 287; enlargement of the empire, 279; vassal states, 279; a central bureaucracy in, 279; proposal to incorporate Spain into, 282; the natural extensions of, 282; principle of punishment by confiscation, 295; Russian discrimination against goods from, 288; enthusiasm in, over birth of the King of Rome, 302; the successor to the Frankish dominion of Charles the Great, 304; military expenses, 305; revenue from contributions, 304; the war method of replenishing the treasury, 305, 308; exchange of prisoners with England, 307; expeditions against Sicily, Egypt, and Ireland, 308; Russia's virtual declaration of war against, 312; effect of the Continental System on industry, 323; "flying columns," 323; admiration for the empire in, 323; general confidence in, 326; intrigues leading to the Russian campaign of 1812, 328-332; scarcity of provisions in, 329; Malet's conspiracy, 361, 376; revolutionary spirit in, 375, 376; effect of the Russian failure in, 377; civil officials whipped into line, 379; relief for soldiers' families, 379; plan of regency for, 380; reception of stragglers from Russia in, 386; the stimulus of bad news in, 386; seizure of communal domains, 389; proposed "guard of honor," 390; _N._ threatens to abolish the legislature, 390; value of the Austrian alliance to, 390; possibility of _N.'s_ becoming king of, 400; proposed territorial concessions by, 408; scheme to confine her to the west bank of the Rhine, 423; exhaustion of, iv. 1; demoralization of the marshals, 13; military reverses, 19; revulsion of feeling of Bavaria and Saxony regarding, 19; England's determination to crush, 31; death throes of the empire, 37; her "natural boundaries," 41; the Frankfort proposals as to territorial changes, 42-45; hatred of dynastic rule, 43; failure of popular sovereignty, 43; hatred of feudalism, 43; movement for the expulsion of the invaders, 44; publication of the allies' proclamation in, 45; losses of the wars of 1812-1813, 47; the home guard, 50; radical agitation in, 49; "sedentary" volunteers, 50; panics, 51; imperialist sentiment in, 52-55; invaded by the allies, 53 et seq.; disaffection in the National Guard, 53; schemes of the allies for invasion of, 54, 57, 68; the allies determine to confine her to her royal limits, 68; the Czar's determination to conquer, 68; proposal that she continue the war with England, 75; attempt to confine _N._ to the boundaries of royal, 77; marauding excesses of the allies, 85; irregular warfare in, 99; empty arsenals in, 106; the dissolution of the empire, 110; proposed forms of government for, 114; under three forms of government, 115; the provisional government seeks the Emperor's death by assassination, 119; regeneration of, 121; proposed perpetuation of the empire, 120; _N._ renounces the throne of, 131; pensions _N._, 131; the virtue of the French burgher, 141; fails to pay _N.'s_ pension, 142, 144, 150; formation of the new upper chamber, 146; restored to position of a great power, 146; Louis XVIII's constitution, 146; change of public opinion, 146-150; comparative expenses of the kingdom and the empire, 147; return of the emigrants to, 147; restriction of the suffrage, 147; release of prisoners of war, 147; "paternal anarchy" in, 147, 149; abolition of orphan asylums, 148; _N.'s_ march through, on his return from Elba, 158-162; visions of a reunited, 157; _N.'s_ plans for, on returning from Elba, 157; returned emigrants banished from, 157; _N._ the "liberator" of, 157; the apostle of popular sovereignty in, 159; abolition of privilege and divine right, 160, 257; the new cabinet, 159; reconstruction of the House of Peers, 160; promulgation of the Additional Act, 160; plebiscite in, 160; the specter of war in, 161, 166; bitterness of the nobles, 166; pledged to self-defense only, 168; reconstituted corps of marshals, 167; the "French fury," 171; Austrian and Prussian schemes for the humiliation of, 214; Carnot advises a dictatorship for, 217; organization of a new Directory, 218; demands for _N.'s_ abdication, 218; appointment of committee of public safety, 218; the allies in, 219; the White Terror, 222; reconstruction, 224; confiscation of the imperial domain, 233; the Revolution in, 253-255; the teacher of Europe, 254; the heir of Rome, 253; enthusiasm for principle, 254; the Third Estate, 259, 261; overthrow of the old regime, 260; Protestantism in, 259; the new regime, 260; tendency toward revolution, 261; the Terror, 262; conspiracies in, 263; rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264; trial of a single-headed government, 265; abandonment of the people to _N.'s_ purposes, 265; character of the wars with England, 265; the French tradition, 290; present conditions of government, 295; hopes for the future, 295; progress between 1802 and 1815, 296; _N._ the forerunner of modern, 295; the Seven Years' War, 297. See also names of persons or places connected with events in, passim.

=Francis I= (Emperor of Austria), scheme of territorial aggrandizement, i. 325; opposes the army of the Rhine, 342; greed for Italian territory, 425, 438; ii. 141; prepares for flight into Hungary, i. 437; offers _N._ a principality and settled income, ii. 19; declines to send diplomatic agent to Paris, 42; _N._ writes personal letter to, 142; military plans for 1800, 160; letter from _N._ to, June, 1800, 187; his claims of empire, 329; dismemberment of his empire, 352; advised of _N.'s_ seizure of the crown of Italy, 352; declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363; attempts negotiations with _N._, 368; inaugurates peace negotiations, 381; secures an armistice, 389; interview with _N._ after Austerlitz, 389; iii. 38; iv. 30; proposes to continue the war, ii. 390; abandons his Germanic crown, 404; outwitted by Andreossy, 444; resolves on neutrality, 445; attitude during the Eylau campaign, iii. 21; _N._ offers Silesia to, 22; his "divine right," 38; character, 38; the Czar's influence with, 166; _N._ demands that he disarm, 169; compact between Russia and France against, 176; reproached by _N._ from Erfurt, 178; decides to strike _N._ during his Spanish difficulties, 194; abused by _N._, 213, 251; treatment of Hungary, 214; seeks aid of Frederick William, 225; fails to secure advantage after Aspern, 225; obstinacy of, 225; his position after Wagram, 232; hopes of continuing the war, 235; assumes command of the army, 235; trusts to dilatory negotiations, 236; concedes _N.'s_ demands, 236; gets no support from Alexander, 236; proposal that he abdicate, 238, 251; peace negotiations between _N._ and, 238; angered at the treaty of Schoenbrunn, 244; at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256; asks aid against Russian aggression, 314; alarmed at Russian successes on the Danube, 320; acquires Galicia, 331; dean of the sovereigns at Dresden, 330; _N._ seeks to hold his adhesion, 375; lukewarmness toward _N._, 385; dread of _N._, 394; letter from _N._, 395; _N.'s_ reply to his peace proposals, 408; _N.'s_ dread of, 413; at Gitschin, 415; conference with Nesselrode, 415; political use of his daughter, 416; seeks alliance with Alexander, 419; letter from Metternich, June 29, 1813, 420; ratifies the treaty of Reichenbach, 422; reception of _N.'s_ attempts to bribe Austria, 423; fears French invasion of Vienna, iv. 3; letter from _N._, Sept., 1813, 21; declines to treat after Leipsic, 31; anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40; distrust of his allies, 40; discovers the royal ancestry of the Buonapartes, 44; proposed cession of Alsace to, 67; to Maria Louisa on the situation, 68; _N._ demands the Frankfort proposals from, 74; narrow escape from capture at Bar-sur-Aube, 95; joins the Army of the South at Lyons, 97; relations with his allies, 97; letter from _N._ to, March 28, 1814, 104; at Dijon, 113, 128; _N._ seeks the aid of, through Maria Louisa, 128; Maria Louisa takes refuge with, 135, 143; seeks the dissolution of his daughter's marriage, 135; desires _N.'s_ exile, 138; keeps his daughter a virtual prisoner, 143; besought for _N.'s_ release, 231.

=Francisco, Don= (Infante of Spain), ordered to Bayonne, iii. 146.

=Franconia=, treaty with France, 1796, i. 450; French occupation of, ii. 405; iii. 165; the campaign in, 13; exploits of the Black Legion in, 234.

=Frankfort-on-the-Main=, occupied by Custine, i. 194; member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403; French demonstrations near, 424; the principality transferred from Dalberg to Prince Eugene, iii. 266; furnishes new levies, 394; parley of the allies at, iv. 40-46; 67, 70; _N._ adheres to the proposals of, 70, 73, 75.

=Frasnes=, military operations at, iv. 176, 184, 189.

=Fraternity=, decreed, i. 110.

=Frederick VI=, signs treaty of Fontainebleau, iii. 70; hopes to acquire Sweden, 280; assists in the Continental System, 280.

=Frederick August I=, Elector of Saxony, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443; proposed exchange of Poland for Saxony, iii. 50; made king of Saxony, 56; acquires the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56; interview with _N._ at Dresden, 394; peculiar relations toward _N._, 375, 394, 408; offers his troops to Austria, 399; difficult position of, 399; declares himself favorable to France, 407; love for his capital, iv. 25; sent prisoner to Berlin, 34; released by _N._ from his engagements, 39.

=Frederick the Great=, opinion of Paoli, i. 18; defeats Austria, 324; his military genius and principles of warfare, 348, 379, 394; ii. 419; iv. 266, 267; contrasted with _N._, i. 348, 394; ii. 163; attitude toward Austria, 41; statue at the Tuileries, 147; territorial acquisitions, 413; _N.'s_ visit to, and spoliation of the tomb of, 438; self-coronation, iii. 37; end of his system, 103; _N._ repudiates the military ideas of, 154; _N.'s_ analysis of the wars of, iv. 232; _N.'s_ study of, 266.

=Frederick William I=, his civil and military administration, ii. 414; school system of, 414.

=Frederick William II=, reign of, ii. 414.

=Frederick William III=, Sieyes's mission to, ii. 41; _N._ offers the friendship of France to, 155; character and personality, 155, 400, 414, 422, 442; iii. 44, 45, 52, 57, 62; iv. 6; refuses to make alliance with _N._, ii. 194; neutrality of, 194, 311, 361, 414; motive in joining the "armed neutrality," 194; _N.'s_ threatening message to, 282; friendly to France, 347; letter to _N._, May, 1805, 356; swears friendship with Alexander I, 377; joins the third coalition, 376; signs away Prussian independence, 400; threatens to abdicate, 417; proposes the organization of a North German Confederation, 418; mobilizes the army, 420; demands the French evacuation of Germany, 421; declares war, 422; at Naumburg, 424; reluctance for war, 427, 428; military blunders, 429; in battle of Auerstaedt, 433, 434; sues for peace, 435; flight from Jena, 436; refuses to accept an armistice, 442; desperation of, 442; precarious situation at Koenigsberg, iii. 9; _N._ opens negotiations with, 18; refuses _N.'s_ overtures, 18; refuses to negotiate separate peace, 36; desperate situation, 37; his "divine right," 38; _N.'s_ attitude toward, 42, 44, 104; armistice arranged with, 42; meeting with the Emperors at Tilsit, 42-45, 49-52; humiliation of, 57; calls on his queen for aid, 57; spoils interview between _N._ and his Queen, 59; death of, 63; residence at Memel, 107; in need of comforts, 107; sequestration of his Westphalian estates, 162; friendship with Alexander, 194; at St. Petersburg, 194; proposes alliance with Austria, 225; refuses aid to Francis, 225; secret armament by, 225; denounces Schill, 233; withdraws from offer of alliance, 236; sounds Austria, 320; offers alliance to Alexander, 320; at Dresden, 330; _N._ seeks to hold his adhesion, 375; Prussian disregard of, 382; nominally degrades York, 384; forced to a decision, 395; negotiates with _N._, 396; removes the court to Breslau, 396; grief at death of the Queen, 397; mobilizes the army, 397; declares war, 398; proposed allotment of territory to, 409; mediocrity in military affairs, iv. 6; in military council at Trachenberg, 6; anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40; distrust of his allies, 40; dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, 41; seeks the retention of Prussian acquisitions, 67; letter to Bluecher, Feb. 26, 1814, 75; at Congress of Chatillon, 76; attitude toward Francis, 98; favors movement on Paris, 98; violates armistice before Paris, 110; his relations with Alexander, 113; enters Paris, 113; at the peace council in Paris, 114; approves the Bourbon restoration, 114; deceived by the Parisians' reception, 114; alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet, 135; system of promotion in the army, 171.

=Frederick William IV= (crown prince), a suitor for a Napoleonic princess, iii. 331; persuades York to rejoin Bluecher, iv. 80.

=Frederick, king of Wuertemberg=, at the Erfurt conference, iii. 172; marries his daughter to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 399.

=Free trade=, demand for, in Corsica, i. 116.

=Freiburg=, Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to, ii. 302; military movements near, ii. 430.

=Frejus=, _N._ lands at, ii. 83; iv. 139; _N.'s_ triumphant progress to Paris from, ii. 84; place of _N.'s_ embarkation changed from St. Tropez to, iv. 139; arrival of _N._ at, 139.

="French Citizen," the=, change of name to "French Courier," iii. 88.

="French Courier," the=, iii. 88.

=French Empire, the=, the Emperor the head of, ii. 395; distinguished from France, 404.

=French language=, _N.'s_ use of the, i. 86.

=Frere, Gen.=, success at Segovia, iii. 156.

=Freron, Louis S.=, in siege of Toulon, i. 232, 233; bloodthirsty character, 233; _N.'s_ friendship with, 236; opposes Robespierre, 251; influence among the Thermidorians, 254; social life in Paris, 289; a Dantonist, 289; uses influence in _N.'s_ behalf, 292, 296; flirtation with Pauline Buonaparte, 322; commissioner at Marseilles, 322.

=Friant, Gen.=, marches toward Ingolstadt, iii. 207; in battle of Borodino, 344.

=Fribourg=, the plundering of, ii. 40.

=Frick Valley=, to be ceded to Austria, ii. 40.

=Friedland=, battle of, iii. 30-33; the campaign reviewed, 32-37; Alexander's pliableness after, 351; battle of, compares with that at Beresina, iv. 37.

=Friedrichshamn=, treaty of, iii. 248.

=Friedrichstadt=, fighting at, iv. 9.

=Friends of the Constitution, the=, i. 154.

=Frischermont=, the farms of, iv. 195; the French position at, 196.

=Friuli=, retreat of Wurmser's troops through, i. 384; Quasdanowich's strength in, 386; Archduke Charles in, 425; campaign in, 430 et seq.; ceded by Austria to Italy, ii. 390; creation of hereditary duchy of, 395; Duroc created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Duroc=.

=Fromentieres=, military operations near, iv. 64.

=Fructidor, the 18th of=, ii. 8; _N.'s_ responsibility for, 22, 31, 144; Talleyrand's views of, 34; counterstroke to, 92; amnesty for the victims of, 130; ruptures negotiations at Lille, 144.

=Fructidorians=, attitude toward _N._, ii. 22; the radical wing of the, 42.

=Fuenterrabia=, _N._ seeks information concerning, iii. 128.

=Fulton, Robert=, tries to interest _N._ in steam, ii. 335.

=Fuentes de Onoro=, battle of, iii. 289.

=Fusina=, the French army at, i. 443.

G

=Gaeta=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.

=Gaffori=, i. 116; fails to arouse enthusiasm in Ajaccio, 118.

=Galicia=, Russian troops in, ii. 363; Austria's forces on the frontier of, iii. 23; Russian invasion of, 236; _N._ demands cession of, 239; part of, ceded to Russia, 239; territory of, ceded to grand duchy of Warsaw, 239, 310, 311; Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320; ceded to Austria, 331; Poniatowski commanding in, 402; Alexander proposes to exchange Alsace for, iv. 67.

=Galitzin, Prince=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15; invades Galicia, 236; letter from Alexander I, 311; Alexander's friendship with, 351; character, 351.

=Gallican Church, the=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 150; a voluntary, ii. 206; _N.'s_ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68; regulation of its relations with Rome, 262, 263; _N.'s_ failure to change, iv. 260.

=Gallo=, Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 437; Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 19; bribed by _N._, 19.

=Gambling=, suppression of, iii. 92.

=Ganteaume, Adm.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152; commanding at Brest, 333; plan of naval operations for, 334; fails to run the blockade of Brest, 333.

=Gap=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 154.

=Garat, D. J.=, Bonapartist agent in Naples, ii. 89; royalist intrigues of, iv. 106.

=Garda, Lake=, military operations near, i. 372, 379-383, 412-414.

=Gareau=, rapacity of, i. 376.

=Garfagnana=, given to Elisa (Buonaparte), ii. 395.

=Gasparin, A. E.=, member of Convention commission for Corsica, i. 219.

=Gassendi=, _N.'s_ host in Nuits, i. 146.

=Gassicourt, Cadet de=, story of Lannes's death-bed, iii. 224; prepares poison for _N._, iv. 218.

=Gaudin, M. M. C.=, appointed to the treasury, ii. 130, 220; member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, iv. 159.

=Gaza=, capture of, ii. 69.

=Gembloux=, _N._ at, iv. 179; military movements near, 185; Grouchy ordered to, 185, 187, 191.

=Genappe=, _N.'s_ flight through, iv. 211.

=Gendarmerie=, formation of the system of, i. 142.

=Geneva=, _N._ in, ii. 27; to be ceded to France, 40; Berthier sent to, 140; Mme. de Stael's exile in, iii. 26; Augereau confronting Bubna at, iv. 57; surrenders to the allies, 67.

=Geneva, Lake of=, French forces on the, ii. 169.

="Genius of Christianity"= (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259.

=Genoa=, relation of Corsica to, i. 10; loses its hold on Corsica, 15; convention with France regarding Corsica, 17, 20; cedes Corsica to France, 22; the Buonaparte family in, 28; Paoli's fears concerning, 116; claims to Corsica, 120, 126; _N.'s_ relations with and attitude toward, 122, 246-248, 253, 346;