Part 74

=C. nitida= (shining).* _fl._ blue or white, disposed in spicate racemes; corolla campanulately rotate. Summer. _l._ in rosettes, leathery, very dark and shining green, oblong, crenated; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, almost entire. Stem simple. _h._ 3in. to 9in. North America, 1731. Borders. There are also double blue and white flowered forms of this species. SYN. _C. planiflora_.

=C. nobilis= (noble).* _fl._ drooping, crowded towards the ends of the branchlets; corollas reddish-violet, or white, or cream-coloured, spotted, 3in. or more long. July. _l._ hairy; lower ones petiolate, ovate, toothed; upper ones lanceolate, nearly or quite sessile. _h._ 2ft. China, 1844. Borders. (B. R. 32, 65.) There is also a white-flowered variety.

=C. patula= (spreading). _fl._ panicled, terminal, and axillary, on long pedicels, large, erect; corollas blue or white, funnel-shaped. July. _l._, radical ones crowded, obovate, crenated; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire. Stems branched. Branches diverging. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 873.)

=C. peregrina= (foreign).* _fl._ disposed in a dense spicate raceme, sessile; corollas of a dark violet colour at the base, not so deep in the middle, and paler towards the margins, funnel-shaped. July. _l._ crenated; lower ones obovate; superior ones ovate, acute. Stem simple, angular. _h._ 2ft. Mount Lebanon, 1794. Borders. (B. M. 1257.)

=C. persicæfolia= (Peach-leaved).* _fl._ terminal and axillary, pedunculate, solitary, inclined, racemose; corollas blue and all the intermediate shades to white, large, broadly campanulate. July. _l._ glabrous, stiff, crenulated; radical ones lanceolate-obovate; cauline ones linear-lanceolate. Stems nearly simple. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 871.) The forms of _C. persicæfolia_ are very numerous in gardens. The following are well worth growing: _alba_, pure white, single-flowered; _alba coronata_, pure white, semi-double; _alba fl.-pl._, flowers very double and Camellia-like, constituting one of the best hardy flowers for cutting; _cærulea coronata_, blue, in form like the white; _cærulea fl.-pl._, flowers semi-double.

=C. phrygia= (Phrygian). _fl._, corolla bluish-violet, spreading, having the nerves more intensely coloured. July. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, crenated; lower ones obtuse, upper acute. Stem branched. Branches very naked, divaricate, each terminating in a single flower. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Mount Olympus, 1820. Rockery annual.

=C. planiflora= (flat-flowered). A synonym of _C. nitida_.

=C. Portenschlagiana= (Portenschlag's).* _fl._ light blue-purple, erect, or nearly so, bell-shaped, with spreading segments, several at the ends of the shoots, and one or two in the upper axils. June, July. _l._, radical ones broadly reniform, conspicuously but irregularly toothed, on long slender petioles; cauline ones passing from reniform to ovate. _h._ 6in. to 9in. South Europe. Rockery. SYN. _C. muralis_. (B. R. 1995.)

=C. primulæfolia= (Primula-leaved). _fl._ disposed in a spicate raceme; corolla blue or purple, with a whitish downy bottom, campanulately rotate, nearly glabrous. July. _l._ unequally and doubly crenated; radical ones lanceolate, bluntish; cauline ones ovate-oblong, acute. Stem hispid, simple. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Portugal. Borders. (B. M. 4879.)

=C. pulla= (russet).* _fl._ terminal, large for the size of the plant; corollas violaceous-blue, campanulate. June. _l._ glabrous, crenulately toothed; lower ones on short petioles, ovate-roundish; superior ones sessile, ovate, acute. Stems rarely pilose at the base. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Eastern Europe, 1779. Rockery, in rich sandy peat and leaf soil. (L. B. C. 554.)

=C. pumila= (dwarf). A synonym of _C. pusilla_.

=C. punctata= (dotted). _fl._ whitish, spotted with red on the inner surface; large, pendulous. _l._ ovate-acute, somewhat crenate. Stem simple, erect, few-flowered. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, Japan, &c. Border perennial. See Fig. 348.

=C. pusilla= (small).* _fl._ axillary and terminal at the upper part of the slender stems, pendulous, bell-shaped, passing from deep blue to white. July, August. _l._, radical ones tufted, broadly ovate or roundish, slightly cordate, obtusely serrated, on petioles longer than the laminæ; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, distinctly toothed, sessile. _h._ 4in. to 6in. Southern Europe. SYN. _C. pumila_. (B. M. 512.) There is a pale-coloured variety named _pallida_, and a pure white variety named _alba_, both of which, as well as the species, are most desirable for the embellishment of rockeries, or for planting in sandy soil as a front line for a border.

=C. pyramidalis= (pyramidal).* Chimney Bell-flower. _fl._ very numerous, pedicellate, usually three together from the same bract, the whole disposed in a large pyramidal raceme, which is loose at the base; corollas pale blue or white, with a dark base. July. _l._ glandularly toothed; lower ones petiolate, ovate-oblong, somewhat cordate; cauline ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate. Stem nearly simple, but furnished with floriferous branchlets. _h._ 4ft. to 5ft. Europe, 1596. See Figs. 349 and 350. There are several excellent varieties, but the light and dark blue and white are the best. Borders, and for pot culture.

=C. Raineri= (Rainer's).* _fl._ blue, erect; corolla turbinate. June. _l._ almost sessile, ovate, tomentose, remotely serrated; lower ones the smallest, obovate. Stems erect, firm, branched. Branches one-flowered, leafy. _h._ 2in. to 3in. Switzerland, Italy, &c., 1826. A beautiful little alpine, requiring a warm position in rich gritty soil; it must be religiously protected against slugs. (F. d. S. 1908.)

=C. ramosissima= (much-branched). _fl._, corolla with a white base; middle part or base of the lobes pale blue, and the lobes bluish-violet; peduncles long, naked, glabrous, bearing each an erect flower at the apex. June. _l._ sessile, glaucous; lower ones obovate, crenated; middle ones ovate-lanceolate; superior ones linear, entire. Stem branched. _h._ 6in. to 12in. South Europe, 1824. Annual. SYN. _C. Loreyi_. (B. M. 2581.)

=C. r. flore-albo= (white-flowered) only differs from the type in having white flowers.

=C. rapunculoides= (Rapunculus-like).* _fl._ drooping, solitary, disposed in spike-formed racemes, secund, but usually hanging on all sides in strong garden specimens; corollas bluish-violet, funnel-shaped, and bearded a little inside. June. _l._ scabrous, ovate, acuminated; radical ones petiolate, cordate, crenulated; cauline ones serrulated. Stems glabrous or scabrous, usually branched in gardens, but simple in the wild state. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 869.)

=C. r. trachelioides= (Trachelium-like). Stem and leaves, but particularly the calyx, beset with stiff white hairs.

=C. Rapunculus= (little turnip).* Rampion. _fl._ nearly sessile, or pedicellate, erect, forming a long raceme, which is branched at the base; corolla blue or white, funnel-shaped. July. _l._, lower ones obovate, on short petioles, nearly entire; cauline ones sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire. Stem simple, but sometimes furnished with a few branches towards the top. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Europe. Borders. See Fig. 351. (Sy. En. B. 872.)

=C. rhomboidalis= (rhomboidal). _fl._ usually drooping, few, disposed in loose racemes, pedunculate; corolla blue, campanulate. July. _l._ sessile, ovate, acute, serrate. Stem glabrous, or a little pilose, furnished with flower-bearing branches at top. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Europe, 1775. Border. SYN. _C. rhomboidea_. (L. B. C. 603.)

=C. rhomboidea= (diamond-leaved). A synonym of _C. rhomboidalis_.

=C. rotundifolia= (round-leaved).* Blue-bell; Hare-bell. _fl._ drooping, solitary, pedunculate, few on each stem; corolla deep blue, campanulate. June to August. _l._, radical ones petiolate, cordate roundish, crenately toothed; cauline ones linear or lanceolate. Stems numerous. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 870.)

=C. r. alba= (white).* _fl._ white, the same size as those of the type. Stems much more leafy.

=C. r. Hostii= (Host's).* _fl._ rich blue, much larger than those of the type, produced on stouter profusely branched stems. July, August. _l._, radical ones roundish only in a very early state; cauline ones linear, acuminate, sometimes 3in. to 4in. long. SYN. _C. Hostii_. See Fig. 339. There is a white-flowered form of this, not quite so vigorous as the blue-flowered form, but the flowers are equal in size.

=C. r. soldanellæflora= (Soldanella-flowered).* _fl._, corolla blue, semi-double, turbinate, with shallow marginal divisions, very acutely pointed. June. _l._ long, linear, acute, sessile. Stem simple, slender. _h._ 1ft. 1870. (R. G. 473.) All the forms of _rotundifolia_ are pretty, and suitable for the front of borders, or the rockery; rising from the crevices of the latter, with their slender stems laden with flowers, they are especially beautiful. See Fig. 352.

=C. sarmatica= (Sarmatian).* _fl._ nutant, usually secund, terminal and axillary, forming a long, loose, scattered raceme; corolla pale blue, velvety outside. July. _l._ tomentose; lower ones petiolate, cordate, rather hastate, crenately toothed; superior ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate-toothed. Stems simple, straight, downy. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Caucasus, 1803. Borders. (B. R. 237.) See Fig. 353.

=C. saxatilis= (rock). _fl._ three to five, disposed in a loose raceme; corolla blue, tubular, nutant. May. _l._ crenated; radical ones rosulate, somewhat spathulate; cauline ones ovate, acute. Stem erect. _h._ 6in. Crete, 1768. Rockery. Very rare.

=C. Scheuchzeri= (Scheuchzer's).* _fl._ dark blue, pendent, on slender stems, broadly bell-shaped. July, August. _l._, lower ones similar to those of _C. pusilla_; upper ones linear. _h._ 3in. to 6in. South European Alps, 1813. (L. B. C. 485.)

=C. Scouleri= (Scouler's). _fl._ pale blue, paniculate, bell-shaped. July, August. _l._, lower ones ovate, on long petioles, coarsely serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate. _h._ 1ft. North-west America, 1876. Rockery.

=C. sibirica= (Siberian). _fl._ panicled, numerous, drooping; corollas bluish-violet, large. July. _l._ crenulated; radical ones crowded, petiolate, obovate, obtuse; cauline ones sessile, oblong-lanceolate, undulated, acuminated. Plant beset with bristle-like hairs. Stem branched. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. East Europe, 1783. Biennial. Borders. (B. M. 659.)

=C. s. divergens= (divergent).* _fl._ violaceous, rather large, at first erect, but drooping in the expanded state; peduncles many-flowered, and, like the stem, usually trichotomous. June. _l._, radical ones sub-spathulate, crenulated, narrowed at the base; cauline ones sessile, lanceolate, acuminated. Plant pilose, panicled. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Siberia, 1814. Biennial. SYN. _C. spathulata_. (S. B. F. G. ii., 256.)

=C. spathulata= (spathulate). A synonym of _C. sibirica divergens_.

=C. speciosa= (beautiful).* _fl._ pedicellate, disposed in a pyramidal raceme; corolla blue, purple or white, 1in. long, smooth outside, but often villous inside. June, July. _l._ sessile, repandly crenated; radical ones rosulate, linear-lanceolate; cauline ones linear. Stem simple. _h._ 12in. to 18in. South-west Europe, 1820. Borders. (B. M. 2649.)

=C. spicata= (spicate). _fl._ sessile, one to three from each bract; spike long, interrupted at the base; corolla blue, funnel-shaped. July. _l._ sessile, nearly entire; radical ones crowded, linear-lanceolate; cauline ones linear, acuminated. Stem simple. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Europe, 1786. Biennial. Borders. (A. F. P. 3, 46.)

=C. stricta= (strict). _fl._ almost sessile, few, solitary, spicate; corolla blue, tubular. July. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrated, pilose. Stem branched, pilose. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Armenia, 1819. Biennial. Borders.

=C. thyrsoidea= (thyrsoid).* _fl._ disposed in a dense pyramidal spike, sessile; corolla sulphur-coloured, oblong. July. _l._ entire, pilose; lower ones lanceolate, obtuse; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, acute. Stem simple, covered with leaves and flowers. Plant pilose. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Alps of Europe, 1785. Biennial. Rockery. (B. M. 1290.) See Fig. 354.

=C. Tommasiniana= (Tommasini's).* _fl._ pale blue, tubular, slightly angled, in closely set, several-flowered, axillary cymes. July, August. _l._ nearly or quite sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, distinctly serrated, there being no difference between the lower and upper ones. Stems at first erect, ultimately drooping through the weight of the flowers. _h._ 9in. to 12in. Italy. A very handsome alpine species. (B. M. 6590.)

=C. Trachelium= (Throat-wort).* _fl._ drooping a little, one to four together, terminating the branchlets; corolla variously coloured, campanulate, bearded inside. July. _l._ scabrous, acuminated, coarsely and crenately toothed; radical ones petiolate, cordate. Stem angular, simple or branched. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 867.) There are double blue, double white, and variously shaded single forms of this species.

=C. trichocalycina= (hairy-calyxed). _fl._ disposed in an almost simple terminal raceme, approximate at the top, one to three rising from each axil, at the time of flowering erect, but afterwards drooping; corolla profoundly five-cleft, funnel-shaped. July. _l._ on short petioles, ovate, acute, coarsely serrated. Stem simple. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Europe, 1823. Borders.

=C. Van Houttei= (Van Houtte's).* _fl._ dark blue, bell-shaped, pendulous, 2in. long, axillary and terminal. July, August. _l._, lower ones roundish-cordate, crenate on long stalks; cauline ones oblong-lanceolate, sessile, serrated. _h._ 2ft. This is a very fine hybrid. Differing from it only in colour and other unimportant details is _C. Burghalti_, a handsome hybrid, found in gardens; the flowers are of a pale purple colour, very large, pendent. These are two of the best border Bell-flowers in cultivation.

=C. versicolor= (various-coloured). _fl._ disposed in long spicate racemes; corolla of a deep violaceous colour at bottom, pale in the middle, and the lobes pale violet, companulately rotate. July to September. _l._ serrated; radical ones petiolate, ovate, acute, rather cordate; cauline ones on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate, acuminated. Stems erect. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Greece, 1788. Borders. (S. F. G. 207.)

=C. Vidalii= (Vidal's). _fl._ large, racemose; corolla white, wax-like, between urceolate and campanulate, pendulous; disk singularly broad, surrounded by a thick bright orange-coloured annulus. July and August. _l._ thick and fleshy, oblong spathulate, viscid, coarsely serrated. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Azores, 1851. Perennial. Cool greenhouse or (during summer) herbaceous border. (B. M. 4748.)

=C. Waldsteiniana= (Waldstein's).* _fl._ three to four at the top of each stem, one of which is terminal, and the others from the axils of the superior leaves, always looking upwards; corollas violaceous-blue, campanulate. June. _l._ greyish, sessile, lanceolate, serrated; lower ones obtuse; superior ones long-acuminated. Stems erect, flexuous, stiff, simple, numerous from the same root. _h._ 4in. to 6in. Hungary, 1824. See Fig. 355.

=C. Wanneri= (Wanner's). A synonym of _Symphyandra Wanneri_.

=C. Zoysii= (Zoys's).* _fl._ pedicellate, drooping; corolla pale blue, with five deeper-coloured lines, cylindrical, elongated. June. _l._ entire; radical ones crowded, petiolate, ovately obovate, obtuse; cauline ones obovate-lanceolate, and linear. Plant small, tufted. _h._ 3in. Carniola, 1813. A scarce little alpine gem, thriving in a sunny chink in rich gritty soil.

=CAMPANULACEÆ.= A large order of herbs or sub-shrubs. Flowers blue or white; corolla regular, bell-shaped, usually five-lobed. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. The genus best known is _Campanula_; other genera are _Adenophora_, _Jasione_, and _Phyteuma_.

=CAMPANULATE.= Bell-shaped.

=CAMPANUMÆA= (altered from _Campanula_). ORD. _Campanulaceæ_. A genus of greenhouse herbaceous, tuberous-rooted, twining perennials. Flowers involucrated, solitary, on axillary and terminal peduncles. Leaves opposite, petiolate, glaucescent beneath. Stems and branches terete. They thrive best in a rich sandy loam, with a little peat. Propagated by seeds and divisions.

=C. gracilis= (graceful). _fl._ pale blue; corolla membranous, with a tubular base, dilated throat, and slightly expanded, truncated limb. _l._ on long petioles, ovate, blunt. Himalayas. SYN. _Codonopsis gracilis_. (C. H. P. t. xvi. A.)

=C. inflata= (inflated). _fl._ yellowish, with brownish veins; corolla herbaceous, ventricose; peduncles opposite the leaves, one-flowered. _l._ alternate, ovate-cordate, acute. Himalayas. (C. H. P. t. xvi. C.)

=C. javanica= (Javan). _fl._ yellowish, with brownish veins; corolla herbaceous, very broadly campanulate, with five spreading lobes. _l._ variable, opposite and alternate, ovate-cordate, crenate. Himalayas. (C. H. P. t. xvi. B.)

=CAMPEACHY WOOD=, or =LOGWOOD=. _See_ =Hæmatoxylon campechianum=.

=CAMPHORA= (Camphor, commercial name of its chief product). Camphor-tree. ORD. _Laurineæ_. Cool stove evergreen trees, now referred to _Cinnamomum_. The true Camphor of commerce is a product of the oil procured from the wood, branches, and leaves of this tree, by means of dry distillation. The species thrives in a compost of peat and loam, and may be propagated by cuttings.

=C. officinalis= (officinal). _fl._ greenish-white. March to June. _l._ triple-nerved, lanceolate, ovate. _h._ 20ft. Japan, 1727. SYN. _Cinnamomum Camphora_.

=CAMPHOR-TREE.= _See_ =Camphora=.

=CAMPION.= _See_ =Silene=.

=CAMPION, MOSS.= _See_ =Silene acaulis=.

=CAMPION, ROSE.= _See_ =Lychnis=.

=CAMPSIDIUM= (from _kampsis_, a curving). ORD. _Bignoniaceæ_. A small genus, the best-known (perhaps the only) species being a handsome greenhouse climber. For culture, _see_ =Bignonia=.

=C. chilense= (Chilian). Pipil Boqui. _fl._ rich orange colour; corolla tubular, almost regular; anthers parallel. _l._ pinnate, dark shining green. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. Chili. (G. C. 1870, 1182.)

=CAMPTERIA.= Included under =Pteris= (which _see_).

=CAMPTODIUM.= _See_ =Nephrodium=.

=CAMPTOPUS= (from _kamptos_, curved, and _pous_, a foot; the flower-stalk is curved downwardly). ORD. _Rubiaceæ_. A curious shrub, now referred to _Cephaelis_. It requires a most stove temperature. Cuttings will root in sandy loam, under a hand glass, in bottom heat.

=C. Mannii= (Mann's). _fl._ white, numerously produced in subglobose, compound heads; peduncles stout, scarlet, drooping, from 12in. to 18in. long. Summer. _l._ large, opposite, obovate or obovate-lanceolate, glabrous, coriaceous; midrib thick, red beneath. _h._ 15ft. Fernando Po, 1863. (B. M. 5755.)

=CAMPTOSORUS.= _See_ =Scolopendrium=.

=CAMPYLANTHERA.= A synonym of =Pronaya=.

=CAMPYLIA.= Included under =Pelargonium=.

=CAMPYLOBOTRYS.= _See_ =Hoffmannia=.

=CAMPYLONEURON.= _See_ Polypodium.

=CAMWOOD.= _See_ =Baphia=.

=CANADA BALSAM.= _See_ =Abies balsamea=.

=CANADA RICE.= _See_ =Zizania aquatica=.

=CANADA TEA.= _See_ =Gaultheria procumbens=.

=CANALICULATE.= Channelled, or furrowed.

=CANARINA= (so named from its habitat). SYN. _Pernettya_ (of Scopoli). ORD. _Campanulaceæ_. A beautiful, glaucescent, greenhouse, herbaceous perennial. It thrives in a compost of loam, leaf mould, thoroughly decomposed manure, and sand, in equal parts; ample root space and perfect drainage are essential, and when new growth commences, a little extra heat will considerably accelerate the development of the flowers. Water should be liberally supplied during the growing season. The plant may be propagated by divisions when repotting, in January; or by young cuttings, inserted in sandy soil, in a gentle warmth.

=C. Campanula= (bell-shaped).* _fl._ of a yellowish purple or orange colour, with red nerves, drooping, solitary, terminating axillary branchlets; corolla six-lobed at the apex, large, campanulate. January to March. _l._ opposite, hastately sub-cordate, irregularly toothed. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Canary Islands, 1696. (B. M. 444.)

=CANARIUM= (from _Canari_, its vernacular name in the Malay language). ORD. _Burseraceæ_. A rather large genus of stove trees. Flowers small, in axillary panicles; petals usually three, valvate, or slightly imbricate in the bud. Drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, often three-angled. Leaves large, impari-pinnate. For culture, _see_ =Boswellia=.

=C. commune= (common). _fl._ white, glomerate, nearly sessile, bracteate; panicle terminal. _l._, leaflets seven to nine, on long stalks, ovate-oblong, bluntly acuminated, entire. India. The fruit has a thin olive skin, and when the nuts are mature, they contain a sweet kernel, which does not become rancid, and resembles a Sweet Chestnut; they are also used for various economic purposes. (B. M. Pl. 61.)

=CANARY-BIRD FLOWER.= _See_ =Tropæolum peregrinum=.

=CANAVALIA= (from _Canavali_, the name of one of the species in Malabar). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A genus of elegant twining or climbing stove herbs or subshrubs. Flowers in racemes, produced from the axils of the leaves; calyx bell-shaped, two-lipped; corolla papilionaceous. Leaves trifoliate. They are well adapted for training up the rafters in a stove or warm greenhouse. For culture, _see_ =Dolichos=.

=C. bonariensis= (Buenos Ayrean). _fl._ purple; racemes drooping, longer than the leaves. July and August. _l._, leaflets ovate, obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous. Buenos Ayres, 1824. (B. R. 1199.)

=C. ensiformis= (ensiform).* _fl._ white, red, pendulous; racemes longer than the leaves. June. _l._, leaflets ovate, acute. India, 1790. SYN. _C. gladiata_. (B. M. 4027.)

=C. gladiata= (sword-podded). Synonymous with _C. ensiformis_.

=C. obtusifolia= (obtuse-leaved). _fl._ purple. July, August. _l._, leaflets ovate obtuse. Malabar, 1820.

=CANBIA= (named in honour of W. M. Canby, of Wilmington, Delaware). ORD. _Papaveraceæ_. A monotypic genus, remarkable for its persistent (not caducous) corolla. Sepals three, caducous; petals six, barely 1/6in. in length; stamens six to nine.

=B. candida= (glossy white). _fl._ white, solitary, on little scapes. _l._ alternate, linear, entire. _h._ about 1in. Discovered in sandy soil in South-east California, in 1876. See Fig. 356.

=CANCELLATE.= Latticed; resembling lattice-work.