Part 71

=C. speciosus= (showy).* _fl._ scarlet; calyx villous. March to July. _l._ lanceolate, mucronate, flat, middle nerve rather prominent; when young, rather silky from adpressed villi, and reddish. _h._ 5ft. to 10ft. West Australia, 1823. SYN. _Metrosideros speciosa_. See Fig. 327. (B. M. 1761.)

=CALLISTEPHUS= (from _kallistos_, most beautiful, and _stephos_, a crown; in allusion to the appendages on the ripe fruit). China Aster. SYN. _Callistemma_. ORD. _Compositæ_. A hardy annual, requiring an open situation and a rich loamy soil. Involucre of many fringed bracts; receptacle naked, pitted; pappus double. Propagated by seed, sown in a hotbed in March, the seedlings being hardened off and transplanted in May. For culture of these much grown plants and their varieties, _see_ =Aster=.

=C. chinensis= (Chinese).* _fl-heads_ dark purple. July. _l._ ovate, coarsely toothed, stalked; stem ones sessile, cuneate at the base. Stem hispid. Branches with single heads. _h._ 2ft. China, 1731. See Fig. 328.

=CALLITRIS= (probably altered from _kallistos_, most beautiful; referring to the whole plant). ORD. _Coniferæ_. SYN. _Frenela_. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs or small trees, with long, very slender-jointed branches, and often very minute, scale-like, persistent leaves. Flowers monœcious. Fruit globular, composed of four to six--rarely eight—-unequal, woody, valvate scales, with one or two seeds at the base of each. All the species are somewhat tender, in England, except in the more southern districts. They require a sandy loam compost. Propagated by cuttings, inserted under a handlight in autumn, and protected by a cold pit; or by seeds.

=C. quadrivalvis= (four valved). Arar-tree; Sandarach Gum-tree. _fl._, female catkin tetragonal, with four oval valves, each furnished with a point, and two of which bear seeds. February to May. _l._ flattened, articulate. _h._ 15ft. to 20ft. Barbary, 1815.

=CALLIXENE.= _See_ =Luzuriaga=.

=CALLOSE.= Callous, hardened.

=CALLOUSLY-GLANDULAR.= Having hardened glands.

=CALLOUSLY-SERRATED.= Having hardened serratures.

=CALLUNA= (from _kalluno_, to sweep, from the use of the plant in brooms). Common Ling; Heather. ORD. _Ericaceæ_. A small hardy spreading shrub, very common throughout Northern and Central Europe. Corolla campanulate, four-lobed, shorter than the calyx. For culture, _see_ =Erica=.

=C. vulgaris= (common).* _fl._ disposed in long, terminal, spicate racemes. July to September. _l._ trigonal, obtuse, very short, imbricating in four rows, having the margins revolute and the base sagittate. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Britain. There are numerous very ornamental varieties of this species, which are admirably adapted for planting in borders and clumps. The white-flowered (_alba_, _Serlii_, and _Hammondi_), flesh-coloured (_carnea_), and double-flowered varieties (_fl.-pl._) are all well worth growing in shrubberies; _aurea_ and _argentea_, with gold and silver coloured shoots, are also very ornamental. The value of the common form can scarcely be over-estimated for planting on barren hill sides or spaces; it affords excellent shelter for game, and food for bees.

=CALLUS.= The new formation at the end of a cutting before it puts forth roots; when the Callus is formed, it shows that the cutting is in a healthy state.

=CALOCHILUS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _cheilos_, a lip; referring to the beauty of the labellum or lip). ORD. _Orchideæ_. Interesting greenhouse terrestrial tuberous-rooted orchids, allied to _Epipactis_. Sepals yellowish-green; lip purple, covered with rich brown hairs. For culture, _see_ =Bletia=.

=C. campestris= (field). _fl._ greenish and brown. April to June. _l._ narrow, oblong, pointed. Stem leafy, slender, terete. _h._ 9in. Australia, 1824. (B. M. 3187.)

=C. paludosus= (marsh).* _fl._ very similar in colour to those of _C. campestris_, but rather larger. May and June. _l._ rather broader. _h._ 9in. Australia, 1823. (F. A. O., part 4.)

=CALOCHORTUS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _chortos_, grass; referring to the leaves). Mariposa Lily. ORD. _Liliaceæ_. Handsome bulbous plants. Flowers showy, on erect scapes; perianth deciduous; three outer segments sepaloid, three inner ones much larger and broader, and bearded on the inside. Leaves ensiform. Bulbs tunicated. These have not, hitherto, been generally grown in the open air with much success; but in warm localities and sheltered positions, they may be flowered outside. A frame, in a sunny situation, is the best possible place for their cultivation. Here they may be fully exposed to the sun and air, during mild weather, through the winter; and, when expedient, they may be protected from excessive moisture, as that is the primary cause of failure, rather than cold, for they are perfectly hardy, and capable of enduring all the frost we are likely to get. From May onwards, the lights might be wholly removed. From the end of June to August, the bulbs will be in bloom, when, if necessary, the flowers should be fertilised to secure seed; and when the capsules are forming, material assistance would be given by placing the lights on again, allowing plenty of air. Assuming that fresh bulbs are being planted, they should be in the soil early in the autumn, as nothing is more prejudicial than keeping them dry through the winter. A good depth of soil should be provided, composed of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and sand, in equal proportions, in a well-drained position. The bulbs must be planted 3in. deep, and some sand placed about them; they may be left undisturbed for years. Of course, where no frame can be provided, they may be planted in a well-drained, sunny position in the same soil. They are also easily managed in pots, but it is necessary to pot in the autumn, and keep in a frame. Through the winter, they must never be allowed to get dry, until the leaves are withering in the autumn, when water may be withheld.

_Propagation._ This may be effected by seeds or offsets, and by the tiny bulbs frequently produced on the upper portion of the stem. Sow seeds in pans, in a cool house or frame, as soon as ripe, or in the early part of the year, and keep the plants close to the glass during their early stages, as they are very liable to damp off. Sow thinly, so as to enable the young plants to pass a second season in the seed pots or pans. Early in the third season, pot off and plant out singly, encouraging them to grow freely. Propagation by offsets is the most usual method. With liberal treatment, most of the species increase pretty freely. The offsets are best removed when the plants are in a dormant state. They may be either grown in pots or pans, or planted out in pits or frames, until they reach flowering size. During the season of rest, it is the safest plan, with those in pots, to keep them in the earth in which they were grown.

=C. albus= (white).* _fl._ snow-white, with a rich blotch, bearded and ciliated, large, globose, pendent; umbels many-flowered, on stems from 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. high. California, 1832. This handsome species is rare. SYN. _Cyclobothra alba_. (B. R. 1661.)

=C. Benthami= (Bentham's).* _fl._ rich yellow; petals obtuse, densely covered with yellow hairs; stem three to six-flowered. July, August. _l._ linear, much elongated. _h._ 4in. to 8in. Sierra Nevada. SYN. _C. elègans lutea_.

=C. cœruleus= (bluish).* _fl._ lilac, more or less lined and dotted with dark blue, the petals covered and fringed with slender hairs; stem two to five-flowered. July. _l._ solitary, linear. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Sierra Nevada.

=C. elegans= (elegant).* _fl._ greenish-white, purplish at base; stems three-flowered; petals not ciliate on the margin, or sparingly so. June. _h._ 8in. California, 1826. This is a rare species.

=C. e. lutea= (yellow). A synonym of _C. Benthami_.

=C. Gunnisoni= (Gunnison's).* _fl._ light lilac, yellowish-green below the middle, with a purple band encircling the base of the perianth; large, 2in. to 3in. in diameter. Rocky Mountains.

=C. Leichtlinii= (Leichtlin's). A synonym of _C. Nuttallii_.

=C. lilacinus= (lilac).* _fl._ pale pink, hairy below the middle, 1-1/2in. across, with three segments narrow and three broad; scape slender, leafy, bearing one to five flowers. _l._ solitary, narrow lanceolate, radical. _h._ 6in. to 8in. California, 1868. SYN. _C. umbellatus_. (B. M. 5804, under the name of _C. uniflorus_.)

=C. luteus= (yellow).* _fl._ terminal, two or three together; exterior segments of the perianth greenish; the inner yellow, bordered with purple hairs. September. _h._ 1ft. California, 1831. (B. R. 1567.)

=C. l. oculatus= (eyed). _fl._ very charming bright yellow, with a bold eye on the inside of each petal.

=C. macrocarpus= (large-capsuled). _fl._ very large, lavender-coloured, on stems 1ft. high. August. California, 1826. (B. R. 1152.)

=C. Maweanus= (Mawe's). _fl._, sepals purplish, broadly obovate acute; petals white or bluish-purple, longer than the sepals, the surfaces more or less covered with long purplish hairs. June, July. _l._ glaucous, linear. Stem three to six-flowered. _h._ 6in. to 10in. San Francisco, &c. (B. M. 5976, figured under the name of _C. elegans_.)

=C. Nuttallii= (Nuttall's).* _fl._ large, 2-1/2in. across; the three smaller segments of the perianth of a greenish colour streaked with red; the three larger segments pure white, with a purple spot at the base on the inner surface; two or three flowers on a stalk. June. _l._ linear, glaucous. _h._ 6in. California, 1869. SYN. _C. Leichtlinii_. (B. M. 5862.)

=C. pulchellus= (beautiful).* _fl._ bright yellow, globular, drooping; umbels three to five-flowered, on stems from 10in. to 12in. high. Summer. California, 1832. A lovely species. (B. R. 1662.) SYN. _Cyclobothra pulchella_.

=C. purpureus= (purple).* _fl._, outer segments of the perianth green and purple outside and yellow within; inner segments purple outside and yellow within. August. _h._ 3ft. Mexico, 1827. (S. B. F. G. ser. ii., 20.)

=C. splendens= (splendid).* _fl._ clear lilac, large. August. _h._ 1-1/2ft. California, 1832. (B. R. 1676.)

=C. umbellatus= (umbelled). A synonym of _C. lilacinus_.

=C. venustus= (charming).* _fl._ large, white, nearly 3in. in diameter, yellow at the base, deeply stained with crimson, and blotched on each segment with crimson. _h._ 1-1/2ft. California, 1836. See Fig. 329. (B. R. 1669.) There are three varieties of this species, viz., _brachysepalus_ (short-sepaled), _lilacinus_ (lilac), and _purpureus_ (purple-flowered).

=CALODENDRON= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _dendron_, a tree). ORD. _Rutaceæ_. A very handsome greenhouse evergreen tree. Flowers in terminal panicles. Leaves large, opposite, simple, crenated. It will grow freely in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of half-ripened wood root in sand if placed under a bell glass, in gentle bottom heat.

=C. capensis= (Cape). _fl._ flesh-coloured; pedicels compressed, dilated under the flower; panicle trichotomously divided. Branches opposite, or three in a whorl. _h._ 40ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1789. This is supposed to be one of the finest trees at the Cape of Good Hope. (G. C., 1883, xix., 217.) See Fig 330, for which we are indebted to Mr. Bull.

=CALODRACON.= _See_ =Cordyline=.

=CALONYCTION.= _See_ =Ipomœa=.

=CALOPHACA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phake_, a lentil; in allusion to the beauty of the plant, and to its being one of the leguminous kind). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A hardy deciduous shrub, with axillary pedunculate racemes of yellow flowers, and impari-pinnate leaves. This is well adapted for the front of shrubberies. It is somewhat difficult to propagate, except by seeds, which, however, in fine seasons, are produced in abundance. Grafted high on the common Laburnum, it forms an object at once singular, picturesque, and beautiful, whether covered with blossoms, or with its fine reddish pods.

=C. wolgarica= (Volga).* _fl._ yellow. May, June. _l._, leaflets six or seven pairs, orbicular, velvety beneath, as well as the calyces. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Siberia, 1786. (W. D. B. 83.)

=CALOPHANES= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phaino_, to appear; alluding to the flowers). ORD. _Acanthaceæ_. A genus of about thirty species, widely distributed, principally in the tropical regions of both hemispheres. The best garden plant is that mentioned below; it is an interesting hardy herbaceous perennial, excellent for growing in borders, in loam and peat, or sandy loam soil; and may be propagated by dividing the roots, in March.

=C. oblongifolia= (oblong-leaved).* _fl._ blue; corolla funnel-shaped, throat ventricose, limb bilobed, nearly equal; tube of corolla one-half longer than the calyx; pedicels axillary. August. _l._ opposite, oblong-spathulate, entire, acuminated. _h._ 1ft. Florida, &c., 1832. (S. B. F. G., ser. ii., 181.)

=CALOPHYLLUM= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phyllon_, a leaf; the leaves are large, of a beautiful green, and elegantly veined). ORD. _Guttiferæ_. Fine stove evergreen trees. Flowers disposed in axillary racemes. Leaves furnished with numerous transverse, parallel nerves. They thrive in a compost of loam, sand, and peat. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots will root in sand, if placed under a glass, in bottom heat.

=C. Calaba.= Calaba-tree. _fl._ white, sweet-scented, loosely racemose; racemes lateral, very short. _fr._ green. _l._ obovate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate. _h._ 30ft. West Indies, &c., 1780.

=C. inophyllum= (fibrous-leaved). _fl._ snow-white, sweet-scented, loosely racemose; racemes axillary; peduncles one-flowered, usually opposite. _fr._ reddish, the size of a walnut. _l._ oblong or obovate, obtuse, but usually emarginate. Branches round. Tropics of the Old World, 1793. A medium-sized tree.

=CALOPOGON= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _pogon_, a beard; in reference to the fringe on the lip). ORD. _Orchideæ_. Very pretty, hardy, tuberous-rooted orchids, admirably suited for a good shady position at the foot of the rockwork, or for an open situation in a hardy fernery. Propagated by offsets, taken from the tuberous roots; but this method of increase is very uncertain. Perhaps the only species in cultivation is the following:

=C. pulchellus= (beautiful).* _fl._ purple, with a very pretty pale yellow beard or tuft of hairs growing from the lip; two or three to a plant. Late summer. _l._ few, radical, grass-like. _h._ 1-1/2ft. North America. 1791. SYN. _Limodorum tuberosum_. (S. B. F. G. 115.)

=CALOSANTHES INDICA.= A synonym of _Oroxylum indicum_.

=CALOSCORDUM= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _skorodon_, garlic). ORD. _Liliaceæ_. A genus of half-hardy bulbs, allied to _Allium_, but now referred to _Nothoscordum_. For culture, _see_ =Calochortus=.

=C. nerinæflorum= (Nerine-flowered).* _fl._ rose; umbels about twelve-flowered; spathe one-valved. June and July. _l._ narrow, semi-terete, channelled above. _h._ 6in. Chusan, 1843. (B. R. 1847, 5.)

=CALOSTEMMA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _stemma_, a crown). ORD. _Amaryllidaceæ_. Handsome greenhouse bulbous plants, natives of New Holland. Flowers funnel-shaped, irregular; perianth with the orifice surmounted by a corona; stamens erect, united by their dilated bases; ovary three-celled, many-seeded. Leaves linear-lorate.

=C. album= (white). _fl._ white. May. _l._ ovate, acute, 3in. to 5in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad. _h._ 1ft. 1824.

=C. luteum= (yellow). _fl._ yellow. November. _l._ strap-shaped, narrow. _h._ 1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2101.)

=C. purpureum= (purple). _fl._ purple. November. _l._ like those of _C. luteum_. _h._ 1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2100.)

=CALOTHAMNUS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _thamnos_, a shrub; in reference to the elegance of the shrubs, from their scarlet flowers and terete leaves). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers scarlet, axillary and solitary, sessile. Leaves scattered, crowded, terete. They require much the same culture as _Callistemon_. Cuttings of young wood, firm at the base, will root in sand, if covered by a hand glass, which requires to be occasionally taken off and wiped, to prevent damp.

=C. quadrifidus= (four-cleft). _fl._ scarlet, somewhat secund; bundles of stamens four, distinct, equal. July. _l._ glabrous (as well as the flowers). _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1803. (B. M. 1506.)

=C. villosa= (villous). _fl._ scarlet, quinquefid; bundles of stamens equal, distinct. July to September. _l._ villous (as well as the fruit). _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1823. (B. R. 1099.)

=CALOTIS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _ous_, _otos_, an ear; in reference to the chaffy scales of the pappus, or seed-head). Allied to _Bellium_. ORD. _Compositæ_. Greenhouse or half-hardy herbaceous perennials, rarely annuals, all natives of Australia. Receptacle naked; involucre nearly equal, many-leaved, in a single or double row. They may be grown successfully in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by divisions of the root.

=C. cuneifolia= (wedge-leaved).* _fl.-heads_ blue, solitary, terminal. July and August. _l._ cuneate, cut, toothed at end. _h._ 1ft. 1819. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. (B. R. 504.)

=CALOTROPIS= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _tropis_, a keel; literally "beautifully twisted," apparently in reference to the corolla of _C. gigantea_). ORD. _Asclepiadeæ_. A genus of stove evergreen shrubs, or small trees. The three species bear large handsome flowers, in interpetiolar umbels. They thrive best in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Young cuttings, thinly dibbled in a pot of sand, strike root freely under a hand glass, in heat. Care must be taken that they do not receive an excess of moisture, or they will rot.

=C. gigantea= (gigantic).* _fl._ very handsome, a mixture of rose and purple; corona shorter than the gynostegium, obtuse, circinately recurved at the base; umbels sometimes, though rarely, compound, surrounded by several involucral scales. July. _l._ decussate, broad, wedge-shaped, bearded on the upper side at the base, woolly-downy on the under side, 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad. _h._ 6ft. to 15ft. India, &c., 1690. (B. R. i. 58.)

=C. procera= (tall). _fl._ white; petals spreading, marked at the top by a purple spot. July. _l._ obovate-oblong, on short petioles, whitish from wool. _h._ 6ft. Persia, 1714. (B. R. 1792.)

=CALPICARPUM.= _See_ =Kopsia=.

=CALPIDIA.= A synonym of =Pisonia= (which _see_).

=CALTHA= (a syncope of _kalathos_, a goblet; in allusion to the form of the perianth, which may be likened to a golden cup). Marsh Marigold. ORD. _Ranunculaceæ_. Hardy herbaceous perennials, of easy culture on the margin of a piece of water, or in a marshy bog, or in the ordinary border, where their showy blossoms look very brilliant. Propagation is readily effected by dividing the roots, in early spring, or in summer after flowering.

=C. leptosepala= (slender-sepaled).* _fl._ pure white, one to two upon erect, scape-like peduncles. May, June. _l._ radical, cordate, the margins nearly entire, or sometimes crenate. _h._ 1ft. Northwestern America, 1827. (H. F. B. A. 1, 10.)

=C. palustris= (marsh).* _fl._ golden-coloured, large; peduncles furrowed. Spring. _l._ cordate, somewhat orbicular, roundly-crenate, with rounded auricles. Stems dichotomous, erect. _h._ 1ft. Great Britain. (Sy. En. B. 40.) The double forms of this species, under the names of _nana plena_ and _monstrosa plena_ (see Fig. 331) are excellent plants, and, though growing best in the immediate vicinity of water, and most appropriate for rough scenery, they, like the type, do very well in ordinary well-enriched soil. A variety named _purpurascens_, from Southern Europe, is also showy, more erect, and branching; the shoots and pedicels purplish.

=C. p. biflora= (two-flowered). A twin-flowered variety of _C. palustris_. North America, 1827. This is not quite so tall as the type, and the flowers are rather larger.

=C. p. parnassifolia= (Parnassia-leaved). _fl._ yellow, on few-flowered peduncles. April, May. _l._ cordate-ovate, crenated. _h._ 3in. to 4in. North America, 1815.

=C. radicans= (rooting).* _fl._ bright yellow, several in small cyme. April, May. _l._ reniform-cordate, sharply crenate-serrate, spreading. _h._ 6in. Scotland. (Sy. En. B. 41.)

=CALTROPS.= _See_ =Tribulus=.

=CALTROPS, WATER.= _See_ =Trapa natans=.

=CALUMBA, FALSE.= _See_ =Coscinium fenestratum=.

=CALUMBA ROOT.= _See_ =Jateorrhiza Calumba=.

=CALUMBA WOOD.= _See_ _Coscinium fenestratum_.

=CALYCANTHACEÆ.= A natural order of shrubs, with square stems, having four woody axes surrounding the central one. Flowers solitary, lurid; calyx of numerous coloured sepals compounded with the petals. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipulate. The two genera known are _Calycanthus_ and _Chimonanthus_.

=CALYCANTHUS= (from _kalyx_, _kalykos_, a calyx, and _anthos_, a flower; in reference to the calyx being coloured, and appearing like a corolla). Allspice. ORD. _Calycanthaceæ_. A genus of hardy, deciduous, North American shrubs. Flowers lurid purple, axillary, and terminal, stalked, sweet-scented; stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, oval or ovate-lanceolate, entire, generally rough on the surface; sweet-scented. All are handsome and well worth growing. They thrive best in a peaty compost, but grow freely in almost any soil. Increased by layers, put down in the summer; or by seed, sown as soon as ripe, or in spring, in a cold frame.

=C. floridus= (Floridan).* Carolina Allspice. _fl._ with a sweet apple scent. May. _l._ ovate, downy beneath, as well as the branchlets. Branches spreading. Wood and roots smelling strongly of camphor. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Carolina, 1726. See Fig. 332. (B. M. 503.) There are several varieties of this species.

=C. glaucus= (glaucous).* _fl._ lurid purple, not strongly scented. May. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, glaucous and pubescent beneath. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Carolina, 1726. SYN. _C. fertilis_. (B. R. 404.) _C. oblongifolius_ is a variety with ovate-lanceolate elongated leaves.

=C. lævigatus= (smooth-leaved).* _fl._ lurid purple. May. _l._ oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, bright green, and glabrous, or nearly so, on both sides, or rather pale beneath. Branches strictly erect. _h._ 3ft. to 6ft. Mountains of Pennsylvania, &c., 1806. See Fig. 333. (B. R. 481.)

=C. macrophyllus= (large-leaved). A garden synonym of _C. occidentalis_.

=C. occidentalis= (Western).* _fl._ brick-red, sweet-scented, 3in. to 4in. across, each petal about 2in. long and 1/2in. broad. June to October. _l._ oblong or ovate-cordate, acuminate, slightly pubescent on the veins only beneath. _h._ 6ft. to 12ft. California, 1831. In California, this is called the Sweet-scented Shrub. SYN. _C. macrophyllus_, of gardens. (B. M. 4808.)

=CALYCIFLORÆ.= A sub-division of dicotyledonous plants, having the stamens inserted on the calyx or disk.

=CALYCIFORM.= Formed like a calyx.

=CALYCINE.= Of, or belonging to, the calyx.