Part 72

=CALYCOPHYLLUM= (from _kalyx_, a calyx, and _phyllon_, a leaf; in allusion to one of the teeth of the calyx being expanded into a large petiolate coloured leaf). ORD. _Rubiaceæ_. Stove evergreen shrubs, requiring a compost of loam, peat, and a little sand and charcoal. Cuttings of half ripe shoots will root in sand if placed under a bell glass, in bottom heat.

=C. candidissimum= (whitest).* _fl._, corolla white, campanulate, with a bearded throat, three together, the middle one bearing a petiolate leaf, but the two lateral ones naked; corymbs terminal. _l._ ovate, bluntly acuminated, 2in. to 3in. long. _h._ 30ft. Cuba, 1830.

=CALYCOTOME= (from _kalyx_, _kalykos_, calyx, and _tome_, a section; lips of calyx fall off). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A small genus of hardy, divaricately-branched, spiny shrubs, formerly included as a section of _Cytisus_. Flowers yellow, disposed in short branched leafy fasicles. For culture, _see_ =Cytisus=.

=C. spinosa= (spiny). _fl._ yellow. June and July. _l._, leaflets obovate-oblong. Branches angular, spiny. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. Genoa, Corsica, &c., 1846. (B. R. 55.)

=CALYCULATE.= Having bracts so placed as to resemble an external or additional calyx.

=CALYMMODON.= _See_ =Polypodium=.

=CALYPSO= (from the beautiful nymph, _Calypso_, or from Greek _kalypto_, to conceal; in reference to its place of growth). ORD. _Orchideæ_. An elegant terrestrial monotypic genus. It thrives well in half-shady spots on the margins of a rock garden or artificial bog, in a light, moist, vegetable soil, composed of peat, leaf soil, and sand, mulched with cocoa-nut fibre refuse in winter. Propagated by offsets.

=C. borealis= (Northern).* _fl._ solitary, delicate rose and brown, with a yellow crest on the lip; labellum longer than the sepals, the lateral lobes cohering in their upper part over the saccate central one, which is usually bifid at the tip, resembling those of a Cypripedium. Summer. _l._ solitary, thin, many-nerved, ovate or cordate. Stems usually thickening into pseudo-bulbs. _h._ 1ft. High latitudes of Northern hemisphere, 1820. (B. M. 2763.)

=CALYPTRA.= Literally an extinguisher; applied to the hood which covers the theca in mosses.

=CALYPTRANTHES= (from _kalyptra_, a covering, and _anthos_, a flower; in allusion to the operculum of the flower). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. Strong-growing stove evergreen shrubs or small trees. Peduncles axillary, many-flowered. Leaves feather-veined. They are of easy culture, in a compost of loam and peat, and may be propagated by layers, or by cuttings, placed in heat.

=C. Chytraculia= (Chytraculia). _fl._ white, small, glomerate; peduncles axillary and terminal, trichotomous, panicled, and are, as well as the flowers, clothed with rufous velvety down. March. _l._ ovate, attenuated at the apex, stiffish, glabrous. _h._ 10ft. Jamaica, 1778. (N. S. 1, 26.)

=C. Syzygium= (Syzygium). _fl._ white, on short pedicels; peduncles axillary, trichotomous, many-flowered. May to July. _l._ ovate, obtuse, stiff. _h._ 10ft. to 12ft. Jamaica, 1779.

=CALYPTRARIA.= _See_ =Centronia=.

=CALYPTRATE.= Resembling an extinguisher.

=CALYPTRIFORM.= Shaped like an extinguisher.

=CALYPTRION.= _See_ =Corynostylis=.

=CALYPTROCALYX= (from _kalyptra_, an extinguisher, and _kalyx_, a calyx, in allusion to the form of the outer perianth segments). ORD. _Palmeæ_. A monotypic genus of stove palms. For culture, _see_ =Calamus=.

=C. spicatus= (spiked). _fl._, spadices elongated, spicate, leafy at base; spathe opening longitudinally. _l._ terminal, pinnatisect; segments reduplicate, linear, acuminate, bifid at the apex; petiole fibrous at the base. Caudex finally smooth. _h._ 12ft. Moluccas. SYNS. _Areca_ and _Pinanga globosa_.

=CALYPTROGYNE= (from _kalyptra_, an extinguisher, and _gyne_, a woman--pistil--in allusion to the form of the pistil). Including _Calyptronoma_. ORD. _Palmeæ_. A small genus comprising five species of handsome stove palms, allied to _Geonoma_ (which _see_ for cultivation).

=C. Ghiesbreghtiana= (Ghiesbreght's). _fl._, peduncles erect, overtopping the leaves, bearing a single cylindrical, undivided spadix, 9in. to 12in. in length. _l._ pinnate, 2ft. to 5ft. long; pinnæ opposite or alternate, sessile, of unequal breadth, the narrower ones one to two-nerved, the broader ones six to ten-nerved, usually from six to twelve on each side of the rachis; the intervals between the pinnæ vary from 1in. to 2in.; petiole broadly sheathing at the base, from a few inches to 1-1/2ft. long. Stem short or absent. Mexico. A very elegant dwarf-growing species. SYNS. _Geonoma Ghiesbreghtiana_, _G. magnifica_ and _G. Verschaffeltii_. (B. M. 5782.)

=C. spicigera= (ear-bearing). _l._ irregularly pinnate, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. broad, deeply bifid at apex, rich bright green; petioles short, sheathing at the base, flat on the upper side, rounded below. Stems stout. _h._ 5ft. Guatemala. A very elegant species.

=C. Swartzii= (Swartz's). _l._ equally pinnatisect; pinnæ deeply reduplicate at the base, bifid at the top. Trunk smooth. _h._ 50ft. to 60ft. Jamaica, 1878. A handsome plant when young, and useful for general decorative purposes. SYN. _Calyptronoma Swartzii_.

=CALYPTRONOMA SWARTZII.= _See_ =Calyptrogyne Swartzii=.

=CALYSTEGIA= (from _kalyx_, a calyx, and _stege_, a covering; in reference to the two large persistent bracts enclosing the calyx). Bearbind. ORD. _Convolvulaceæ_. Hardy, glabrous, twining or prostrate herbs. Peduncles solitary, one-flowered; corolla campanulate, five-plicate. All the species are of easy cultivation in common garden soil. Propagation may be effected by dividing the plants; or by seeds, sown in spring.

=C. dahurica= (Dahurian).* _fl._, corolla of a rosy-purple; sepals lanceolate, acute, the two outer ones broadest; peduncles tetragonal, tomentose; bracts broad-ovate, acute, longer than the calyx. July. _l._ glabrous or hairy, oblong-cordate, having the margins and nerves on the under side tomentose. Dahuria, 1826. (B. M. 2609.)

=C. inflata= (inflated). Synonymous with _C. sepium incarnata_.

=C. pubescens flore-pleno= (downy, double-flowered).* _fl._ 2in. to 3in. across; petals long, narrow, wavy, and reflexed, flesh-colour, but ultimately bright rose; pedicels 2-1/2in. to 3-1/2in. long. Summer and autumn. _l._ alternate, hastate, downy. China, 1844. See Fig. 334.

=C. sepium= (hedge). Common Bindweed. _fl._ white, sometimes tinged with red; peduncles tetragonal, exceeding the petioles; bracts cordate, keeled, acute, longer than the calyx, but one-half shorter than the corolla. Summer. _l._ sagittate or cordate, very acute; hind lobes obtuse, or truncate, entire. Britain. A very troublesome weed. (Sy. En. B. 924.) There is a variety named _incarnata_, with rose-coloured flowers. North America. SYN. _C. inflata_. (B. M. 732.)

=C. Soldanella= (Soldanella-like).* Sea Bells. _fl._ pale red, with five longitudinal, yellowish plaits, large; peduncles angular, angles winged; bracts large, ovate, blunt, mucronate, generally shorter than the calyx. June. _l._ rather fleshy, reniform, entire or a little angular. Sea-shores, Britain. This pretty species can only be grown with success in a very sandy soil. (Sy. En. B. 925.)

=CALYTHRIX= (from _kalyx_, a calyx, and _thrix_, a hair; in reference to the lobes of the calyx, which each end in a long hair). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. A genus of very pretty and interesting greenhouse Heath-like shrubs, natives of Australia. Flowers small; bracteoles two under each flower; they are either free or joined together at the base, sometimes in the form of an operculum. Leaves scattered, crowded, opposite, full of dots, axillary, solitary, almost sessile. They grow well in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, with good drainage and firm potting. Cuttings, made from young shoots, will root in April or May, if placed in sand, under a bell glass, in a cool house.

=C. ericoides= (Heath-like). A synonym of _C. tetragona_.

=C. glabra= (glabrous). A synonym of _C. tetragona_.

=C. tetragona= (tetragonal).* _fl._ white; bracts one-half shorter than the tube of the calyx. _l._ scattered, petiolate, glabrous; stipules deciduous. _h._ 2ft. 1825. SYNS. _C. ericoides_, _C. glabra_. (B. R. 409.)

_C. angulata_, _aurea_, and _breviseta_ are other species which have been introduced, but are not worth house room when that described above is grown.

=CALYX.= The external whorl of floral leaves.

=CAMARIDIUM= (from _kamara_, an arched roof; in reference to the arched tip of the stigma). ORD. _Orchideæ_. A pretty stove orchid, allied to _Cymbidium_. It thrives best if grown in a shallow basket, or raised above the surface of the pots with sphagnum and broken pots.

=C. ochroleucum= (yellowish-white).* _fl._ yellowish-white. July. _l._ ligulate. Pseudo-bulbs oblong, compressed, smooth. _h._ 1ft. Trinidad, 1823. SYN. _Cymbidium ochroleucum_. (B. M. 4141.)

=CAMAROTIS.= _See_ =Sarcochilus=.

=CAMASSIA= (from _Quamash_, so called by the North American Indians, who eat the bulbs). SYN. _Sitocodium_. ORD. _Liliaceæ_. A small genus (two species) of handsome bulbous plants. Perianth of six segments, slightly connected at base, and spreading out horizontally, but not equally. Leaves narrow, about 1ft. long, grooved down the inside. They thrive best in a sheltered, partially-shaded situation, but will do fairly well in almost any ordinary good garden soil. A compost of loam and leaf mould, with a liberal mixture of sharp sand, suits them best. They need not be disturbed for several years; but a top-dressing of rich soil or well-rotted manure may be given yearly. Propagated by offsets and seeds. The plants are so hardy that they ripen seeds in warm situations. These may be sown as soon as ripe, or the following spring, either in a warm situation out of doors, or in pots or boxes, under glass. The young plants make rapid progress, and should remain for at least two years in the seed beds. The best time for final transplanting is in February. Offsets are produced very freely, and should be removed either when in a dormant condition, or just previously to starting into fresh growth, and arranged in clumps or lines, placing a little sand about them.

=C. esculenta= (edible).* Camash or Quamash. _fl._ blue, about 2in. across; racemes loose, ten to twenty-flowered, borne on stout scapes; perianth six-cleft, the five upper segments close together, the sixth standing by itself. Summer. _l._ linear, about 1ft. high. Columbia, &c., 1837. The colour of the flowers varies from a deep blue to nearly white. See Fig. 335. (B. R. 1486.) The white-flowered form is figured in B. M. 2774, under the name of _Scilla esculenta flore albo_.

=C. e. Leichtlini= (Leichtlin's).* _fl._ creamy-white, larger than those of the type, with more numerous nerves in the keel of the segments of the perianth; racemes longer, and sometimes compound. Spring. _h._ 2ft. Columbia, 1853. This also differs from the type in its more robust habit and broader leaves. SYN. _Chlorogalum Leichtlini_. (B. M. 6287.)

=C. Fraseri= (Fraser's).* _fl._ pale blue, smaller than those of _C. esculenta_; pedicels and scape much more slender. _l._ narrow, acute; capsule more acutely angled. _h._ 1ft. Eastern States of North America. A smaller and more slender plant. (B. M. 1574, as _Scilla esculenta_.)

=CAMBESSEDESIA= (named after James Cambessedes, coadjutor of Auguste St. Hilaire, in his "Flora Brasiliæ Meridionalis," and author of several botanical memoirs). ORD. _Melastomaceæ_. A genus of elegant, erect, or ascending, dichotomously branched stove shrubs or herbaceous plants. Flowers terminal and axillary, in paniculate cymes; petals five, obovate; calyx bell-shaped. Leaves sessile, opposite or verticillate, obovate, oblong or linear. They thrive best in a compost of peat and sand. Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, which root freely in a similar mixture, if placed in heat and under a hand glass. There are about eight species known to science, but probably that mentioned below is the only one in cultivation.

=C. paraguayensis= (Paraguay). _fl._ rose-red, 2/3in. in diameter, in terminal corymbose, glandular, hairy panicles. July. _l._ nearly 1in. long, sessile, ovate, acute, three-nerved, pale green, with entire ciliate margins. Stem annual, herbaceous, leafy. _h._ 10in. to 18in. 1880. (B. M. 6604.)

=CAMBIUM.= The formative fluid found between the bark and wood of Exogens, in spring.

=CAMBUY FRUIT.= _See_ =Eugenia=.

=CAMELLIA= (named in honour of George Joseph Camellus or Kamel, a Moravian Jesuit and traveller in Asia, who wrote a history of the plants of the Isle of Luzon, which is inserted in the third vol. of John Ray's "Historia Plantarum"). Japanese Rose. Including _Thea._ ORD. _Ternstrœmiaceæ_. A genus of elegant hardy or nearly hardy evergreen shrubs or trees. Flowers large; sepals five or six, gradually passing from bracts into petals, the latter slightly cohering at the base; stamens numerous. Leaves coriaceous. By close attention to a few particulars in the management of these beautiful plants, much disappointment may be avoided, and a succession of flowers obtained from October till the following July. The fact of the buds frequently dropping off, deters many would-be growers from attempting the culture of the Camellia. Dryness of the atmosphere, and want of water at the roots, are generally the primary causes of failure; the remedy for these evils rests with the cultivator. The roots are apt to get matted together, compressing the earth around them into a hard ball, impervious to water; hence attention is necessary to see that the water poured into the pot thoroughly moistens all the soil. In order to form handsome plants, they should be trained with single stems to rods, and pruned, so as to make them throw out side branches from every part of the stem; they must not be placed too close to each other on the stage, or when planted out. A liberal supply of water is always necessary, but especially so during the flowering period. Plants that are required to flower early may remain in the warm house till they commence to blossom, when they should be removed to a cold place, such as the back of a greenhouse, giving them plenty of light. Those kept in a hothouse or vinery during summer, will flower in the beginning or middle of October; and a large plant, having from fifty to one hundred buds, will continue in flower till the month of January. Those that are removed early, will blossom in January, and so succeed the others. The plants that have finished flowering should be brought back to the hothouse, where they will begin to make new wood, and be ready to come in succession next season. By thus shifting the plants from a warm to a cold situation, a regular succession will be secured from October to July. The soil should be kept constantly moist, and in the summer months the leaves occasionally syringed. Camellias flower best when kept in small pots or tubs. In order to raise and exhibit these handsome plants to the best advantage, they should be grown in a separate house, of ample height, as they never look so well as when 6ft. or 8ft. high, trained in a conical form, with branches from the root upwards; and the plants should be raised near to the glass on a movable stage, which should be lowered as they grow. In summer, they may either be placed in the open air in a sheltered spot, or the glass roof of the house can be taken off. The hardier sorts, such as the Double-red, Blush, and Pæony-flowered, succeed in the bed or border of a conservatory, if the roof can be taken off in summer, so as to admit air. If this cannot be managed, they are better grown in portable pots or boxes. The most suitable time for shifting Camellias is directly after flowering; they should then be put into a vinery or hothouse, where there is a little heat; or the warmest part of a greenhouse. They will soon begin to make new wood, where they should be allowed to remain, amply supplied with water, till they form their flower buds, at the extremity and sides of the young growth. A few should then be removed to a cold place, and shaded during strong sunshine. In a few weeks afterwards, others may also be transferred, so as to have a regular succession of flowering plants.

_Propagation._ The red Camellias are generally propagated by layers, but cuttings will also succeed; the single red Camellia being raised by either cuttings, layers, or seeds. This latter forms suitable stocks on which to inarch or graft the rarer kinds. The ripened shoots of the preceding summer should be taken off in August, cutting them smoothly at a joint or bud. Two or three of the lower leaves should be taken off, and the cuttings planted firmly in the soil with a dibble. Some growers use peat earth and sand to strike in, while others prefer a loam mixed with sand and peat. The pans containing the cuttings should be kept in a plant or cold frame, without being covered with glasses, but shaded during powerful sunshine. In the following spring, such as have struck will begin to push, when they need to be placed in a gentle heat. The following September or October, the rooted plants will be fit to pot off, and in the second or third spring they may be used as stocks. Inarching or grafting is done in early spring, as soon as growth commences. When this process is completed, care must be taken to fix the pot containing the stock so that it may not be disturbed during the connection of the scion with the parent plant. The grafting being clayed over, is then covered with moss, to prevent its cracking. When independent grafting is resorted to, the mode called "side grafting" is generally employed, as in the case of Orange-trees; but the operation of tongueing is generally omitted, as tending to weaken the stock. Liquid or other manure is not required; nor is it desirable to apply it, as it often, sooner or later, causes the destruction of the plants. As a rule, insects do not trouble this class of plants; but scale will sometimes appear, and can easily be removed by hand. Thrips occasionally put in an appearance, but a little smoke will quickly get rid of them.

=C. euryoides= (Eurya-like). _fl._ white; peduncles lateral, one-flowered, scaly. May to July. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrated, silky beneath. Branches hairy. _h._ 4ft. China, 1822. (B. R. 983.)

=C. japonica= (Japanese).* Common Camellia. _fl._ variously coloured, axillary, sessile. _l._ ovate, acuminate, acutely serrated. _h._ 20ft. Japan and China, 1739. The innumerable hybrids are chiefly the offspring of this species. See Fig. 336.

=C. j. anemonæflora= (Anemone-flowered). All, or nearly all, the stamens, &c., in this variety are transformed into small petaloid bodies, and the flower has the general aspect of a double Anemone. See Fig. 337. (B. M. 1654.)

=C. oleifera= (oil-yielding).* _fl._ white, very numerous, fragrant, solitary. November. _l._ elliptic-oblong, acute, serrated, coriaceous, shining. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. China, 1820. See Fig. 338. (B. R. 942.)

=C. reticulata= (netted-leaved). _fl._ bright rose, large, semi-double. l. oblong, acuminated, serrated, flat, reticulated. _h._ 10ft. China, 1824. There is a form of this species with full double flowers.

=C. theifera= (Tea-bearing). _fl._ white, spreading, of five sepals and five petals, axillary. November to spring. _l._ elliptical-oblong, obtuse, serrated, more than twice as long as broad, dark green. _h._ 2ft. to 6ft. China, Japan, and India, 1780. This species varies very considerably. In different countries, it has become modified by cultivation. The Green and Black Teas, formerly supposed to be produced by different species, are obtained from the same bushes, but subjected to different processes.

Less-known species are: _drupifera_, _lanceolata_, _rosæflora_, and _Sasanqua_.

The true species are rarely seen in cultivation. The following is a selection of the best forms of _C. japonica_; the list is a limited one, and is capable of great extension: