Part 70

=C. Burbidgei= (Burbidge's).* _fl._ rich yellow, with large lower lip. Autumn and winter. _l._ ovate, distinctly obtusely biserrate, sub-acute, with a narrow wing running down the petiole; both surfaces downy. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. This is a handsome hybrid between _C. Pavonii_ and _C. fuchsiæfolia_, raised by F. W. Burbidge, Esq., Trinity College Botanic Gardens, Dublin, 1882.

=C. chelidonioides= (Chelidonium-like). _fl._ yellow. June. _h._ 1ft. Peru, 1852. Annual.

=C. corymbosa= (corymbose). _fl._ yellow, marked with purple dots and lines, corymbose. May to October. _l._, radical ones ovate and cordate, petiolate, doubly crenated, white beneath; cauline ones few, cordate, half amplexicaul. Stems herbaceous, leafless at bottom, but dichotomous and leafy at top. Plant hairy. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1822. (B. R. 723.)

=C. deflexa= (bending). Synonymous with _C. fuchsiæfolia_.

=C. diffusa= (spreading). A synonym of _C. bicolor_.

=C. flexuosa= (flexuose). _fl._, corolla yellow; lower lip large, ventricose; peduncles axillary and terminal, many-flowered; pedicels umbellate. _l._ cordate, unequally and bluntly crenated, petiolate, remote. Plant shrubby, rough, beset with glandular hairs. _h._ 3ft. Peru, 1847. (B. M. 5154.)

=C Fothergillii= (Fothergill's).* _fl._, upper lip of corolla yellowish; lower lip sulphur colour, having the margins spotted with red, four times the size of the upper one; peduncles scape-formed, one-flowered. May to August. _l._ spathulate, quite entire, pilose above, about 1in. long. Stem herbaceous, a little divided near the root. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Falkland Islands, 1777. (B. M. 348.)

=C. fuchsiæfolia= (Fuchsia-leaved).* _fl._ yellow, disposed in terminal panicles; upper lip nearly as large as the lower one. Spring. _l._ lanceolate, glandless. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Peru, 1878. This is a very handsome winter-flowering shrubby species, but it is difficult to keep the foliage in anything like good condition. SYN. _C. deflexa_. (Garden, March, 1879.)

=C. Henrici= (Anderson-Henry's). _fl._ yellow, disposed in terminal corymbose cymes; both lips of corolla much inflated, so as to entirely close the mouth. _l._ rather large, elongate-lanceolate, downy beneath. _h._ 2ft. Andes of Cuenca, 1865. Shrubby evergreen. (B. M. 5772.)

=C. hyssopifolia= (Hyssop-leaved).* _fl._ in terminal cymes; upper lip clear yellow, about half the width of the lower, and meeting closely to it; lower lip clear canary-yellow above, nearly white beneath. May to August. _l._ sessile, linear-lanceolate, sub-acute, entire. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Chili. Shrubby. (B. M. 5548.)

=C. integrifolia= (entire-leaved). Synonymous with _C. rugosa_.

=C. lobata= (lobed). _fl._ yellow, disposed in erect, loosely-branched cymes; lip curiously folded on itself, and spotted on the inner surface. _l._ palmately lobed. _h._ 9in. Peru, 1877. Herbaceous species. (B. M. 6330.)

=C. Pavonii= (Pavon's).* _fl._ rich yellow and brown, in large terminal clusters; upper lip small; lower lip large, widely gaping. _l._ perfoliate, the petioles connected by a broad wing, running all their length; blade broadly ovate, coarsely serrate-dentate; both sides covered with soft down. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Herbaceous. (B. M. 4525.)

=C. pinnata= (pinnate). _fl._ sulphur-coloured; peduncles twin or tern, panicled. July to September. _l._ pinnate; leaflets or segments toothed, lower ones pinnatifidly toothed. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1773. Annual, clothed with clammy hairs. (B. M. 41.)

=C. pisacomensis= (Pisacomanese). _fl._ rich orange-red, large; lower lip of corolla so bent upwards as to close the mouth; cymes produced from all the upper axils, forming long leafy panicles. _l._ ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate. _h._ 3ft. Peru, 1868. A sub-shrubby perennial, of strong, erect habit.

=C. plantaginea= (Plantain-like).* _fl._ yellow; lower lip of corolla large, hemispherical; upper one small, bifid; scapes generally two to three-flowered, pilose. August. _l._ radical, ovate, rhomboid, rosulate, serrated. Plant herbaceous, stemless, pubescent. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1826. (B. M. 2805.)

=C. purpurea= (purple). _fl._, corolla of an uniform reddish-violet, rather small; corymbs terminal, many-flowered. July to September. _l._ wrinkled, hispid; radical ones cuneate-spathulate, serrated, quite entire behind, petiolate, acutish; cauline ones cordate, decussate, with a few long scattered hairs on their surfaces. Stems herbaceous, many from the same root. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1826. There are several hybrids between this and other species. (B. M. 2775.)

=C. rugosa= (wrinkled). _fl._ yellow; panicles terminal, corymbose, pedunculate. August. _l._ ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, denticulated, wrinkled, opaque, rusty beneath; petioles winged, connate. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1822. Shrubby species. SYN. _C. integrifolia_. (B. R. 744.) Two varieties of this are _angustifolia_, and _viscosissima_.

=C. scabiosæfolia= (Scabious-leaved).* _fl._, corolla pale yellow; lower lip large, ventricose; peduncles terminal, corymbose. May to October. _l._, lower ones pinnate; superior ones pinnatifid, three-lobed, or simple, the terminal segment always the largest. Plant rather hairy. Peru, 1822. Evergreen trailer. (B. M. 2405.)

=C. tenella= (small). _fl._ golden yellow, with orange-red spots within the lower lip; corymbs few-flowered. _l._ opposite, ovate, acuminated. _h._ 6in. Chili, 1873. Hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 6231.)

=C. thyrsiflora= (thyrse-flowered). _fl._ yellow, downy inside; thyrse terminal, crowded; peduncles compound, umbellate. June. _l._ linear, attenuated at both ends, serrate-toothed, sessile, 2in. long, and two lines broad. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Chili, 1827. Shrubby, clammy. (B. M. 2915.)

=C. violacea= (violet).* _fl._, corolla pale violet, spotted with deeper violet beneath; lip spreading in a campanulate manner; peduncles terminal by threes, corymbose; pedicels one to two-flowered. June. _l._ petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrated, white beneath. _h._ 2ft. Chili, 1853. Shrubby. (B. M. 4929.) See Fig. 322.

=CALCEOLATE.= Shaped like a slipper or round-toed shoe.

=CALDASIA.= _See_ =Galipea heterophylla=.

=CALDCLUVIA= (named after Alexander Caldcleugh, F.R.S. and F.L.S., who collected and sent to this country many plants from Chili). ORD. _Saxifrageæ_. A greenhouse evergreen tree. Flowers panicled, terminal. Leaves opposite, simple, serrate, glabrous; pedicels jointless; stipules twin, sub-falcate, toothed, caducous. It thrives well in a compost of peat and loam, and may be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots, planted in sand, under a hand glass, and placed in a very gentle bottom heat.

=C. paniculata= (panicled). _fl._ white. June. Chili, 1831.

=CALEA= (from _kalos_, beautiful; referring to the flowers). ORD. _Compositæ_. A genus of stove evergreen herbs or small shrubs. Pappus hairy; receptacle paleaceous; involucre imbricated. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Side shoots root readily, if placed in sand, under glass, and with bottom heat; seeds may be sown in March. Warmer parts of New World.

=CALEANA= (named after G. Caley, Superintendent of the Botanical Garden, St. Vincent). ORD. _Orchideæ_. A genus of greenhouse terrestrial orchids, natives of Australia. Flowers few, greenish-brown; column broad, thin, concave; sepals and petals narrow, reflexed; lip posticous, peltate, unguiculate, highly irritable. In fine weather, or if left undisturbed, this lip bends back, leaving the column uncovered; but in wet weather, or if the plant is shaken, the lip falls over the column, securely fastening it. Leaves solitary, radical. They are of easy culture, in a compost of fibry peat, lumpy loam, and a little charcoal.

=B. major= (greater). _fl._ green-brown. June. 1810.

=C. minor= (less). _fl._ green-brown. June. 1822.

=C. nigrita= (blackish-flowered). _fl._ dark.

=CALECTASIA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _ektasis_, extension; in allusion to the star-like perianth segments). ORD. _Juncaceæ_. An elegant greenhouse suffruticose perennial, with dry, permanent, starry flowers. It thrives best in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by divisions.

=C. cyanea= (blue). _fl._ bright blue, solitary, on short terminal branches. June. _l._ needle-shaped, sheathing at the base. Australia, 1840. (B. M. 3834.)

=CALENDULA= (from _calendæ_, the first day of the month; in allusion to the almost perpetual flowering). Marigold. ORD. _Compositæ_. A genus of showy greenhouse and hardy annuals, and some few greenhouse shrubby species. Pappus none; receptacle naked; involucre of one or two series of sub-equal, acuminate, generally scarious-edged bracts. The shrubby species are propagated by cuttings, and thrive best in a compost of loam and peat.. For culture of the annuals, _see_ =Marigold=.

=C. arvensis= (field). _fl.-heads_ yellow. Pericarps urceolate, obovate, smooth; outer lanceolate-subulate, muricated at back. _h._ 2ft. Europe, 1597. Hardy annual.

=C. maderensis= (Madeira).* _fl.-heads_ orange. Pericarps cymbiform, incurved, muricated; outer five ovate-lanceolate, membranous, toothed at edge. _h._ 2ft. Madeira, 1795. Hardy. SYN. _C. stellata_.

=C. officinalis= (officinal).* Common Marigold. _fl.-heads_ orange. June to September. Pericarps cymbiform, all incurved, muricated. _h._ 3ft. South Europe, 1573. Hardy annual. See Fig. 323.

=C. o. prolifera= (proliferous). A garden form, analogous to the Hen and Chickens Daisy. See Fig. 324.

=C. stellata= (stellate). A synonym of _C. maderensis_.

=CALICO BUSH.= _See_ =Kalmia latifolia=.

=CALIFORNIAN EVERGREEN REDWOOD.= _See_ =Sequoia sempervirens=.

=CALIFORNIAN MAYBUSH.= _See_ =Photinia arbutifolia=.

=CALIFORNIAN PEPPER-TREE.= _See_ =Schinus Molle=.

=CALIFORNIAN POPPY.= _See_ =Platystemon californicus=.

=CALIPHRURIA= (from _kalos_, beautiful, and _phroura_, prison; from the handsome spathe inclosing the flowers). ORD. _Amaryllideæ_. Pretty half-hardy greenhouse bulbs. Tube of perianth narrow, funnel-shaped, nearly straight; limb regular, stellate; stamens furnished with a bristle on each side. They thrive best in a compost of sandy loam, a little peat, leaf soil, and sand. Propagated by offsets. After flowering, the plants should have a slight heat; and, when starting into new growth, should be repotted.

=C. Hartwegiana= (Hartweg's).* _fl._ greenish-white; umbels seven-flowered; scape nearly terete, glaucous. May. _l._ petiolate, depressed, ovate, sub-plicate, green. _h._ 1ft. New Grenada, 1843. (B. M. 6259.)

=C. subedentata= (rarely-toothed).* _fl._ white, funnel-shaped, disposed in a truss, on a long scape. Winter. _l._ stalked, ovate-oblong. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Columbia, 1876. See Fig. 325. (B. M. 6289.)

=CALISAYA BARK.= _See_ =Cinchona Calisaya=.

=CALLA= (from _kallos_, beauty). SYN. _Provenzalia_. ORD. _Aroideæ_ (_Araceæ_). A monotypic genus. The species is a native of Central and Northern Europe and North America, has creeping or floating stems, and cordate entire leaves. _C. palustris_ is sometimes grown in collections of aquatics or bog plants; and, although, perhaps, hardly worth cultivating as a pot plant, is well worth a place in open ornamental waters. _Richardia æthiopica_ is frequently erroneously called _Calla æthiopica_.

=C. palustris= (marsh). _fl._, spadix protected by a flat white spathe, upper ones female, lower hermaphrodite, with numerous thread-like stamens. _l._ stalked, emerging from a sheath. _h._ 6in. Hardy aquatic, naturalised here and there in Britain. See Fig. 326.

=CALLI.= Small callosities, or little protuberances.

=CALLIANDRA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _andros_, a stamen; referring to the elegant long, silky, purple or white stamens). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A genus of beautiful stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers usually borne on stalked globose heads; corollas small, hidden by the numerous filaments of the stamens. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets varying in size and number. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by cuttings of rather firm young wood, inserted in sand, under a hand glass, in heat.

=C. Harrisii= (Harris's). _fl._ pink; peduncles axillary, fascicled, glandularly downy. February. _l._ bipinnate; leaflets obovate, falcate, downy; stipules small, falcate. Branches puberulous. _h._ 10ft. Mexico, 1838. (B. M. 4238.)

=C. Tweediei= (Tweedie's).* _fl._ red; peduncles longer than the petioles; bracts linear. March and April. _l._ with three or four pairs of pinnæ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear, acutish, ciliated, pilose beneath; stipules ovate, acuminate. Branches and petioles pilose. _h._ 6ft. Brazil, 1840. (B. M. 4188.)

=CALLICARPA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _karpos_, fruit; referring to the beautiful berries). SYN. _Porphyra_. ORD. _Verbenaceæ_. A genus of stove, greenhouse, or nearly hardy evergreen shrubs, closely allied to _Petræa_. Flowers inconspicuous, disposed in axillary cymes; corolla-tube short, with the limb four-lobed. Fruit a very ornamental small juicy berry or drupe. The following mode of culture has been recommended: "After the old plants have been cut back in the spring, and started into growth, the young shoots will strike as readily as a Fuchsia, and with exactly the same treatment. In order to make good plants, short-jointed cuttings should be selected; and, as soon as these are struck, they should be potted into 2-1/2in. pots, using a compost of equal parts loam and peat, with a little charcoal and river sand. When they commence to grow, after being potted, remove to a pit or house with a temperature ranging from 60deg. to 75deg. Pinch out the tops of the plants as soon as they have three pairs of leaves, and whenever each of the laterals has made two pairs of leaves, pinch out their points, and continue this operation with all the rest of the shoots till the beginning of August, at the same time keeping off all the flower-buds. The next shift will be into 4in. or 5in. pots. They should always have plenty of light and air, but more especially after they come into flower."

=C. americana= (American). _fl._ red, small, in axillary cymes. Berries violet-coloured. _l._ ovate-oblong, toothed, silvery beneath, with a scurf of tomentum. _h._ 6ft. South America, 1724. Greenhouse.

=C. japonica= (Japanese). _fl._ pink. August. _l._ stalked, ovate, oblong, acuminate, serrate. _h._ 3ft. Japan, 1850. Stove. (L. & P. F. G. ii., p. 165.)

=C. lanata= (woolly). _fl._ purplish. June. Berries purple. _l._ sessile, ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath. _h._ 3ft. India, 1788. Stove. (S. F. d. J. 1861, p. 96.)

=C. purpurea= (purple). _fl._ insignificant, borne in cymose clusters, upon axillary footstalks. Berries very numerous, bright glossy deep violet coloured. _l._ opposite, ovate, acuminate; edges serrated; profusely clothed, as well as the stem, with hairs. _h._ 3ft. India, 1822. Stove. (Garden, June, 1833.)

=C. rubella= (reddish). _fl._ red. May. _l._ sessile, obovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, hairy on both surfaces. _h._ 2ft. China, 1822. Half-hardy. (B. R. 883.)

=CALLICHROA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _chroa_, colour; referring to the bright yellow colour of the flowers). ORD. _Compositæ_. This genus is now usually included under _Layia_. Hardy annual, of easy culture in common garden soil. Seeds may be sown in March, on a slight hotbed, and transplanted to the open border early in May; or if sown out of doors in April, it will flower in the autumn.

=C. platyglossa= (broad-tongued). _fl.-heads_ yellow, solitary, pedunculate; ray florets large, cuneate. Autumn. _l._ alternate, sessile, ciliated. _h._ 1ft. California, 1836. SYN. _Layia platyglossa_. (B. M. 3719.)

=CALLICOMA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _kome_, hair; in reference to the tufted heads of flowers). ORD. _Saxifrageæ_. A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Flowers capitate; heads terminating the tops of the branchlets, pedunculate, globose. Leaves simple, coarsely serrated, stalked. Stipules membranous, bidentate, caducous. It thrives well in a sandy peat soil. Half ripened cuttings will root if placed in the same sort of soil, under a hand glass.

=C. serratifolia= (saw-leaved). Black Wattle. _fl._ yellow. May to August. _l._ lanceolate, acuminate, hoary beneath, attenuated at the base. _h._ 4ft. New South Wales, 1793. (B. M. 1811.)

=CALLIGONUM= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _gonu_, a knee-joint; in reference to its leafless joint). ORD. _Polygonaceæ_. SYNS. _Pallasia_, _Pterococcus_. A genus containing about a score species of very curious, erect, evergreen, hardy shrubs, found growing in dry, arid, sandy spots in Northern Africa and Western Asia. They will thrive in any well-drained sandy loam. Cuttings will root in spring or autumn if placed under a hand glass.

=C. Pallasia= (Pallas's). _fl._ whitish, in groups. May. _fr._ winged; wings membranous, curled and toothed, succulent, acid, edible. _l._ simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous, caducous, minute. Shoots rush-like, smooth, green. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. Caspian Sea, 1780.

=CALLIOPSIS.= _See_ =Coreopsis=.

=CALLIPRORA= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _prora_, a front; referring to the front view of the flower). ORD. _Liliaceæ_. A very pretty little bulbous plant, now often referred to _Brodiæa_. It thrives in a well-drained spot on the lower flanks of rockwork, in dry, rich, sandy soil. Propagated by offsets, which should remain on the parent bulbs until they are a good size.

=C. lutea= (yellow).* Pretty Face. _fl._, segments purplish-brown in the middle on the outside. Summer. _l._ linear-lanceolate, acuminated, channelled, longer than the flower-stem; bracts sheathing, scarious, much shorter than the pedicels. _h._ 9in. North California, 1831. SYNS. _Brodiæa ixioides_, _Milla ixioides_. (B. M. 3588.)

=CALLIPSYCHE= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _psyche_, a butterfly; alluding to the handsome flowers). ORD. _Amaryllidaceæ_. Ornamental greenhouse bulbs; requiring shade, and a compost of rich sandy loam and leaf mould, with good drainage. Propagated by seeds and offsets. They should have plenty of water when growing, and, during the winter, be kept moderately dry, but not dried off, so as to cause them to shrivel. As the leaves wither, water should be gradually withheld.

=C. aurantiaca= (orange).* _fl._ deep golden-yellow, several in an umbel, spreading, much flattened sideways; stamens green, twice the length of the perianth; scape erect, nearly 2ft. high. _l._ few, oblong-acute, bright green, conspicuously veined, stalked, 6in. long. Andes of Ecuador, 1868. (Ref. B. 167.)

=C. eucrosiodes= (Eucrosia-like).* _fl._ scarlet and green; stamens very long, incurved; scape about ten-flowered, glaucous. March. _l._ few, green, tessellated, pitted, 4in. wide. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1843. (B. R. 1845, 45.)

=C. mirabilis= (wonderful)*, _fl._ greenish-yellow, small, with stamens three times as long as the perianth, and spreading out on all sides; disposed in an umbellate head of about thirty blooms; scape 3ft. high. _l._ about two, oblong-spathulate, green, 1ft. long. Peru, 1868. An extremely curious plant. (Ref. B. 168.)

=CALLIPTERIS= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _pteris_, a fern). ORD. _Filices_. A genus of stove ferns, founded upon the sub-genus _Diplazium_, which is now included under _Asplenium_.

=CALLIRHOE= (of mythological origin, from Callirhoe, a daughter of the river-god Achelous). Poppy-Mallow. Allied to _Malva_. Species belonging to this genus have been erroneously referred to _Malva_ and _Nuttallia_. ORD. _Malvaceæ_. A genus of elegant annual or perennial herbs, natives of North America. They are of extremely easy cultivation, thriving in a compost of light, rich, sandy loam. Propagation of the perennial species may be effected by means of both seeds and cuttings; of the annuals, by seeds only. Seeds should be sown in spring, either outside, or in pans in a cold frame. Young cuttings should be taken and dibbled in sandy soil in a frame.

=C. digitata= (fingered).* _fl._ reddish-purple; peduncles long, axillary, one-flowered. Summer. _l._ sub-peltate, six to seven-parted, with linear-entire or two-parted segments; upper ones more simple. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. 1824. Perennial. (S. B. F. G. 129, under the name of _Nuttallia digitata_.)

=C. involucrata= (involucrate).* _fl._ crimson, nearly 2in. across, loosely panicled. Summer. _l._ divided nearly to the base, three to five-parted; segments narrow, lanceolate, three to five-toothed, hairy on both surfaces. Habit procumbent; stems hairy. _h._ 6in. Perennial. (G. W. P. A. 26.) SYN. _Malva involucrata_ (B. M. 4681).

=C. Papaver= (Poppy-like).* _fl._ violet-red; sepals ovate-acute, ciliated. Summer. _l._, root leaves lobed or pedate; lower stem leaves palmato-pedate, upper digitate or simple. _h._ 3ft. Louisiana, 1833. Perennial. SYN. _Nuttallia Papaver_. (B. M. 3287.)

=C. pedata= (pedate-leaved). _fl._ cherry-red, panicled. August. _l._ laciniately-pedate; upper ones trifid. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. 1824. Annual. (R. H. 1857, 148.)

=C. triangulata= (triangular-leaved). _fl._ pale purple. August. 1836. Perennial. SYN. _Nuttallia cordata_ (under which name it is figured in B. R. 1938).

=CALLISTACHYS.= _See_ =Oxylobium=.

=CALLISTEMMA.= _See_ =Callistephus=.

=CALLISTEMON= (from _kallos_, beauty, and _stemon_, a stamen; in most of the species, the stamens are of a beautiful scarlet colour). ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. Handsome greenhouse evergreen shrubs or trees, having the inflorescence rising from the old branches in crowded spikes, as in the species of _Melaleuca_, but with the stamens free, as in _Metrosideros_. Leaves elongated, stiff, alternate, usually lanceolate. All the species of this genus are very ornamental and neat in habit. They are well adapted for a conservatory. The soil best suited for them is a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Ripened cuttings strike root in sand, under a hand glass; seeds are frequently produced on large plants, and these may also be used to increase the stock, but they do not produce flowering plants for a considerable time; whereas plants raised from cuttings, taken from flowering plants, come into flower when small.

=C. linearis= (linear-leaved).* _fl._ scarlet; calyces clothed with velvety pubescence. June. _l._ linear, stiff, acute, keeled beneath, channelled above, villous when young. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. New South Wales, 1788.

=C. lophanthus= (crest-flowered). Synonymous with _C. salignus_.

=C. salignus= (willow). _fl._ straw-coloured, distinct, spicate, nearly terminal; petals rather pubescent, ciliated; calyx pilose. June to August. _l._ lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, mucronate, one-nerved, villous when young, as well as the branches. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. Australia, 1806. SYN. _C. lophanthus_. (L. B. C. 1302.)