Part 69

=C. Masuca= (Masuca).* _fl._, sepals and petals deep violet colour, with an intense violet-purple lip; numerously produced on spikes 2ft. long. June to August. India, 1838. (B. M. 4541). The variety _grandiflora_ differs from the type in its greater size both of spike and individual flower; the gigantic spikes are from 3ft. to 4ft. high, and continue blooming for three months.

=C. Petri= (Peter Veitch's).* _fl._ whitish-yellow. Said to be very like _C. veratrifolia_, but bearing leaves a little narrower, and a system of five curious sulcate yellowish calli on the base of the lip, without the single lamella and teeth which are proper to that species. Polynesia, 1880.

=C. pleiochroma= (many-coloured). _fl._ whitish, purplish, ochre, orange. Japan, 1871.

=C. Regnieri= (Regnier's). _fl._, sepals and petals white; lip rosy-pink; middle lobe short, wedge-shaped, and emarginate. Pseudo-bulbs jointed, Cochin China. _fausta_ is a fine variety, with the base of the tip and column a warm crimson.

=C. Sieboldii= (Siebold's).* _fl._ yellow, large; spikes erect. _l._ broad, dark green, plaited. _h._ 1ft. Japan, 1837. An elegant evergreen dwarf-growing species. (R. H. 1855, 20.)

=C. Textori= (Textor's). _fl._ cream-white, washed with violet on the petals and column, as well as on the base of lip, where the calli are brick-red, changing later on to ochre-colour, excepting the white-lilac base of sepals and petals and the column; lip very narrow. Japan, 1877.

=C. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _fl._ rich bright rose, with a white throat; spikes often attaining a height of 3ft., and bearing an immense quantity of flowers. Winter. _l._ large, plaited, light green, deciduous. Pseudo-bulbs flask-shaped. This very beautiful hybrid is the result of a cross between _C. vestita_ and _C. rosea_ (SYN. _Limatodes rosea_). See Fig. 317. (B. M. 5375.)

=C. veratrifolia= (Veratrum-leaved).* _fl._ pure white, except the green tips of the sepals and the golden papillæ on the disk of the labellum; spikes 2ft. to 3ft. high, freely produced on well-grown plants. May to July. _l._ 2ft. or more long, dark green, broad, many-ribbed, with wavy margins. India, 1819. See Fig. 318. (B. M. 2615.)

=C. vestita= (clothed).* _fl._, sepals and petals pure white, numerously produced in a many-flowered, nodding spike. _l._ deciduous. Pseudo-bulbs large, whitish, _h._ 2-1/2ft. Burmah. (B. M. 4671.) The varieties of this species are very numerous.

=C. v. igneo-oculata= (fire-eyed).* _fl._, base of the column purplish, over which is a dazzling fire-colour, the blotch in the base of the lip of the same colour. Borneo, 1876.

=C. v. nivalis= (snowy).* _fl._ pure white, entirely destitute of any colour on the lip. Java, 1868.

=C. v. rubro-oculata= (red-eyed).* _fl._ delicate white, with a blotch of rich crimson in the centre; upwards of 2in. across; spikes long, drooping, having a white downy covering, and rising from the base of the silvery-green pseudo-bulbs, when the latter are without leaves. October to February.

=C. v. Turneri= (Turner's).* _fl._ pure white, with rose-coloured eye, larger, and produced on longer flower-spikes than the other kinds; form of flowers more compact. Java. This is considered by some authorities, to be a distinct species.

=CALATHEA= (from _kalathos_, a basket; in reference to the basket-shaped stigma, or to the leaves being worked into baskets in South America). ORD. _Scitamineæ_. This genus of very ornamental-leaved stove plants is distinguished from _Maranta_ by mere botanical characters; and the two genera are often confounded. Flowers in terminal spikes, bracteate; perianth six-cleft, outer segments lanceolate, inner ones blunt and irregular; stamens three, petal-like. Leaves large, springing from the contracted stem, near the root. They delight in a rich, loose, open soil, consisting of peat, loam, and leaf soil, in about equal proportions, with the addition of a good sprinkling of sand, to keep it open and porous. The mixture should be used in a rough, lumpy state, so that the roots, which are of large size, may be able to travel with freedom. Nearly all the species admit of easy increase by division. July is a favourable time to set about it, or it may be carried out any time between that and the spring months. In order to make the necessary separation without damaging the roots, the plants should be shaken out from the soil, when they may be divided into as many pieces as there are separate crowns. Whether an increased stock be desired or not, Calatheas require fresh soil annually; and, if not reduced by division, they become much too thickly foliaged to properly develop, unless they are shifted into larger-sized pots, which can always be done if large specimens are required. When making divisions, see that each crown is well furnished with roots, so that they may at once commence sending up fresh young foliage. Although Calatheas require an abundant supply of water while growing, a stagnant moisture is most injurious; good drainage is, therefore, essential. To have the leaves in fine, healthy condition, plenty of atmospheric moisture must be maintained during their growth; and, if syringing is resorted to for the purpose of securing this, clear soft water should be used, or an unsightly deposit will be the result, by which the beauty of the plants, unless they are frequently sponged, will be spoiled. These plants require, in addition to plenty of moisture, moderate shade during the summer, as they dislike strong sunshine, and may, therefore, be grown among ferns, under creepers, in situations that would be of little use for other purposes. Calatheas are not subject to insects if properly supplied with water while growing, and a sufficiently moist atmosphere is at all times maintained; but, if either of these are lacking, red spider soon put in an appearance, and quickly disfigure the leaves.

=C. applicata= (inclined). _fl._ white. Brazil, 1875. SYN. _Maranta pinnato-picta_. (B. H. 1875, 18.)

=C. arrecta= (erect).* _l._ rich satin-green on the upper side, and heavy ruby colour on the under side. Ecuador, 1872. A fine species, with a very elegant growth. (I. H. 1871, 77.)

=C. Bachemiana= (Bachem's). _l._ silvery, with green lines and blotches. Brazil, 1875.

=C. Baraquinii= (Baraquin's).* _l._ ovate-lanceolate; ground colour bright green, relieved by beautiful bands of silvery white. Amazons, 1868.

=C. bella= (handsome).* _l._ greyish-green, with the margins and two series of central patches deep green. Brazil, 1875. SYN. _Maranta tessellata Kegeljani_.

=C. crocata= (saffron-coloured). _fl._ orange. Brazil, 1875.

=C. eximia= (choice). 1857. SYN. _Phrynium eximium_. (R. G. 686.)

=C. fasciata= (banded).* _l._ 8in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 8in. wide, broadly cordate; ground colour bright green, with broad bands of white running across from midrib to the margin; the under side pale green, tinged with purple. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1859. (R. G. 255.)

=C. hieroglyphica= (hieroglyphic). _l._ broadly obovate, obtuse; ground colour rich dark velvety green, which, towards the midrib, shades off into light emerald green; primary veins oblique, and the spaces between them ornamented with irregular streaks and bars of silvery white; under surface of a uniform dark vinous purple. Columbia, 1873. Dwarf and distinct. (I. H. 1873, 122.)

=C. illustris= (bright).* _l._ somewhat obovate; upper surface of a bright pea-green, streaked with transverse bands of a deeper green; midrib pink, with two irregular blotches of white traversing the leaves from base to point, midway between the margin and costa; under surface deep purple. Ecuador, 1866.

=C. Kerchoviana= (Kerchove's).* _l._ cordate, oblong, obtuse, shortly and abruptly acuminate, greyish-green, with a row of purplish blotches on each side of the midrib. _h._ 6in. Brazil, 1879. SYN. _Maranta leuconeura Kerchoviana_.

=C. Legrelliana= (Le Grell's). _l._ very dark green, relieved by a feathery band of white, extending the whole length between the midrib and margin. Ecuador, 1867.

=C. Leitzei= (Leitze's). _l._ oblong-lanceolate, deep metallic green, and shining on the upper surface, with feather-like markings of deeper colour, purplish-violet beneath. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. 935.)

=C. leopardina= (leopard).* _l._ oblong, pale or yellowish-green, marked on each side of the costa with several oblong acuminate blotches of deep green. _h._ 2ft. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. 893.)

=C. leuconeura= (white-nerved). A synonym of _Maranta leuconeura_.

=C. leucostachys= (white-spiked). _h._ 1ft. A fine species, allied to _C. Warscewiczii_. Costa Rica, 1874. (B. M. 6205.)

=C. Lindeni= (Linden's).* _l._ oblong, 6in. to 12in. long, deep green, with blotches of yellowish-green on each side of the midrib; under surface purplish-rose, through which the markings of the upper side are visible. Peru, 1866. Very handsome and free-growing. (I. H. 1871, 82.)

=C. Luciani= (Lucian's). _l._ shining green, the midrib festooned with silvery white. Tropical America, 1872.

=C. Makoyana= (Makoy's).* _l._ oblong, somewhat unequal-sided, 6in. to 8in. long, upwards of 4in. broad; outer margin deep green, the central portion semi-transparent, beautifully blotched with creamy-yellow and white; the central part is also ornamented between the transverse veins with oblong blotches of deep green; petioles slender, purplish-red. Tropical America, 1872. SYN. _C. olivaris_. (G. C. 1872, p. 1589.)

=C. Massangeana= (Massange's).* _l._ beautifully covered with rich marking, presenting a somewhat similar appearance to the wings of certain butterflies. The outer portion is olive-green; the middle, on both sides of the costa, of a delicate silvery-grey colour, from which the whitish side veins run out in a well-defined and regular manner; the portion of the leaf surrounding the silvery centre is ornamented with large blotches of dark velvety purplish-maroon, occasionally shaded with brownish-crimson; the whole of the leaf being marked with silky and sparkling reflections. Brazil, 1875. It is of neat habit, growing in close tufts, its ample foliage covering the ground.

=C. medio-picta= (middle painted). _l._ oblong-acute, tapering to the base, dark green, with a feathered white central stripe. Brazil, 1878.

=C. micans= (glittering).* _l._ oblong-acuminate, 2in. to 3in. long, a little over 1in. in breadth, dark shining green, with a white feathery stripe down the centre. Tropical America. The smallest species of the genus with a spreading habit, and quickly forming dense and beautiful tufts. There is a variety of this named _amabilis_. Brazil.

=C. nitens= (shining).* _l._ oblong, green, with a bright glossy surface, marked on each side of the midrib with a series of oblong acute bars, alternating with numerous lines of a dark green on a pale bright green ground. Brazil, 1880. An elegant and small-growing plant.

=C. olivaris= (olive-green). Synonymous with _C. Makoyana_.

=C. ornata= (ornamented).* _l._ oblong acuminate, 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. or more broad, yellowish-green, relieved by broad transverse bands of dark olive-green; under side tinged with purple. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Columbia, 1849.

=C. o. albo-lineata= (white-lined). Columbia, 1848. SYN. _Maranta albo-lineata_.

=C. o. majestica= (majestic). Rio Purus, 1866. SYN. _Maranta majestica_.

=C. o. regalis= (royal). Peru, 1856. SYNS. _Maranta regalis_ and _M. coriifolia_.

=C. o. roseo-lineata= (rosy-lined).* _h._ 1ft. 1848. SYN. _Maranta roseo-lineata_.

=C. pacifica= (Pacific). _l._ oblong ovate, of a fine dark green on the upper surface, olive-brown beneath. Eastern Peru, 1871.

=C. pardina= (leopard).* _fl._ yellow, large, handsome, produced in great abundance. _l._ 10in. to 18in. long, 5in. to 6in. wide, ovate, pale green, with dark brown blotches on each side the midrib, and which occur at regular intervals the whole length of the leaf. New Grenada. (F. d. S. ii., 1101.)

=C. prasina= (leek-green). _l._ with a yellow-green central band. Brazil, 1875.

=C. princeps= (magnificent).* _l._ 12in. to 18in. long; centre rich dark green, broadly margined with yellowish-green, purple beneath. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1869. A superb large-growing species.

=C. pulchella= (pretty). _l._ bright green, with two series of deep green blotches, alternately large and small. Brazil, 1859. This much resembles _C. zebrina_ in general appearance, but is not so strong a grower, and the leaves are not so dark.

=C. rosea-picta= (rose-coloured). _l._ somewhat orbicular, of a rich glossy green; midrib of a lovely rose-colour, between the margin and midrib are two irregular bands of the same colour, traversing the entire length of the leaf. Upper Amazon, 1866. (R. G. 610.)

=C. Seemanni= (Seemann's). _l._ about 1ft. long, 6in. broad, satiny emerald-green; midrib whitish. Nicaragua, 1872.

=C. splendida= (splendid). _l._ large, oblong-lanceolate, deflexed, 10in. to 18in. long, rich dark olive-green, with distinct blotches of greenish-yellow. Brazil, 1864.

=C. tubispatha= (tube-spathed).* _l._ somewhat obovate, obtuse, 6in. to 12in. long, pale greenish-yellow, beautifully relieved by a row of rich brown oblong blotches, set in pairs on each side of the midrib, throughout the entire length of the leaf. West Tropical America, 1865. An elegant species. (B. M. 5542.)

=C. Vanden Heckei= (Van den Heck's).* _l._ rich dark glossy green, shaded with transverse bands of a lighter green; midrib broadly margined with silvery-white, two bands of the same colour traverse the leaf from base to apex, midway between midrib and margin; under side of a uniform purplish-crimson. Brazil, 1865. Very distinct and handsome.

=C. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _l._ large, ovate elliptic, over 1ft. long, very rich glossy green, marked along each side the midrib with crescent-shaped blotches of yellow, softened by shades of green and white; under surface light purple. _h._ 3ft. W. Tropical America, 1865. Probably the handsomest of the genus. See Fig. 319.

=C. virginalis= (virginal). _l._ large, broadly ovate, light green; midrib white, also with a white band on each side; the under side of a greyish-green. Amazons, 1857. Habit dwarf and compact.

=C vittata= (striped). _l._ ovate-acuminate, 9in. long, very light green, with narrow transverse bars of white on each side of the midrib. Brazil, 1857.

=C. Wallisii= (Wallis's).* _l._ rather large, of a rich and pleasing light green, beautifully relieved with a ray of rich dark green. South America, 1867. A handsome and distinct sort, but somewhat rare.

=C. W. discolor= (two-coloured). _l._ bright velvety green, with the centre and margins grey. South America, 1871.

=C. Warscewiczii= (Warscewicz's).* _l._ 2ft. long, about 8in. wide, deep velvety green in colour, relieved by a feathery stripe of yellowish-green on either side the midrib, and extending from the base to the apex. _h._ 3ft. Tropical America, 1879. A fine sort. (R. G. 515.)

=C. Wioti= (Wiot's). _l._ bright green, with two series of olive-green blotches. Brazil, 1875.

=C. zebrina= (zebra).* _l._ 2ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 8in. wide, beautiful velvety light green on the upper side, barred with greenish-purple; under side of a dull greenish-purple. _h._ 2ft. Brazil, 1815. This is a very old inhabitant of our stoves, and, for general usefulness is not much surpassed. See Fig. 320. (B. R. 385.)

=CALATHIAN VIOLET.= _See_ =Gentiana Pneumonanthe=.

=CALCARATE.= Spurred, or having a spur.

=CALCEOLARIA= (from _calceolus_, a little slipper, in allusion to the form of the corolla; the form _calceolarius_, shoemaker, probably chosen to include a reference to F. Calceolari, an Italian botanist of the sixteenth century). Slipperwort. ORD. _Scrophularineæ_. A genus of hardy or half-hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs or herbs. Peduncles one or many-flowered, axillary or terminal, corymbose; corolla with a very short tube; limb bilabiate; upper lip short, truncately rounded, entire; lower lip large, concave, slipper-shaped. Leaves opposite, sometimes three in a whorl, rarely alternate.

SHRUBBY SECTION. In addition to the widely-known utility of this class for bedding purposes, they are fine decorative plants when well grown, and useful alike in conservatory or dwelling house. It will be found more convenient to grow these in a pit or frame, as in such places they are less liable to the attacks of fly, and make sturdier growth. If large plants are required, cuttings should be taken in August, placed in a cold frame facing the north, in sandy soil, and, when rooted, potted off into 3in. pots. They should then be placed in a light sunny frame, where they may remain until the middle of February. The points should then be pinched out. When the plants break, they must be shifted into 48-sized pots. If there are from four to six breaks to each plant, it will be sufficient; but, should such not be the case, the plants must be stopped again, when the requisite number will probably be obtained. Directly the roots touch the pots, the plants should be transferred to 7in. or 8in. pots, in which they will flower, and the shoots must be tied out so as to develop fully. Every effort should be exerted to keep the foliage green to the base of the plants, and they should be fumigated on the first appearance of green fly. As the flower-spikes are thrown up, weak liquid manure, applied two or three times a week, will prove beneficial. For potting, the following compost is most suitable: One-half good fibrous loam, one-eighth thoroughly rotted manure, and the remainder leaf soil, with enough sharp sand to keep the whole open. During frosty weather, of course, it will be necessary to protect the frames with mats, and to water judiciously, to avoid damping. Those plants intended for bedding will not require to be repotted, but should be inserted, about 3in. apart, in sandy soil, in a cold frame. The tops must be taken off early in March; and from the middle of April to the middle of May, they may be planted out where they are to remain. Should frosty weather, accompanied by drying winds, ensue, the plants will require the protection of inverted flower-pots, with pieces of slate or crock placed over the holes. A good soil, abundantly enriched with rotten manure, is most desirable for them.

_Varieties._ These are very numerous. The best of them are the following: BIJOU, dark red, very free; GAINE'S YELLOW, rich deep yellow, extremely free; GENERAL HAVELOCK, crimson-scarlet, very fine; GOLDEN GEM, bright yellow, perhaps the best; SPARKLER, crimson-gold, dwarf; VICTORIA, dark maroon, very attractive.

HERBACEOUS SECTION. These, like the preceding, are very useful, both for house and conservatory decoration (see Fig. 321). A packet of seed from a first-class firm will, if properly managed, produce a good percentage of excellent flowers. The seed may be sown from June to August, when large batches are required (when only one sowing is made, July will be the best month), on pans of light, sandy soil, which should be soaked with water before sowing. Care must be taken to make the surface of the soil level, and also to sow the seed as evenly as possible. It is better not to cover with soil, but a sheet of glass should be laid over the pan, which must be placed in a shady part of the greenhouse or cold frame until the young plants show the first leaf. The glass can then be gradually removed. When large enough to handle, the seedlings must be pricked out, about 2in. asunder, in pans or boxes, and placed in a close, shaded situation. As soon as of sufficient size, they must be placed singly in 3in. pots, returned to the frame, kept close for a few days, and as near the glass as possible, to make them sturdy. When necessary, they should be shifted into 5in. pots, in which they may be kept through the winter; or the later batches may be placed in small pots. By the end of October or early in November, the plants will be strong and fit for wintering; at this stage, the best place for them is in a dry, frost-proof pit, or on an airy shelf of the greenhouse, giving them sufficient water to prevent flagging. All dead leaves must be removed. On the first appearance of green fly, the plants should be fumigated with tobacco. From the end of January onwards, in order to encourage growth, the plants should be removed into 7in. or 8in. pots, giving plenty of drainage, and a compost consisting of one-half good light fibrous loam, one-fourth thoroughly decayed sheep manure, and one-fourth leaf soil, to which must be added sufficient coarse sand to keep the whole open. After potting, the plants must be again placed in the same position, and, as they require it, plenty of room given. Careful attention to watering is necessary, as they must not be allowed to get dry. Air must be given on all suitable occasions. The flower-stems, as they require it, should be supported with small neat sticks. About May, the plants will commence to bloom, and continue to do so for a couple of months. The best flowers should be selected, and cross-fertilised with a camel-hair pencil, in order to produce a good strain of seed for future sowing. The attention of horticulturists appears to be almost wholly confined to the innumerable hybrids raised from _amplexicaulis_, _arachnoidea_, _corymbosa_, _integrifolia_, _purpurea_, _thyrsiflora_, and a few others. Very few pure species are seen in cultivation, although most of them are well worth growing.

=C. alba= (white). _fl._ white; peduncles elongated, racemose, dichotomous. June. _l._ linear, remotely serrated. Plant suffruticose, clammy, and resinous. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1844. Shrubby. (B. M. 4157.)

=C. amplexicaulis= (stem-clasping).* _fl._ yellow, umbellately fascicled; corymbs terminal; pedicels pilose. _l._ stem-clasping, ovate-oblong, acuminated, cordate, crenately-serrated, pilose. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Peru, 1845. Half-hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 4300.)

=C. arachnoidea= (cobwebby).* _fl._ purple; peduncles terminal, twin, elongated, dichotomous. June to September. _l._ lingulately-oblong, a little toothed, narrowing downwards into long winged petioles, which are connate at the base; about 5in. long, wrinkled. Stem herbaceous, branched, spreading, clothed with white cobwebbed wool, as well as the leaves and other parts, except the corolla. _h._ 1ft. Chili, 1827. (B. M. 2874.)

=C. bicolor= (two-coloured).* _fl._ in large terminal cymes; upper lip yellow, small; lower lip large, gaping, conchiform, the front clear yellow, the back white. July to November. _l._ broadly-ovate, sub-acute, coarsely crenated, wrinkled. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Stem much branched, woody at the base. Peru, 1829. SYN. _C. diffusa_. (B. R. 1374.)