Part 3
To start the horse into a _canter_ with the right or off-fore leg leading. The lady having her horse properly animated, light in hand, and well balanced, should, as in the walk, draw the horse's attention, by an increased bearing upon both reins, but upon the right rein the stronger; and at the same time, by a strong pressure of the leg, or heel, and by the application of the whip to the horse's left shoulder, communicate to him, an impulse to carry him forward. If the horse hesitates to canter, she should pass the whip behind her waist, and strike the horse on his near-hind-quarter; the whip must not be used on the right side of the horse, because muscular action being retractile, doing so, would cause him to draw back his right leg, rather than to advance it before the left.
To start the horse into a canter, with the left leg leading, the extra bearing must be made upon the left rein, and the horse should be touched with the whip on the right shoulder or flank. It is an excellent lesson to cause the horse to change the leading leg, when in the canter, so that upon any disturbance of pace, or change of direction, the action of the one, may be as familiar, and as easy to the rider, as the other. The lady should sit well down in the centre of the saddle, with her body perfectly upright, and square to the front, without stiffness or constraint, she must continue the bearings upon the horse's mouth, throughout the entire pace, and if the horse flags in his movements, or does not respond to the action of the bridle-hand, then the whip must be instantly applied. In turning a corner, or cantering in a curve, the lady must incline her body in that direction, to preserve her balance, and she must be careful that the bridle arm, does not acquire the bad habit, of moving from the side of the body, and throwing the elbow outwards.
The _gallop_, is a further increase of pace upon the full canter, but no lady of taste ever gallops on the road, into this pace, the lady's horse is never urged, nor permitted to break, excepting in the field. The action being the same as that of the canter, excepting being more extended and quicker, nothing further need be said in this place.
LEAPING.
A lady's horse must be perfectly steady, and thoroughly trained, before she attempts to put him to a leap. Leaping is beneficial, as it tends to confirm the seat, and enables the rider more effectually to preserve her balance, should she ever be mounted upon an unsteady, or vicious horse.
The skill in leaping consists principally, in the rider's own acute anticipation of the horse's spring, and in participating in his movements, going over with him, as a part of the horse's-self; she must not, by being late, and hanging back, have to be jerked forward by the spring; which operating at an angle of the person, pitches the rider over the horse's head, before the animal's fore-quarters reach the ground.
Preparatory to the leap, the rider should take up the snaffle rein, and slacken the curb; because the snaffle acting in the corners of the horse's mouth, lifts up his head, and allows him more freedom, whereas the curb-bit acting lower down in the mouth, tends to draw the head and chin inwards, towards the breast, and restrains his power of extension.
Leaps are of two kinds, the "standing" and the "flying." In the standing leap, or leap over a height from a standing position; the horse raises himself on his hind feet, and springs from his hind legs, throwing himself over the object. The flying leap, is taken from any pace, it differs from the standing leap, principally in agility, and in the horse being more extended in his movements.
The position of the rider is to be governed in this, as in all other cases, by the action of the horse; no weight should be borne on the stirrup, the right leg must press strongly the middle pommel, and the left, be closed to the saddle. The bridle should be held so as to offer no check to the horse's movement, but should the horse show an unwillingness to jump, or be inclined to swerve, it is prudent to keep him firmly in hand, until the moment of his spring, when the tension on the reins may be lessened.
_A standing jump._--The rider must press her leg close against the saddle, she must animate the horse to jump, by gently lifting his head; as he raises on his haunches for the leap, she should yield the reins, to give him ample room to extend his neck and shoulders, and to exert himself; as his fore-quarters ascend, the lady should lean slightly forward, keeping her head upright and steady; as he springs, she resumes her upright position, and as he descends, she inclines her body backwards to balance herself; urging, and at the same time restraining the horse, to induce him to collect, and fully recover himself upon his legs.
_The flying leap._--In the flying leap, the seat is to be preserved, as in the standing leap, but the horse's posture being more horizontal, the lady need not lean forward as he raises; she must approach the leap in such a manner, as neither to hurry or flurry the horse, but so as to allow him a full view of the place he has to go over. Holding the horse's head with the snaffle, with a firm but delicate hand, straight to his jump, she brings him up at an animated pace. As he springs, she must slightly yield the reins, as he descends, she must incline her body backwards pressing her left leg firmly to the third crutch, and looking straight to her front, she will retain her seat and balance immoveably; she then resumes the tension of the reins; and the moment the horse touches the ground, she should be prepared to use her whip if necessary, to induce the horse to collect himself, to prevent him from stumbling or falling.
ROAD RIDING.
When persons are pursuing their business or pleasure on the road, precise formality, and attention to the strict rules of riding, would interrupt their enjoyment.
The rudiments of the art being once known, when on the road, no more of it is to be applied, than will, with the greatest ease, facilitate our designs. When nothing more is required of the horse, than to perform the natural paces, he will walk, trot, and gallop with the greatest freedom. The rider participates in the like ease, or unrestrained liberty, but this ease or inattention, is not to suffer unseemly habits to take place, such as the back and shoulders to get round, the head to shake, the leg to dangle, and beat against the horse's side.
These errors may creep on a person, who has not been confirmed in the principles by sufficient practice; but when habits of good riding are once firmly established, the ease and liberty the rider assumes, will not exceed propriety, risk her security, nor abandon, nor baffle her horse,--her hand will keep its situation and properties, though the body be turned to any extreme for the purpose of conversing, and the like, nor will the body by any freedom it takes, throw itself out of balance, nor take the liberty, when it cannot be done with safety. This freedom and ease, so desirable and so universally admired, is affected by every person who is in the habit of riding, but with this difference, some possess system, with negligence, and ease, and others merely negligence and ease, without system.
A lady's horse should be sure footed, but the best become careless. When a horse trips, he should be kept more than usually collected. It is useless to whip a horse after stumbling, as it is also after shying, for it is clear, he would not run the risk of breaking his knees nor his nose if he could help it. A bad horsewoman throws her horse down, which a good horsewoman does not do. That is, because a bad horsewoman hurries her horse, over bad ground, or down hill, or over loose stones, or rough and broken ground, lets him flounder into difficulties, and when there, pulls him so that he cannot see, nor exert himself to get out of them and expecting chastisements, the horse springs to avoid it, before he has recovered his feet, and goes down with a tremendous impetus; if she have to cross a rut to the right, she probably forces her horse across it, when the right foot is on the ground; in which case, unless the horse collect himself, and jump; if he attempts to step across it, the probability is, that crossing his legs, he knocks one against the other and falls. The reverse of all this, Colonel GREENWOOD, writes, should be the case, if the lady have not sufficient tact to feel, which of her horse's feet is on the ground, she must allow him his own time for crossing, which will be, when the left foot is on the ground. The rider should habitually choose her horse's ground for him, this by practice, will become as easy to her, as choosing her own path when walking.
It is a common error to suppose, that a rider can support a horse when falling, lift him over a leap, or hold him up, they are mechanical impossibilities. Were a similar weight attached to the thin rein of a lady's bridle, could the lady lift it with her left hand. A pull from the curb, will indeed give the horse so much pain in the mouth, that he will throw up his head, and the rider flatters herself that she has saved her horse from falling; but this error is not harmless, by so doing, she prevents his seeing to foot out any unsafe ground; and further, when an unmounted horse stumbles, nature teaches him to drop his head and neck, which relieves the shoulders of their weight, and that is the instant that the horse makes his effort to recover himself; the muscular power employed to raise the head and neck, will act to sink his knees, for as much as the rider pulls up, so much will she pull down. The great point is, to keep the horse so well balanced and in hand, with his legs well under him, that should the horse stumble, or get into difficulties, he is able to recover himself without much exertion.
_When proceeding along a road_, the rule is, to keep to the left side of it, but when about to pass those travelling in the same direction, though at a less speedy pace; to pass on their right. A party meeting another passes to the right, that is, the right hands of the parties meeting, are towards each other.
_A gentleman riding with a lady_, should be on her right side, as on that side, if the road be dirty, he does not bespatter the lady's habit, and on that side also, he is situated next the carriages, and various objects they meet, or which may be passing near them.
If a lady find her horse become affected and uneasy in his gait, she should endeavor to ascertain the cause, the probability is, there will be found to be something wrong, in the bridle or saddle or perhaps a stone in the horse's foot, and she should have it remedied if possible.
A lady should also habitually prevent her horse out-walking, or lagging behind her companions, she is either very unsociable, or a bad horsewoman, who does not keep abreast of them.
A lady, although advised to ride in general on the curb bridle, should occasionally use both hands to the reins. It assists in obtaining a firm seat, by giving greater power and command over the horse; it prevents the strain on the left arm, which is the natural result of holding a horse entirely with one hand, it makes the pressure upon the animal's mouth more even, which is so truly essential to the comfort of both horse and rider, it keeps the shoulders square, a very important point in the elegance of a young lady's appearance, it causes the elbows to be even on either side instead of one being infinitely in the rear of the other, as is too often the case, and though last not least, it keeps the whip quiet until its use is called for.
There is a piece of inhumanity practised, as much, perhaps more by ladies than by gentlemen, it is, _riding a horse fast on hard ground_. If the ground be hard and even, a collected canter may be allowed, but one hour's gallop on hard and uneven ground, would do the soundest horse irremediable injury, his sinews would be strained, his joints prematurely stiffened, fever in the feet would be produced, and the horse would be deprived at once, and for ever, of his elasticity and action, and be brought prematurely a cripple to the grave.
DISMOUNTING.
The first operation preparatory to dismounting is, to bring the horse to an easy yet perfect stop.
If the lady be light, and dexterous, she may dismount without assistance.
The lady when preparing to dismount, should take the reins in her right hand, and put the whip in her left. The reins should be held sufficiently tight, to restrain the horse from advancing; and yet not so firmly, as to cause him to back, rear, or swerve.
The lady should next disengage her right leg from the pommel clearing her dress as she raises her knee; place her right hand on the near crutch, and take her foot out of the stirrup.
If the lady be assisted, the gentleman taking her left hand in his left, places his right hand under her left elbow, which she keeps firm to her side; as she springs, he supports her in her descent, she retains hold of the crutch or of the hunting pommel; as she quits the saddle, she turns to face the gentleman, who stands near the horse's shoulder, and alights on the ground on the balls of her feet.
If the lady dismount without assistance, after clearing her foot from the stirrup, she places her right hand on the near crutch, and her left upon the third crutch or hunting pommel, she must spring clear from the saddle facing towards the horse's side as she descends. By whatever mode the lady dismount, she should, to prevent an unpleasant shock on reaching the ground bend her knees, suffer her body to be perfectly pliant, and alight upon the balls of her feet; she is not to relinquish her hold, nor the gentleman to withdraw his support, until she be perfectly safe on the ground.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
Riding for recreation, and riding for improvement, are distinct things, yet both are necessary. Many persons unacquainted with the principles of "Horsemanship," can perceive no other excellence, than riding boldly, and riding fast, and some even assert, that a horse broken by a riding master, has been spoiled; this idea is easily accounted for, as the better a horse is broken or educated, the more unsuited he is for an awkward rider.
There are many, it is true, who have been in the habit of riding from their infancy, who, although they never have had any instructions, ride hunting, or on a straight road admirably well; but many more affect to ride as well, who commit the greatest absurdities.
Though the ordinary modes of riding may gratify, and convey one on a horse's back, wherever the will directs, yet, from want of knowledge of the true principles of riding, one is continually exposed to innumerable hazards.
Most persons are desirous to ride well, though not in a _manége_ style. To ride well, a lady must be perfectly at her ease, with a hand capable of managing her horse, with facility to herself, and comfort to her animal. These requirements will be sooner attained, by a few proper lessons, with study and application, than by years of riding without them.
To conclude, a lady on horseback cannot look too quiet; she should appear perfectly at her ease, and in perfect temper with her horse; in short whether natural, or acquired, she should seem, "born with a sweet temper, a light hand, and a good seat."
Transcriber's Note
The following typographical errors were corrected:
Page Error 10 hand is them changed to hand is then 26 by implict changed to by implicit 28 all probabilty changed to all probability 32 should he soothed changed to should be soothed 32 carressed changed to caressed 37 applicacation changed to application 38 perpectly changed to perfectly 39 to a leap, changed to to a leap. 39 rider's own accute changed to rider's own acute 39 of the horses changed to of the horse's
The following words were inconsistently spelled.
fore-hand / forehand head-stalls / headstalls