Part 4

=124.= ---- Nos. 1 and 2, Iron swords--3, Iron spear-head--4 and 5, Axe and adze of iron--6 to 9, and 17, Bronze rings--10, Bronze dish--11, 12 and 14, Glass beads--13, Amber bead--15 and 16, Bronze objects--18, 19, 20 and 22, Bronze ornaments--21, Top of bronze rivet--23 to 25, Bronze ferrules--26, Bronze rivet serrated--27, Bronze terminal ornament for a handle--28 to 30, Bronze knobs for the butt-end of spear handles 383

Nos. 1, 3, 5, 10, and 28 to 30, are in the British Museum, the rest in Canon Grainger's Collection.

=125.=--LOUGH MOURNE: No. 1, Iron axe--2, Clay crucible, with projecting portion like a handle--3, Canoe--4, Stern half of canoe--5, Seat in No. 4--6, Section of No. 4 showing projections, left in solid for supporting the seat 387

No. 1 is in private keeping, the rest in the Belfast Museum.

SCOTTISH CRANNOGS. N.B.--The illustrations marked thus (*) are from woodcuts in the Collections of the Ayr and Galloway Archæological Association.

=126.=--LOCH DOWALTON: Bronze dish, probably Roman (B. 94) 399

=127.= ---- Bronze dish of thin sheets; riveted (_Ibid._) 400

=128.= ---- Bronze dish of beaten bronze (_Ibid._) 400

=129.= ---- Ring handle and portion of dish of bronze 400

=130.= ---- Bronze penannular brooch, and a bronze ornament with trumpet-shaped spaces, probably for enamel (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii., N.S., p. 155) 401

=131.= ---- Three iron hammers or axes 401

=132.= ---- Portion of whitish glass armlet*; ditto of streaked glass; blue glass bead with bronze core (B. 94); 4, Beads (two ribbed with greenish glaze, one with red spots and the other streaked) 402

=133.= ---- Portion of a leather shoe with stamped pattern (B. 94) 403

=134.= ---- Small portion of Samian ware,* and about the half of a clay crucible 403

=135.=--LOCHLEE: General view of site of crannog 404

=136.*= ---- Mortised beam, with portion of an upright and a wooden peg 405

=137.= ---- Sketch showing mortised beams in position 405

=138.= ---- Grooved and mortised beams lying over the log-pavement 406

=139.= ---- Perpendicular section through the three lowest hearths, showing structure of third hearth and stratified deposits below it 407

=140.= ---- Hone of sandstone (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii., N.S., p. 248) 411

=141.*= ---- Upper quern-stone of granite; portion of a cup-marked stone with concentric circles; two spindle-whorls; a flint scraper and flake; and a polished stone hatchet 412

=142.*= ---- Bone needle, bodkin, hook, socketed dagger, and club of staghorn 413

=143.*= ---- Wooden tray 413

=144.*=} ---- Piece of ashwood, with carved design =145.*=} on both sides 414, 415

=146.*=LOCHLEA: Wooden mallet, double paddle, and iron axe 416

=147.*= ---- Iron 3-pronged implement, iron shears (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii., N. S., p. 248), and a bronze spatula 416

=148.*= ---- Two bronze fibulæ and a bronze pin 417

=149.*= ---- Bridle-bit, partly of iron and partly of bronze 417

=150.*= ---- Fringe made of the stems of moss, and a piece of thick leather with copper nails 418

=151.*=--LOCHSPOUTS: Segment of stone disc and a flint scraper 423

=152.*= ---- Bone chisel, showing marks of usage 423

=153.= ---- Three bronze ornaments and small key* 424

=154.*= ---- Portion of a bowl of Samian ware 424

=155.*= ---- Fragments of pottery 424

=156.= ---- A conical ornament of rock-crystal, a glass bead, and a ring and pendant of jet 425

=157.*=--BUSTON: General view of crannog, looking northwards. The water in foreground marks the position of the midden. (From a photograph by Mr. Lawrie) 427

=158.*= ---- Portion of north side of crannog, with space between inner and second circles of piles dug out, thus bringing into view the arrangement of the mortised beams forming the stockade, and the structure of the upper part of the island. (From a photograph by Mr. Lawrie) 428

=159.*= ---- View of canoe _in situ_ immediately after exposure. (From a drawing by Mrs. Anstruther) 429

=160.*= Flint knife and clay crucible 430

=161.*= ---- Four bone pins, one ornamented with a check pattern, (B. 373, p. 216), and another in an unfinished state; a bone needle; and a bronze pin, with a blue bead of glass as a top setting 430

=162.*= ---- Bone comb, ornamented with concentric incised circles, both sides being alike 431

=163.*= ---- Iron axe-head 432

=164.*= ---- Part of an iron padlock (see footnote, page 431), a bronze brooch, a small iron object, bifurcated at one end, and a socketed spear-head 433

=165.*= ---- Two gold finger-rings, a gold coin, and a variegated glass bead 433

=166.*= ---- Fragment of pottery, showing a short spout 434

=167.*=--AIRRIEOULLAND: Scarlet beads of vitreous paste 435

=168.*= ---- Portion of a clay crucible and a bronze button 436

=169.*=--BARHAPPLE: Piece of jet or cannel coal 437

=170.=--FRIAR'S CARSE: Perforated stone axe 440

=171.= ---- Fragments of pottery, with bands of small impressed spaces 441

=172.=--CARLINGWARK LOCH: Large bronze cauldron (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 7, and x. p. 286) 444

=173.=--LEDAIG: Wooden comb (_Ibid., vol. x. p. 82_) 446

=174.=--LOCH-INCH-CRYNDIL. Bone comb 447

=175.=--BARLOCKHART AND MACHERMORE: Stone ring (_Ibid._, vol xv. p. 268) and stone implement with hollowed surface on each side (_Ibid._, vol. xiv. p. 127) 448

=176.=--Bone combs for comparison with those from the lake-dwellings 453

ENGLISH LAKE-DWELLINGS. =176=_a_.--HOLDERNESS: Nos. 1 and 2, Broken portions of long bones, perforated for handle, and used as implements--3, Flint saw--4, Bronze spear-head 473

From objects in the possession of T. Boynton, Esq.

MEDIÆVAL OBJECTS FOUND IN BRITISH LAKE-DWELLINGS. =177.=--Forward half of canoe found in Loch Arthur or Lotus, Kirkcudbrightshire (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. xi. p. 21) 480

=178.=--Canoe found in Loch Canmor, Aberdeenshire (B. 94) 481

=179.=--Bronze (brass) vessel found in Loch Canmor (_Ibid._) 483

=180.=--Bone tableman found in the Loch of Forfar (_Ibid._) 484

=181.=--Bronze (brass) pots found in Loch of Banchory (_Ibid._) 484

=182.=--Bronze (brass) pot and jug, found in Loch of Banchory 485

=183.=--View of surface of the Isle of the Loch of Banchory, showing foundation of a stone building (_Ibid._) 485

MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS ILLUSTRATING CULTURE AND CIVILISATION OF LAKE-DWELLERS. =184.=--No. 1, Wooden yoke (Vinelz)--2, Clay moulding of cottage walls (Robenhausen)--3, Clay crucible (Mondsee)--4, Wooden pile driver (Cortaillod)--5, Fragment of pottery, adorned with bits of birch-bark (Moosseedorf)--6, Stone hammer-axe, broken before the perforation had been completed (Bauschanze)--7, Stone axe with oval perforation (_Ibid._)--8, Portion of clay funnel blackened with soot (Lake Bourget) 499

Nos. 1 and 2, in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 3, in Dr. Much's Collection; 4, after _Anzeiger_, 1881, Pl. x.; 5, after Keller (B. 336); 6 and 7, in the Antiq. Museum, Zürich: 8, in the Museum at Aix-les-Bains.

=185.=--Nos. 1, 8, 10, 13 and 14, Handles of wood, showing different forms of mounting stone, and the flat types of bronze axes--2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 26 and 27, Objects of horn and bone--3, 16 and 17, Flint saws in handles--4, Pick of staghorn--7, Tine of staghorn, mounted in wooden handle--12 and 18, Small ornamented boxes of staghorn--15, Perforated axe of staghorn--19, Comb, of strips of yew wood--20, Perforated roundlet of human skull (_Zeit. für Ethn. Verhand._, vol. xviii. p. 368)--21 and 22, Small bones perforated--23, Fossil ammonite from the Jura Mountains, perforated for suspension--24, Beads of staghorn--25, Wooden board pierced by a bolt, and measuring thirteen by sixteen inches (B. 336, p. 48)--28, Knife of nephrite--29, Chisel of nephrite 503

These objects are from the following stations:--Locras (1, 7, 11 and 28), St. Aubin (2, 3, 5, 6 and 9), Concise (12 and 20), Castione (13), Mondsee (14, Dr. Much's Collection), Wollishofen (15 and 18), Sipplingen (16, Museum Friedrichshafen), Vinelz (10, 17 and 19), Oefeliplätze (21 to 24, See B. 462), Schaffis (4, 25 and 29), Gerlafingen (26), Sutz (27).

Nos. 1, 7, 19, 28 and 29, after Gross (B. 392); 2, 5, 6, 9 and 15, Museum Zürich; 3, 11 and 12, after Keller (B. 286); 4, 10, 17, 26 and 27, Cantonal Museum, Berne; 8, Museum at Avenches.

=186.=--Nos. 1 to 5, 7 and 9, Various forms of bronze swords--6, Part of sword, with blade of iron and handle (imperfect) of bronze, ornamented with inlaid strips of iron--8 and 11, Daggers of bronze--10, A remarkable double celt of copper, fourteen inches in length, and perforated with a small hole 517

The objects were found in the following stations:--Locras (1 and 10), Corcelettes (2), Auvernier (3), Moeringen (4, 5 and 6), Lattringen (7 and 11), Nidau-Steinberg (8), and Sutz (9).

Nos. 1, 3 to 6, and 10, in Collection Gross; 2, in Museum at Lausanne; 7 to 9, and 11, in Schwab Museum at Bienne.

=187.=--Wooden handle and bronze sickle from Moeringen, after Gross (B. 392) 519

=188.=--No. 1, Perforated bronze bracelet (from Auvernier and after Gross, B. 392)--2, Bronze circular ring (Wollishofen)--3, Tin bracelet (Montilier)--4, Bronze bracelet (Bieler Insel)--5, Open bracelet with spiral ends (Moeringen)--6, Bronze bracelet ornamented with inlaid bands of iron (Moeringen)--7, Ornamented bronze bracelet (Auvernier) 520

Nos. 1, 5, 6 and 7, Collection Gross; 2, Museum Zürich; 3, Museum Schwab; 4, Cantonal Museum, Berne.

=189.=--Nos. 1 to 3, Bronze pendants (Onens)--4 and 5, Bronze pins (Lake Bourget), after Perrin (B. 282, p. 187)--6, Double-wheel ornament of tin (Auvernier), from _Anzeiger_, 1881--7, Pendant of tin (Auvernier)--8, Gold pendant (Moeringen), after Gross (B. 286)--9, Bronze tube containing two pins, Nos. 10 and 11 (Lake Bourget), after Rabut (B. 138)--12, Bar of tin perforated (Corcelettes)--13, Bronze ornament (Hauterive)--14, Bronze pendant (Auvernier)--15, Needle-holder of pottery (Moeringen)--16, Bronze razor-pendant (Hauterive)--17, Bronze pendant, like a small bell (Moeringen), in Zürich Museum--18, Bronze object (Auvernier)--19, Part of bronze fibula--20, Bronze dish of Scandinavian type. These two objects are in the Museum of Lausanne, and are here represented after Montelius (B. 348) 521

Nos. 1 to 3, 13 and 14, in Museum of Neuchâtel; 7, 8, 12, 15, 16 and 18, in Collection Gross.

=190.=--Bronze knife (Dr. Evans' Collection) from Lake Bourget 524

=191.=--No. 1, Complete bridle bit of horn (Corcelettes)--2, Side pieces of horn for bridle-bit (Montale)--3 and 4, Ditto (Moeringen)--5 and 6, Ditto of bronze (Moeringen)--7, Complete horse-bit of bronze (Moeringen)--8, Ditto ditto (Corcelettes)--9, Two cheek-pieces of bronze for a bridle-bit (Estavayer)--10, Portion of the bronze railing of a chariot (Estavayer)--11 and 12, Bronze discs, supposed to be ornaments for horse harness (Auvernier)--13, Portion of disc, slightly curved, and perforated in centre 525

No. 1, after Dr. Brière (B. 463a); 2, after Dr. Boni (B. 421); 3 and 4, in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11 to 13, in Collection Gross; 8, in Museum of Lausanne; 10, in the Museum of Fribourg.

=192.=--Bronze mirror from Portalban (B. 420, Pl. xxxix.) 528

=193.=--No. 1, Quarter of a plate of earthenware symmetrically perforated (Lake Bourget)--2, Ditto, with ornamentations of tin strips (Cortaillod)--3, Fragment of pottery that had been mended with tin strips--6, Vase similarly ornamented (Hauterive)--7, 8 and 10, Toy dishes (Auvernier)--9, Child's rattle of earthenware (Moeringen) 530

No. 1, in British Museum; 2, in Museum Schwab; 3 and 4, in Museum at Aix-les-Bains; 5, in Museum at Chambéry; 6, in Museum at Neuchâtel; 7, 8, and 10, in Collection Gross; 9, in Cantonal Museum, Berne.

=194.=--Discoidal stone, common in Bronze Age 531

=195.=--Nos. 1 and 2, Wooden _bâtons de commandement_ (Castione)--3, Ditto (Moeringen)--4, Bronze tube, with attached rings (Bourget)--5 to 8, Earthenware images (Laibach)--9 and 10, Clay figures (Lake Bourget)--11, Stamp of earthenware with _croix gammée_ or _swastika_--12, Pieces of clay-plaster so marked (Lake Bourget)--13, Figure like that of a duck, ornamented with tin strips (Hauterive)--14, Clay figures like that of a pig (Corcelettes)--15 and 16, Bronze figures (Bodmann)--17, Crescent (Lake Bourget)--18, Ditto (Moeringen)--19, Ditto (Hauterive) 532

Nos. 1 and 2, after Strobel (B. 328e); 3, after Gross (B. 286); 4, in Restaurant Lacustre, Port (Aix-les-Bains); 5 to 8, in Museum at Laibach; 9 and 10, after Costa (B. 176); 11 and 12, after Perrin (B. 282); 13, from _Anzeiger_, 1881; 14, in Collection Gross; 15 and 16, in Steinhaus Museum, Ueberlinger; 17, in British Museum; 18, in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 19, in Museum at Geneva.

=196.=--No. 1, Bronze pin--2, Bronze (copper?) bead--3, Bone disc--4 and 5, Bronze bracelets--6, Bronze ring--7, Bronze ornament--8 to 11, Bronze bracelets--12 and 13, Bronze pins--14, Earthenware vase 540

Nos. 1 to 7, after Gross (B. 286); 8 and 9, from _Antiqua_, 1884; 10 to 14, after Keller (B. 336).

=197.=--Iron axe, with portion of wooden handle (Bieler Insel), in Cantonal Museum, Berne 544

=198.=--Iron spear-head, ornamented with bronze or copper (Lake Bourget), in Museum, Chambéry 544

=199.=--No. 1, Bronze helmet, with "late Celtic" ornamentation (Berru)--2, Bronze helmet with fret ornamentation--3 and 4, fragments of glass bracelets (Hradischt)--5, Bronze fibula (La Tène)--6, Bronze fibula (Hradischt)--7, Iron spear-head (Lower Thielle), ornamented with a design of frets, spirals, and running scrolls on each side (the designs are shown half the original size)--8, Iron spear-head--9, Bronze ornament, with portions of red enamel--10 and 11, Bronze fibulæ--12, Bridle-bit--13, Gold bracelet--14 and 15, Bronze studs for horse harness--16, Iron sword--17 and 18, Bone counters (Hradischt) 547

No. 1, after Bertrand (_Arch. Celt. et Gauloise_); 2, and 8 to 16, after Fourdrignier (_Sépulture Gauloise de la Gorge-Meillet_); 3, 4, 6, 17 and 18, after W. Osborne (see page 549); 5 and 7, after Vouga (B. 428).

SKETCH-MAPS, PLANS, SECTIONS, ETC. Plan of lake-dwellings in the lakes of Zürich, Pfäffikon, Greifen, and Zug 9

Plan of lake-dwellings in the lakes of Bienne, Morat, and Neuchâtel; also showing Correction des Eaux du Jura 23

Distribution of lake-dwellings at Cortaillod 45

Sketch-map of the shore of lake Neuchâtel, near Bevaix, showing the relative positions of the stations of the Stone and Bronze periods 50

Sketch-map, showing stations in Lake of Geneva 86

Sketch-map, showing stations in the Lake of Bourget 95

Plan of lake-dwellings in the Lake of Constance 129

Sketch of Laibach Moor, showing position of lake-dwellings 171

Sketch-map, showing lake-dwellings in the Lake of Varese and neighbourhood 189

Plan and sections of terramara at Gorzano 263

Sketch-map, showing distribution of lake-dwellings and terremare in the eastern part of the Po valley 266

Plan of lake-dwelling in Persanzigsee 314

Plan and sections of Crannog at Lochlee 416, 417

THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE.

First Lecture.

SETTLEMENTS IN LAKE ZÜRICH, WESTERN SWITZERLAND AND FRANCE.

The investigations of geologists in the early part of this century, culminating in the publication of Sir Charles Lyell's "Principles of Geology," not only upset current theories regarding the past history of our globe, but also revolutionised the very formulæ on which these theories were founded. The influence of this drastic clearance of antiquated machinery in geology soon extended to the collateral sciences, and one of the first to benefit from the improved methods was archæology. The first great application of scientific methods to prehistoric researches was made in the north of Europe. The Scandinavian savants, in attempting to pry into the early history of their people, found so little reliable information in their sagas and other mythological fables, that they cast them altogether aside as useless or misleading. Struck with the elegance and beauty of the stone weapons and implements so profusely scattered over the land, they seized the idea, occasionally previously mooted by writers in other countries, but hitherto never seriously considered, that there was a time when people were entirely ignorant of the use of metals, and, in the prosecution of their social industries, had to depend exclusively on such tools as could be manufactured out of stone, horn, wood, etc. To this idea they soon afterwards linked another, which experience has also shown to be founded on accurate observation, viz. that their earliest metal objects were made from a nearly uniform compound of copper and tin, known as bronze. Iron, it was maintained, was not known in the country for several centuries afterwards; but, on the other hand, when it became known, it gradually superseded bronze in the manufacture of all cutting implements and weapons, on account of its superior qualities for such purposes.

These simple observations in the hands of the Scandinavian scientists supplied the essential elements of a new system of classification, which has since become so familiar all over the world as the three ages of Stone, Bronze and Iron. Its adoption by Dr. Thomsen, in 1830, as the basis of arranging the prehistoric materials in the Museum of Northern Antiquities at Copenhagen, and, a few years later, in the Museums of Lund and Stockholm, marks the commencement of a new era in the history of prehistoric archæology. Other nations were not slow in following in the footsteps of the northern savants, and to such an extent was this new departure carried that for a time at least, all antiquarian objects were classified as belonging to one or other of the so-called ages, on the mere knowledge of their composition. So fascinating was the spell of this new doctrine, that it was some time before even experienced archæologists could see the fallacy of adhering rigidly to such a method of arranging objects; as if, the instant a bronze or an iron implement became known, the manufacture of its analogues in the inferior materials there and then ceased for ever. While, therefore, conceding that the chronological sequence of the three ages, as determined in Scandinavia, is generally correct, and holds good also for European countries, I consider it radically wrong to suppose that the respective epochs indicated by these successive stages of civilisation, especially in districts widely separated, are identical in point of time. Many local circumstances in a country, such as the poverty of the people, their isolation and distance from commercial highways, etc., have often so contributed to the persistency of customs and usages, elsewhere become obsolete and entirely superseded, that a chronological comparison of its progress in civilisation, as defined by the three ages, becomes perplexing, if not misleading, when applied to other countries. The question resolves itself, therefore, into this: that each well-defined archæological or geographical area must ascertain the chronological sequence and duration of these ages for itself.

But whatever may be the value of this system when applied to the elucidation of early European civilisation, one thing is certain--that it was the means of evoking throughout the entire world an enormous amount of interest in archæological pursuits. Henceforth primeval antiquities of every description, the merest "waifs and strays" of humanity, things which previously were utterly ignored, were now eagerly collected, described, and catalogued; and in every centre of intelligence societies and journals were founded with the express object of following up the new found trail of prehistoric man. Since then the problem of man's place in nature has come largely to the front, and now appeals for its solution to all departments of science, and to all legitimate processes of reasoning. Among those who devoted their energies to the study and elucidation of the archæological phase of this problem was the learned Ferdinand Keller, President of the Antiquarian Association at Zürich, to whom the world is indebted for one of the most remarkable archæological discoveries of this century--a discovery which in its consequential results is unique for the variety and wealth of materials with which it has illustrated that singular but long unknown and forgotten phase of prehistoric civilisation in Europe, which found its outcome in the habit of constructing dwellings in lakes, marshes, etc. This discovery of Dr. Keller was not of the nature of a lucky find, but was the result of a purely mental process--a spark of superior intelligence--fostered, I have no doubt, by his knowledge of these very Scandinavian doctrines to which I have just referred.