Part 75

=CANDELABRUM= or =CHANDELIER TREE=. _See_ =Pandanus candelabrum=.

=CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE.= _See_ =Myrica cereifera=.

=CANDLEBERRY-TREE.= _See_ =Aleurites triloba=.

=CANDLE-TREE.= _See_ =Parmentiera cerifera=.

=CANDOLLEA= (named after Augustus Pyramus De Candolle, formerly Professor of Botany, at Geneva, and author of numerous botanical works). ORD. _Dilleniaceæ_. A genus of very ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of Australia. Flowers yellow, sub-solitary, at the tips of the branches; sepals five, oval, mucronate; petals obovate or obcordate. They thrive in a compost of equal parts loam and peat, with which sufficient sand may be mixed to render the whole porous. Cuttings will root, if placed in a similar compost, under a hand glass; seeds are also sometimes obtainable.

=C. cuneiformis= (wedge-shaped).* _fl._ yellow. July. _l._ smooth, obovately cuneated, blunt at the top, entire. Branches cinerous. _h._ 7ft. 1824. See Fig. 357. (B. M. 2711.)

=C. Huegelii= (Huegel's). _fl._ at tops of the branches, among the leaves, on short pedicels; sepals acuminate, hoary outside, longer than the petals. May. _l._ linear, quite entire, villous when young. _h._ 6ft. 1837.

=C. tetrandra= (four-stamened). _fl._ yellow, solitary; petals emarginate. June. _l._ oblong, cuneate, toothed. _h._ 7ft. 1842. (B. R. 1843, 50.)

=CANDYTUFT.= _See_ =Iberis=.

=CANE-BRAKE.= A common name for different species of _Arundinaria_.

=CANELLA= (a diminutive of _canna_, a reed; in allusion to the rolled bark, like cinnamon). ORD. _Canellaceæ_. The best-known species of this genus is a very ornamental and economically valuable stove evergreen tree, which thrives in a mixture of loam and sand. Well-ripened cuttings, taken off at a joint, will root in sand, under a hand glass, with bottom heat, in April or May; but care should be taken not to deprive them of any of their leaves. Sweet says that large old cuttings are best.

=C. alba= (white).* _fl._ violet-colour, small, growing at the tops of branches in cluster, but upon divided peduncles. _l._ alternate, obovate, cuneated at the base, white, or glaucous beneath, somewhat coriaceous, sometimes full of pellucid dots. _h._ 15ft. The whole tree is very aromatic, and, when in blossom, perfumes the neighbourhood. The flowers dried, and softened again in warm water, have a fragrant odour, nearly approaching to that of Musk. The leaves have a strong smell of Laurel. West Indies, &c., 1735. (T. L. S. i., 8.)

=CANELLACEÆ.= A small order of tropical American aromatic shrubs, allied to _Bixineæ_, from which it differs only in having the albumen firmer, and with a smaller embryo. The genera are _Canella_ and _Cinnamodendron_.

=CANESCENT.= Hoary, approaching to white.

=CANICIDIA.= A synonym of =Rourea= (which _see_).

=CANISTRUM= (from _canistrum_, a basket; in allusion to the inflorescence resembling a basket of flowers). ORD. _Bromeliaceæ_. Stove epiphytes, with showy inflorescence, and requiring similar culture to =Billbergia= (which _see_).

=C. aurantiacum= (orange).* _fl._ orange-yellow, in a cup-shaped involucre of orange-red bracts; scapes erect. June to September. _l._ ligulate-lorate denticulate, deflexed. Brazil, 1873. See Fig. 358. (B. H. 1873, 15.)

=C. eburneum= (ivory).* _fl._ white, green, disposed in a depressed head, the white ovaries of which give an appearance as of eggs in a basket. May. _l._ tufted, mottled, the central ones cream-coloured, surrounding the flower-heads. _h._ 2ft. SYNS. _Guzmannia fragrans_ and _Nidularium Lindeni_. Brazil, 1876. (B. H. 1879, 13, 14.)

=C. roseum= (rose-coloured). _fl._ white, green; bracts rosy. 1879.

=C. viride= (green). _fl._ green. _l._ green, canaliculate, acuminate, irregularly toothed. Brazil, 1875. SYN. _Nidularium latifolium_. (B. H. 1874, 16.)

=CANKER.= This is a disease presenting very serious difficulties, principally in the cultivation of Apples and Pears. Both the trees and fruits, especially of some varieties, are, in many localities, so far injured as not to be worth cultivating. What causes the disease is not at all times known; indeed, it is, in most cases, but imperfectly understood. Were the causes better known, the remedy might generally be much easier found. Some of the primary causes are cold and undrained soil, severe and careless pruning, extreme variations of temperature, and excessive growth, made late in the season, when it has not sufficient time to get well ripened. Trees that are badly Cankered may often be improved by lifting, and replanting in improved or better-drained soil. Immediately the disease is detected in young trees, by the cracking of the bark or the skin of the fruits, measures should be taken to find the cause, if possible, and avert its progress. Some Pear-trees, in various localities, will not produce fruit without Canker in the open garden, but they will do so when planted against a wall; and as such may be the very best varieties, trees should be placed in the latter position. The removal of large branches, late in spring, will sometimes produce Canker, at the point where mutilation has taken place; and it may be caused by severe late pruning, which induces the growth of soft shoots that are almost certain to be injured by severe frosts. The difference in the seasons, as regards the amount of moisture, is one that can scarcely be provided against. One spring may be favourable to rapid growth, and the following may be most unfavourable, thereby arresting the natural flow of the sap until the latter part of the summer, when excessive growth will probably take place. Such checks invariably produce Canker. At times, the disease seems caused by the punctures of insects, in an early stage, on the stems or branches. In such instances, a thorough cleansing, and a smearing of quicklime, made into a wash, often proves successful. Strong tobacco water will destroy insects, and a weak solution of sulphuric acid is also fatal to lichens and mosses, which should never be allowed to obtain a footing. The chief preventatives, therefore, are: Planting in well-drained soil; avoiding the use of any rank manure, to cause excessive growth; changing the old, or adding new, soil to injured trees; careful pruning, and the encouragement of early growth in spring, and subsequent well ripening in autumn.

=CANNA= (derivation uncertain; according to some, from _cana_, the Celtic name for cane, or reed). Indian Shot. ORD. _Scitamineæ_. A large genus of stove herbaceous perennials, very extensively employed in sub-tropical and other methods of summer gardening. Flowers spathaceous; anther attached to the edge of the petal-like filament. Leaves very ornamental. Few plants are more easily grown, or more quickly propagated. Seeds of many of the finer sorts may be bought cheaply from respectable seedsmen. These should be sown in heat, in February or March. A warm house or cucumber pit is the best place for sowing the seeds, which are very hard. If soaked in tepid water for twenty-four hours, germination will be materially stimulated. A mixture of sand and leaf mould is best for them, and a covering of 1-1/2in. or 2in. of earth is not excessive. They should be sown thinly, in pans. As Cannas are gross, and have somewhat brittle roots in a young state, it is a good plan to sow the seed singly in small pots. This method preserves all the roots intact, and prevents any check in potting off or dividing the plants out of seed pans or boxes. When this is not done, the plants must be potted off singly, as soon as they have formed two leaves, 3in. pots being used for the first shift. The soil can hardly be too rich and porous. Equal parts rotted dung, loam, and sand, with a little peat, form a capital mixture for them. The plants must be kept in a growing temperature of 60deg. or so, during their earlier stages, and shifted as required into larger pots. Under proper management, the roots will fill 6in. pots by the middle or end of May. They ought not to be planted out till the end of May or the first week in June. Should fairly rich soil and a sheltered place be selected for them, they will not only grow, but flower freely during the late summer and autumn months. Cannas are also very effective indoors, either for greenhouse or room decoration. For these purposes they may be grown on in 8in., 10in., or even 12in., pots, with rich soil, and placed either in a stove, intermediate house, warm or cool conservatory, window, or room. Liberal supplies of manure water will be of very great benefit. Propagation is also effected by means of divisions; they form a root-stock very like some of the commoner and more free-growing Irises, each portion of which, with bud and roots attached, may be converted into an independent plant. The best mode of procedure is to divide the root-stock in early spring, when the pieces may be placed in 4in. pots at once; and, if plunged in a bottom heat of 60deg. or so, they will quickly resume root action and grow rapidly. They may also be propagated by division without bottom heat. Those who grow large quantities seldom put their plants in pots at all. Stored in pots or boxes for the winter, they are divided and placed singly in similar positions in the spring, and transferred from such vessels into the open air. The best open site for Cannas is in a sheltered spot, with a good depth of rich soil, and plenty of moisture. In such a position, their noble leaves are not so much injured by rough winds. After flowering, or at the end of the season, they may be lifted and stored away in boxes, or in pots of earth, in dry, frost-proof sheds, or under greenhouse stages during winter. In warm, sheltered situations, with dry bottoms, they winter safely in the open, provided their crowns are covered with 1ft. of litter or cocoa fibre refuse. But where the soil is wet and cold, or the situation bleak and unprotected, they should be lifted and stored away, as already described.

=C. Achiras variegata= (variegated Achiras).* _fl._ dark red. August. _l._ bright green, striped with white and yellow. Better adapted for indoor culture than out.

=C. Annæi= (M. Année's).* _fl._ salmon-colour, large, well formed. June. _l._ large, green, glaucescent, ovate-acute, 2ft. long by 10in. wide. Stems vigorous, stiff, sea-green. _h._ 6ft. (R. H. 1861, 470.) Of this there are many forms, the best of which are:

=C. A. discolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ rosy-yellow, few, small. Late summer. _l._ lanceolate, erect, light red, 2-1/2ft. long, 10in. wide. Stems dark red. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft.

=C. A. fulgida= (red).* _fl._ orange-red, large, well-opened. _l._ 20in. long, 6in. wide, deep purple, erect. Stems small, dark red. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft.

=C. A. rosea= (rose).* _fl._ carmine-rose colour, small, few. Late summer. _l._ 2ft. long, very narrow, pointed, erect. Stems dark green, with a reddish base, numerous. _h._ 5ft.

=C. Auguste Ferrier= (A. Ferrier's).* _fl._ orange-red, medium-sized. _l._ very large, oval, erect, pointed, deep green, with narrow stripes and margins of dark purplish-red. Stem green, very thick, downy. _h._ 10ft.

=C. aurantiaca= (orange). _fl._, segments of perianth rose-coloured outside, reddish inside; upper lip orange, lower one yellow, dotted with orange. _l._ large, broadly lanceolate, pale green; margins slightly undulated. _h._ 6-1/2ft. Brazil, 1824.

=C. Bihorelli= (Bihorell's).* _fl._ deep crimson, produced upon branching spikes in great abundance. _l._ red when young, changing to deep bronze with age. _h._ 6ft. to 7ft. One of the best.

=C. Daniel Hooibrenk.= _fl._ bright orange, large, freely produced. _l._ large, glaucous-green, acuminate, with bronzy margin. Stalks strong, green. _h._ 6ft.

=C. Depute Henon.=* _fl._ pure canary-colour, with a yellowish base, large; spikes numerous, rising gracefully above the foliage to a height of 1-1/2ft. _l._ ovate-acute, erect. _h._ 4ft.

=C. discolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ red. _l._ very large, broad, ovate-oblong; lower ones tinged with a blood-red hue; upper ones streaked with purple. Stems stout, reddish. _h._ 6ft. South America, 1872. (B. R. 1231.)

=C. edulis= (edible). _fl._ large, with purple outer segments, inner ones yellowish. _l._ broadly ovate-lanceolate, green, tinged with maroon. Stems deep purple tinged. _h._ 6ft. to 7ft. Peru, 1820. (B. R. 775.)

=C. expansa-rubra= (red-expanded).* _fl._ large, with rounded bright purple segments. _l._ very large, sometimes over 4ft. long, and nearly 2ft. broad, ovate, obtuse, spreading horizontally, dark red. Stems numerous, very thick. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft.

=C. flaccida= (flaccid). _fl._ yellow, very large, not very unlike those of the native _Iris pseudo-acorus_. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, erect. _h._ 2-1/2ft. South America, 1788. (L. B. C. 562.)

=C. gigantea= (gigantic).* _fl._ large, very ornamental, with orange-red outer, and deep purple red inner segments. Summer. _l._ about 2ft. long; petioles covered with a velvety down. _h._ 6ft. South America, 1788. (B. R. 206.)

=C. indica= (Indian).* Indian Reed. _fl._ rather large, irregular; spikes erect, with light yellow and carmine-red divisions. Summer. _l._ large, alternate, ovate-lanceolate. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. West Indies, 1570. See Fig. 359. (B. M. 454.)

=C. insignis= (magnificent). _fl._ orange-red, few, small. _l._ ovate, spreading horizontally, green, rayed and margined with purplish-red. Stems violet, downy. _h._ 3ft. to 5ft.

=C. iridiflora= (Iris-flowered). _fl._ rose, with a yellow spot on the lip; spikes slightly drooping, several emanating from the same spathe. Summer. _l._ broadly ovate-acuminate. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. Peru, 1816. (B. R. 609.)

=C. i. hybrida= (hybrid). _fl._ blood-red, very large, only properly developed when grown in a greenhouse. _l._ green, very large. Stem green, downy, somewhat reddish. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft.

=C. limbata= (bordered).* _fl._ yellowish-red, disposed in long loose spikes; spathes glaucous. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acute. _h._ 3ft. Native country uncertain, 1818. (B. R. 771.)

=C. l. major= (larger-bordered). _fl._ orange-red, large. _l._ large, lanceolate, 2-1/2ft. long, 8in. wide, spreading, deep green. Stems downy. _h._ 5ft. to 6-1/2ft.

=C. nigricans= (blackish).* _l._ coppery-red, lanceolate, acuminate, erect, 2-1/2ft. long, 10in. to 12in. broad. Stems purplish-red. _h._ 4-1/2ft. to 8ft. One of the finest kinds. _C. atro-nigricans_ has leaves of a purplish shade, passing into dark red, of a deeper hue than those of _C. nigricans_.

=C. Premices de Nice.= _fl._ bright yellow, very large. Stems and leaves like those of _C. Annæi_.

=C. Rendatleri= (Rendatler's).* _fl._ salmon-red, numerous, large. _l._ much pointed, deep green, tinged with dark red. Stems purplish-red. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft.

=C. speciosa= (showy).* _fl._ sessile, in pairs; petals two, erect, bifid; lip spotted, revolute. August. _l._ lanceolate. _h._ 3ft. Nepaul, 1820. See Fig. 360. (B. M. 2317.)

=C. Van-Houttei= (Van Houtte's).* _fl._ bright scarlet, large, very abundantly produced. _l._ lanceolate, 2ft. to 2-1/2ft. long, acuminated, green, rayed and margined with dark purplish-red.

=C. Warscewiczii= (Warscewicz's).* _fl._ with brilliant scarlet inner, and purplish outer segments. _l._ ovate-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, deeply tinged with dark purple. _h._ 3ft. Costa Rica, 1849. (B. H. 2, 48.) There are several varieties of this species, the best two are: _Chatei_, with very large dark red leaves, and _nobilis_, with deep green leaves, rayed and margined with dark red.

=C. zebrina= (zebra-striped).* _fl._ orange, small. _l._ very large, ovate, erect, deep green, passing into dark red, rayed with violet-purple. Stems dark violet-red. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft.

=CANNABINACEÆ.= This order, of which the genus _Cannabis_ (Hemp) is the type, is now merged into _Urticaceæ_.

=CANNABIS= (from the Greek word _kannabis_, used by Dioscorides, and that from Sanskrit _canam_). Hemp. ORD. _Urticaceæ_. A small genus, of but little ornamental value. Flowers racemose, diœcious. Nut two-valved, within the closed calyx. The undermentioned species is a hardy annual, of easy culture in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by seeds, sown in spring.

=C. sativa= (cultivated). _fl._ greenish. June. _l._ on long stalks; leaflets from five to seven, long, lanceolate, acuminated; margins serrated. _h._ 4ft. to 10ft., or even 20ft. India, &c. This plant is cultivated very extensively for the sake of its valuable fibre. Well-grown plants have rather an ornamental appearance during the summer months. See Fig. 361.

=CANNON-BALL TREE.= A common name for =Couroupita guianensis= (which _see_).

=CANSCORA= (from _Kansgan-Cora_, the Malabar name of _C. perfoliata_, as yet unintroduced). SYN. _Pladera_. Including _Phyllocyclus_. ORD. _Gentianeæ_. Small, erect, simple or branched, stove or greenhouse annuals. Flowers stalked or sub-sessile. Leaves opposite, sessile or amplexicaul. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a four-cleft, unequal limb; the two outer segments equal, two lower ones combined a greater distance. Stems tetragonal. _C. Parishii_ requires similar treatment to =Balsam=, and grows best in a soil to which chalk or limestone débris is added.

=C. Parishii= (Parish's). _fl._ white. _l._ opposite, perfectly connate, so that the united two apparently form an exactly orbicular leaf. _h._ 2ft. Moulmein, 1864. Greenhouse. (B. M. 5429.)

=CANTERBURY BELLS.= _See_ =Campanula Medium=.

=CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS.= _See_ =Chantarelle=.

=CANTHIUM.= A synonym of =Plectronia=.

=CANTUA= (from _Cantu_, the Peruvian name of one of the species). SYN. _Periphragmos_. ORD. _Polemoniaceæ_. Very pretty erect, branched greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers in corymbs, at the termination of the branches, rarely solitary and axillary. Leaves entire or almost pinnatifid, alternate, petiolate, elliptic, acuminated, or cuneate-oblong, glabrous, or downy on both surfaces when young. They are of easy culture in a compost of turfy loam, leaf-mould, and sand, if good drainage is allowed. Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand, under a hand glass. In the western parts of England, these plants--particularly _C. buxifolia_--thrive remarkably well in sheltered situations.

=C. bicolor= (two-coloured). _fl._ solitary; corolla with a short yellow tube and scarlet limb. May. _h._ 4ft. Peru, 1846. (B. M. 4729.)

=C. buxifolia= (Box-leaved).* _fl._, corolla pale red, straight, funnel-shaped, with a very long tube; corymbs few-flowered; peduncles tomentose. April. _l._ cuneate-oblong, mucronulate, quite entire. _h._ 4ft. Peruvian Andes, 1849. An elegant plant, having the tops of branches, calyces, and young leaves, downy. SYN. _C. dependens_. See Fig. 362. (B. M. 4582.)

=C. dependens= (hanging). Synonymous with _C. buxifolia_.

=C. pyrifolia= (Pyrus-leaved).* _fl._, corolla yellowish-white, curved; stamens twice as long as the corolla; corymbs terminal, dense-flowered. March. _l._ elliptic or obovate acute, entire or sinuate-dentate. _h._ 3ft. Peru, 1846. (B. M. 4386.)

=CAOUTCHOUC.= The elastic gummy substance known as indiarubber, which is the inspissated juice of various plants growing in tropical climates in different parts of the world; such as _Castilloa_, _Ficus elastica_, _Hevea_, various species of _Landolphia_, _Manihot_, &c., &c.

=CAPE EVERLASTING.= _See_ =Helichrysum=.

=CAPE GOOSEBERRY.= _See_ =Physalis peruviana=.

=CAPE GUM.= The gum of _Acacia Karroo_ or _A. capensis_.

=CAPE JESSAMINE.= _See_ =Gardenia florida=.

=CAPER-TREE.= _See_ =Capparis=.

=CAPILLARY.= Very slender; resembling a hair.

=CAPITATE.= Growing in a head.

=CAPITULATE.= Growing in small heads.

=CAPITULUM.= A close head of flowers; the inflorescence of Composites.

=CAPPARIDEÆ.= An order of herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Flowers clustered, or solitary; sepals four to eight, imbricate or valvate; petals four, arranged crosswise, sometimes, but rarely, five, or eight, rarely absent. Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite, stipulate or exstipulate. The order is distributed throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of both hemispheres, the frutescent species being largely represented in America. There are about twenty-three genera--the best-known being _Capparis_, _Cleome_, and _Cratæva_--and about 300 species.

=CAPPARIS= (_kapparis_, old Greek name used by Dioscorides, from Persian _kabar_, Capers). Caper-tree. ORD. _Capparideæ_. Greenhouse or stove evergreen shrubs, of considerable beauty. Calyx four-parted; petals four; stamens numerous; succeeded by a berry. They thrive best in a compost of well-drained sandy loam. Cuttings of ripe shoots will root in sand, under a hand glass, in moist heat. This genus contains about 120 species, but it is very doubtful if more than six are to be found under cultivation in this country.

=C. amygdalina= (Almond-like).* _fl._ white; peduncles axillary, compressed, corymbiferous. _l._ elliptical-oblong, narrowed towards both ends, with a callous point; upper surface smooth; under surface, as well as the branches, covered with silvery scaly dots. _h._ 6ft. West Indies, 1818. Stove.

=C. cynophallophora= (Dog-phallus bearing). _fl._ white, large, fragrant; peduncles few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. _l._ smooth, leathery, oblong, on short petiole. _h._ 8ft. to 25ft. West Indies, 1752. Stove. (R. G. 1862, 351.)

=C. odoratissima= (sweetest-scented).* _fl._ violet, sweet-scented, about the size of Myrtle, with yellow anthers; peduncles racemiferous at the top. _l._ oblong, acuminate, on long footstalks; upper surface smooth; under surface covered with little hard scales. _h._ 6ft. Caraccas, 1814. Stove.

=C. spinosa= (spiny).* Common Caper. _fl._ white, tinged with red on the outside; pedicels solitary, one-flowered. June. _l._ ovate, roundish, deciduous. _h._ 3ft. South Europe, 1596. This is an excellent greenhouse shrub, and one which we have found perfectly hardy in the southern counties of England. See Fig. 363. (B. M. 291.)

=CAPRIFOLIACEÆ.= A rather large order of shrubs or herbs, often twining. Flowers terminal, corymbose, or axillary; corolla superior, regular or irregular. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Well-known genera are: _Linnæa_, _Lonicera_, _Sambucus_, and _Viburnum_.

=CAPRIFOLIUM.= _See_ =Lonicera=.