Part 9

=ADHESION.= The union of parts usually distinct.

=ADIANTOPSIS.= _See_ =Cheilanthes=.

=ADIANTUM= (from _adiantos_, dry, as if plunged in water it yet remains dry). Maidenhair. ORD. _Filices_. A large genus of handsome tropical and temperate ferns. _Sori_ marginal, varying in shape from globose to linear, usually numerous and distinct, sometimes confluent and continuous. Involucre the same shape as the sorus, formed of the reflexed margin of the fronds, bearing the capsules on its upper side. None of the Adiantums are truly hardy except the American _A. pedatum_; even our own native species requires protection. The chief requirements of this handsome genus of ferns are good drainage, and a compost of fibrous peat, loam and sand. In most cases, plenty of pot room is essential, and a larger quantity of loam will be needed for strong-growing sorts. For general culture, _see_ =Ferns=.

=A. æmulum= (rival).* _sti._ slender, about 6in. long. _fronds_ slender, pyramidate, tri-subquadripinnate; pinnæ distinct, obliquely pyramidate, unequally-sided; pinnules rhomboid or oblong, tapering to the base, the terminal one distinctly cuneate, all sparingly lobate. _sori_, 2in. to 4in., circular, or nearly so. Brazil, 1877. Stove or greenhouse species.

=A. æthiopicum= (Æthiopian).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, rather slender, erect. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, deltoid, tri- or quadripinnate; lower pinnæ 3in. to 4in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, deltoid; ultimate segments 1/4in. to 1/2in. across, 1/4in. deep, suborbicular, the upper part broadly lobed; rachis and surfaces naked. _sori_ in several roundish patches. _A. Chilense_ (Chilian), _A. scabrum_ (scurfy), _A. sulphureum_ (sulphured) are mere forms of this species. Spain, and almost cosmopolitan. A very pretty greenhouse fern. SYNS. _A. assimile_, _A. emarginatum_.

=A. affine= (related).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, erect. _fronds_ with a terminal central pinna 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, and several smaller erecto-patent lateral ones, the lowest of which are again branched; pinnules, 1/2in. to 3/4in. long, 1/4in. deep, dimidiate, the lower edge straight, the upper nearly parallel with it, crenate, like the oblique or bluntly rounded outer edge. _sori_ numerous, roundish. New Zealand. Greenhouse species. SYN. _A. Cunninghami_.

=A. amabile= (lovely). Synonymous with _A. glaucophyllum_. Also a garden name for _A. Moorei_.

=A. amœnum= (pleasing). Synonymous with _A. flabellulatum_.

=A. andicolum.= A synonym of _A. glaucophyllum_.

=A. aneitense= (Aneiteum).* _sti._ and _rachises_ castaneous, the latter glabrous beneath, ferrugino-pilose above; _fronds_ deltoid, three to four pinnate, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, and broad; segments, about 1/2in. long, rhomboidal, ascending, nearly sessile, inner side close to rachis, lower erecto-patent, shallowly lobed. _sori_ round, reniform, in centre of lobes, four to six to a segment. Aneiteum Isles, 1880. Stove or greenhouse species.

=A. assimile= (assimilated). An Australian form of the widely-distributed _A. æthiopicum_.

=A. Bausei= (Bause's).* _fronds_ 1-1/2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long, spreading, triangular, tri-quadripinnate; pinnæ stalked, the lower ones obliquely triangular; pinnules broad, laterally deflexed, the basal ones obliquely ovate with a truncate base, the intermediate somewhat trapeziform, the terminal cuneate--all shallowly lobed and pedicellate. _sori_ oblong reniform, set across the apices of the lobes, 1879. A beautiful stove or greenhouse hybrid, between _A. trapeziforme_ and _A. decorum_.

=A. bellum= (handsome).* _fronds_ tufted, 3in. to 6in. high, bipinnate. ovate-lanceolate; pinnæ of three to six pinnules, 1/2in. to 1-1/2in. long, stalked; pinnules cuneate or irregular transverse-oblong, the somewhat larger terminal ones cuneate, lobed, the margin erose, all shortly stalked. _sori_ two to three on the smaller pinnules, roundish, or sublunate. Bermuda, 1879. Greenhouse or Wardian case species.

=A. Capillus-Veneris= (Venus's hair).* Common Maidenhair. _sti._ sub-erect, rather slender, 4in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ very variable in size, with short terminal and numerous erecto-patent lateral branches on each side, the lowest slightly branched again; segments 1/2in. to 1in. broad, deeply lobed, and the lobes again bluntly crenated. _sori_ placed in roundish sinuses of the crenation. Great Britain, and world-wide in its distribution. Greenhouse, case, or frame species.

=A. C.-V. cornubiense= (Cornish).* _fronds_ very numerous, and dwarf, more or less oblong in general outline, with large, broad pinnules of a deep green, with finely-waved margins, and an almost pellucid, but firm texture. One of the best forms, but somewhat delicate in constitution.

=A. C.-V. crispulum= (crisped).* _fronds_, with the stipes, from 6in. to 12in. long, more attenuated than those of the type, and narrower at the base; pinnules less numerous, but broad and thin, crisp, of a light green colour, more or less cut at the broadest part. A handsome variety, of vigorous growth.

=A. C.-V. daphnites= (glistening).* _sti._ and _rachises_ dark brown, reaching a height of from 9in. to 14in. pinnæ and ultimate pinnules more or less confluent, the latter being broad, and of a dull green colour, usually forming a tufted crest at the extremities of the fronds. A charming subject for the Wardian case. Very distinct. See Fig. 26.

=A. C.-V. fissum= (divided). Very dwarf in habit, with pinnules rather broader than those of the type, which are deeply and variously cut, so as to give the plant a distinctive appearance from most of the forms.

=A. C.-V. Footi= (Foot's). Closely allied to the variety _fissum_, having fronds a foot or more long, with very ample pinnules deeply incised, light green. Vigorous.

=A. C.-V. incisum= (deeply cut). Very closely allied to _A. C.-V. fissum_, but rather more vigorous in growth; pinnules broad, and deeply slit into segments near the base.

=A. C.-V. magnificum= (magnificent).* _fronds_ from 9in. to 16in. long, more or less elongated in outline, 3in. to 4in. across; pinnules ample, rich green, with the margins finely cut and imbricated. The arching character gives this form a most distinct appearance. A very fine variety.

=A. C.-V. rotundum= (rounded). Pinnules usually round, without the cuneiform base of the normal form; neither are the fronds so broad. Isle of Man. Variable in its habit.

=A. C.-V. undulatum= (wavy).* _fronds_ dense, compact, having broad, roundish dark green pinnules, which are undulated at the edges. An elegant dwarf-growing form.

=A. cardiochlæna= (heart-form indusium). A synonym of _A. polyphyllum_.

=A. caudatum= (tailed).* _sti._ 2in. to 4in. long, tufted, wiry. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, simply pinnate, often elongated, and rooting at the extremity; pinnæ about 1/2in. long, 1/4in. deep, dimidiate, nearly sessile, the lower line straight and horizontal, the upper rounded, more or less cut, the point usually blunt, the lower ones slightly stalked. _sori_ roundish or transversely oblong on the edge of the lobes; _rachis_ and both sides of the frond villose. _A. ciliatum_ (of gardens) is probably a mere form, if not a synonym, of this species. Throughout the Tropics everywhere. Greenhouse or stove species; very fine for hanging baskets.

=A. colpodes= (deep hollow).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long, slender, slightly fibrillose. _fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, deltoid, tripinnate, light green; lower pinnæ spreading at right angles from the rachis, 2in. to 4in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, slightly branched below; ultimate segments about 1/2in. long, 1/4in. broad, the lower line often straight, the upper rounded, lobed, and toothed, all nearly or quite sessile. _sori_ placed in distinct teeth of the outer edge. Ecuador and Peru, 1875. Greenhouse species.

=A. concinnum= (neat).* _sti._ 4in. to 8in. long. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, ovate-deltoid, tripinnate; pinnæ numerous, spreading, flexuous, the lowest 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; segments 1/4in. to 3/8in. across, broadly cuneate at the base, the upper edge irregularly rounded, deeply lobed, the lobes crenate, the lowest segment of each pinna and pinnule large, sessile. _sori_ numerous, ob-reniform. Tropical America. A most elegant species for baskets and the rockery.

=A. c. Flemingi= (Fleming's). This variety, of garden origin, is also very handsome.

=A. c. latum= (broad).* Differs from the type in being more erect and robust in habit, and broader in all its parts. It constitutes an excellent stove plant.

=A. crenatum= (crenated).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ with a terminal central pinna 6in. to 9in. long and several large erecto-patent lateral ones on each side, the lowest of which are branched again; segments about 1/2in. long, 1/4in. deep, dimidiate, the lower line upcurved, the upper nearly straight, slightly crenate. _sori_ numerous, round, placed on the upper and sometimes outer edge. This is closely allied to _A. tetraphyllum_. Mexico. Stove species. SYN. _A. Wilesianum_.

=A. cristatum= (crested). _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, strong, erect, tomentose. _fronds_ 1-1/2ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 12in. broad, with a terminal central pinna 6in. to 9in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, and numerous rather distant lateral ones on each side, the lowest of which are sometimes again branched; segments 1/2in. to 3/4in. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, dimidiate, the lower line nearly straight, the upper nearly parallel or rounded, the point blunt. _sori_ in several oblong or linear patches. West Indies and Venezuela, 1844. Stove species. SYN. _A. Kunzeanum_.

=A. cubense= (Cuba).* _sti._ 4in. to 8in. long, nearly black, erect. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 4in. broad, simply pinnate, or with a single pair of short branches; pinnæ 1in. to 2in. long, and about 3/4in. to 1in. broad, unilateral, the lower line slightly recurved, the upper rounded and broadly lobed, of a deep green colour, with a soft herbaceous texture. _sori_ in hollows of the lobes. Cuba and Jamaica. A very distinct stove species.

=A. cuneatum= (wedge-shaped).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, slender, erect. _fronds_ 9in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, deltoid, tri- or quadripinnate; lower pinnæ 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; segments numerous, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, cuneate at the base, the upper edge deeply lobed. _sori_ four to six, obversely reniform. Brazil, 1820. This fine greenhouse species is more generally grown than any other; and a number of garden forms have received distinctive names.

=A. c. dissectum= (dissected).* A pretty variety, with the pinnules more deeply lobed than in the type.

=A. c. Lawsonianum= (Lawson's). This is a very abnormal form, curiously and finely cut, with the ultimate segments narrowly cuneate at the base, stalked, and distant. Of garden origin. Greenhouse variety.

=A. c. mundulum= (neat).* _sti._ 3in. to 4in. high. _fronds_ dwarf, tufted, erect, hardly 3in. broad, deltoid, tripinnate; pinnæ and pinnules crowded; pinnules narrowly cuneate, rarely three-parted, with narrow wedge-shaped lobes; apex slightly crenate, and bears a roundish sorus set in a notch of the lobe or crenature. Of garden origin, 1879. Greenhouse variety.

=A. Cunninghami= (Cunningham's). Synonymous with _A. affine_.

=A. curvatum= (curved).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long. _fronds_ dichotomous, with main divisions again once or twice forked; pinnæ 8in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad; pinnules 1-1/4in. to 1-1/2in. long, about 1/2in. deep, not truly dimidiate, but only the lower two-thirds of the under half cut away, the upper margin rounded and broadly lobed, with the lobes finely toothed and point often lengthened out. _sori_ linear, or transversely oblong. Tropical America, 1841. Stove species.

=A. decorum= (decorous).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long. _fronds_ sub-deltoid, 9in. to 15in. long, three to four pinnate; lower pinnæ and pinnules stalked, deltoid; side segments rhomboid, 1/4in. to 3/8in. long; outer edge distinctly lobed; lower segments equilateral, imbricated over main rachis. _sori_ round, in final lobes, four to six to a segment. This greenhouse species ranks midway between _A. concinnum_ and _A. cuneatum_. Peru. SYN. _A. Wagneri_. See Fig. 27.

=A. deltoideum= (deltoid).* _sti._ densely tufted, 3in. to 4in. long, wiry, erect. _fronds_ 4in. to 6in. long, 3/4in. broad, with a terminal lobe and numerous sub-opposite pinnæ, the lower ones distant, distinctly stalked, 1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, hastate-deltoid, cordate or cuneate at the base. _sori_ in interrupted lines along the sides of the pinnæ. West Indian Islands. Stove species.

=A. diaphanum= (transparent).* _sti._ 4in. to 8in. long, slender, erect. _fronds_ 6in. to 7in. long, simply pinnate, or with one to three branches at the base; pinnules 1/2in. long, 1/4in. broad, the lower line rather decurved, the upper nearly parallel with it, crenate like the blunt outer edge. _sori_ obversely reniform, numerous. S.E. China, New Zealand, &c. Greenhouse species. SYN. _A. setulosum_. See Fig. 28.

=A. digitatum= (finger-leaved).* _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long, erect. _fronds_ 1ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 1ft. 6in. broad, furnished with numerous distant spreading or erecto-patent branches, gradually shortened upwards, the lowest of which are branched again; lower pinnæ 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad; segments 3/4in. to 1in. each way, varying from deflexed to cuneate at the base, the upper edge rounded, deeply cut, and the lobes again less deeply cut, the lower ones distinctly stalked. _sori_ in lines along the edge of the lobes. Peru. It is generally cultivated under the name of _A. speciosum_. Stove or greenhouse species.

=A. dolabriforme= (axe-shaped). Synonymous with _A. lunulatum_.

=A. dolosum= (deceiving). Synonymous with _A. Wilsoni_.

=A. Edgworthii= (Edgeworth's).* This differs from _caudatum_ by having more membranous texture, glabrous surfaces, and sub-entire pinnæ. Himalaya and China.

=A. emarginatum= (notched at the end). Synonymous with _A. æthiopicum_.

=A. excisum= (bluntly cut).* _sti._ 2in. to 3in. long, wiry, densely tufted. _fronds_ 6in. to 18in. long, 3in. to 6in. broad, with numerous flexuose short pinnæ on each side, the lowest of which are slightly branched again; segments two to three lines broad, cuneate at the base, the upper edge rounded and bluntly lobed. _sori_ two to four, large, obversely reniform, placed in distinct hollows on the lobes. Chili.

=A. e. Leyi= (Ley's).* This is a very dwarf, copiously crested form, of garden origin, most suitable for case culture. Greenhouse variety.

=A. e. multifidum= (much-cut).* A handsome garden variety; the apex of every frond is frequently divided into several branches, which oftentimes are again divided and crested, thus forming a beautiful tassel 2in. to 3in. long. Greenhouse species.

=A. Feei= (Fee's).* _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long, strong, scandent. _fronds_ 1ft. to 2ft. long, 1ft. or more broad, tripinnate, the main and secondary rachises zigzag, all the branches firm and spreading at a right angle; lower pinnæ 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to 4in. broad; pinnules 1in. to 2in. long, 1/2in. broad, consisting of a terminal segment and several distant suborbicular-cuneate lateral ones. _sori_ marginal, roundish, more than half line deep. Tropical America. Stove species. SYN. _A. flexuosum_.

=A. flabellulatum= (small fan-leaved).* _sti._ erect, strong. _fronds_ dichotomously branched, and the divisions once or twice branched again; central pinnæ 4in. to 8in. long, 3/4in. broad; pinnules about 1/4in. broad and deep, dimidiate, the lower edge nearly straight, the upper rounded, the outer blunt, both entire or slightly toothed. _sori_ in several transversely oblong notches. Tropical Asia. Stove species. SYN. _A. amœnum_.

=A. flexuosum= (zigzagly-bent). Synonymous with _A. Feei_.

=A. formosum= (beautiful).* _sti._ 12in. to 18in. long, strong, erect. _fronds_ 18in. to 24in. long, 12in. to 18in. broad, bi-, tri-, or quadripinnate; lower pinnæ 12in. to 15in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, deltoid; pinnules deltoid; ultimate segments 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, one and a half to two lines deep, dimidiate, the lower edge straight, the upper and outer rather rounded and deeply lobed, the lower ones distinctly stalked. _sori_ numerous, between obreniform and transversely oblong. Australia, 1820. Greenhouse species.

=A. fovearum.= Synonymous with _A. intermedium_.

=A. fulvum= (tawny).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, strong, erect. _fronds_ 9in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 8in. broad, deltoid in general outline, with a terminal pinna 4in. to 6in. long, about 1-1/2in. broad, and several erecto-patent branches, the lower of which are branched again; pinnules about 3/4in. long, 1/4in. deep, dimidiate, the lower edge nearly straight, the upper almost parallel, sharply toothed like the oblique outer edge. _sori_ large, numerous. New Zealand. Greenhouse species.

=A. Ghiesbreghti= (Ghiesbreght's).* _fronds_ 18in. to 30in. long, ovate, deltoid, tripinnate; pinnules large, slightly crenate on the margins. A very fine stove fern, with the habit of _A. tenerum Farleyense_, but less dense. It is undoubtedly a variety of _tenerum_, having originated in Mr. Williams's nursery some years since. SYN. _A. scutum_.

=A. glaucophyllum= (grey-leaved).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, erect. _fronds_ 12in. to 24in. long, 9in. to 15in. broad, deltoid, quadripinnate; lower pinnæ 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. to 6in. broad, deltoid, erecto-patent; segments 1/4in. broad, cuneate at the base, the upper edge irregularly rounded, more or less lobed. _sori_ four to six, obversely reniform, placed in distinct hollows in the apex of the lobes of the upper edge, deep green above, glaucous beneath. Closely allied to _A. cuneatum_. Mexico. Greenhouse. SYNS. _A. amabile_, _A. andicolum_, _A. mexicanum_.

=A. gracillimum= (most graceful).* _fronds_ deltoidly ovate, 9in. to 24in. long, and 6in. to 10in. across, decompound, rich green; ultimate pinnules distant, minute, distinctly stalked, obovate, emarginate, or two to three lobed, the sterile lobes blunt. _sori_ solitary on the entire pinnules, two to three on the larger lobed ones. One of the most graceful and beautiful of greenhouse ferns; the very numerous minute segments and the ramifications of the rachis impart to a well grown plant a very charming appearance. Of garden origin. A form of _A. cuneatum_.

=A. Henslovianum= (Henslow's).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, erect. _fronds_ 12in. to 18in. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, ovate, tripinnate, furnished with numerous distant pinnæ on each side, the upper of which are simple, but the lowest slightly branched; segments 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, 1/4in. to 3/8in. deep, dimidiate, the lower line nearly straight, the upper rather rounded and lobed, the point bluntly rounded. _sori_ obversely reniform, placed in the hollows of the lobes. Columbia, Peru, &c., 1833. A most distinct and beautiful stove species. SYNS. _A. lætum_, _A. Reichenbachii_, _A. sessilifolium_.

=A. Hewardia= (Heward's). _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, erect. _fronds_ simply pinnate or bipinnate, with a terminal pinna and two to four lateral ones on each side, the lowest pair of which sometimes with two to four pinnules each; pinnules 3in. to 4in. long, about 1in. broad, nearly equal sided, ovate lanceolate, nearly entire. _sori_ in continuous lines along both edges. Jamaica, &c., occurring over a wide area. Stove species. SYN. _Hewardia adiantoides_.

=A. hispidulum= (hairyish).* _sti._ 6in. to 15in. long, strong, erect. _fronds_ dichotomous, with the main divisions flabellately branched; central pinnæ 6in. to 9in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad; pinnules 3/8in. to 3/4in. long, two to four lines broad, dimidiate, subrhomboidal, the outer edge bluntly rounded, upper and outer margin finely toothed, slightly stalked. _sori_ roundish, numerous, contiguous. Tropics of Old World, 1822. Greenhouse. SYN. _A. pubescens_.

=A. intermedium= (intermediate). _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, erect, strong. _fronds_ with a terminal pinna 6in. to 9in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, and one to three small spreading lateral ones on each side; pinnules 1in. to 1-1/2in. long; 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, unequal sided, but not dimidiate, the point bluntish or acute, the inner edge nearly parallel with the stem, the upper nearly straight, scarcely toothed. _sori_ in interrupted marginal patches, one to two lines across, placed round the upper and lower edges. Stove. Tropical America, from the Antilles southwards to Peru and Rio Janeiro, 1824. SYNS. _A. fovearum_, _A. triangulatum_.

=A. Kunzeanum= (Kunze's). Synonymous with _A. cristatum_.

=A. lætum= (joyful). Synonymous with _A. Henslovianum_.

=A. Lathomi= (Lathom's).* A garden variety, said to be a sport from _A. Ghiesbreghti_, which it closely resembles, being between it and _A. Farleyense_. It is a magnificent plant, producing _fronds_ from 18in. to 24in. long, with imbricated deeply-cut pinnules. Stove variety.

=A. Legrandi= (Legrand's). Very closely allied to, if not identical with, _A. Pecottei_. Greenhouse variety, of garden origin.

=A. Lindeni= (Linden's).* _sti._ black, naked. _fronds_ erect, large, pentagonal, tripinnate; rachises pubescent above, naked beneath; segments sub-distant, 1-1/2in. long, oblong-rhomboidal, falcate, acuminate, outer margins closely but bluntly lobed, of a deep green colour, the lobes toothed. _sori_ oblong or reniform. Amazons, 1866. A magnificent stove species.

=A. lucidum= (shiny).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, strong, erect. _fronds_ 9in. to 15in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, simply pinnate, with a large terminal pinna and six to ten lateral ones on each side, or the lowest very slightly branched, 3in. to 4in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad, nearly equal sided, lanceolate acuminate, slightly serrated towards the point. _sori_ in a continuous row along each side. West Indian Islands and Tropical America. Stove species.

=A. Luddemannianum= (Luddemann's).* A very striking variety of the common Maidenhair, _A. Capillus-Veneris_, of garden origin, with smooth, dark, almost black stipes, branching about a third of the way up, while the pinnules are crested, usually clustered, at the extremities of the branches, of a deep green, sub-glaucous character. It is a very elegant little greenhouse variety. See Fig. 29.