Part 63

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._, corolla with a greenish-yellow tube, which is clothed with glandular villi, and a white or very pale lilac limb; peduncles one-flowered, axillary, racemose at the tops of the branches. July. _l._ ovate, acute, attenuated into the petioles at the base. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1829. (B. M. 3069.)

=B. Jamesoni= (Jameson's).* _fl._ bright orange, with lighter-coloured throat, tubular. June. _h._ 4ft. New Grenada, 1850. This species has been recently re-introduced, after having been lost to cultivation for over thirty years. (B. M. 4605.)

=B. Roezli= (Roezl's). _fl._ large, either of a delicate azure blue, or white, with a yellow tube. Spring to autumn. _l._ shining green. An exceedingly pretty species, having flowers double the size of any other, and forming a dense compact bush, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. in height. Rocky Mountains.

=BROWNEA= (named after Patrick Browne, M.D., author of a History of Jamaica). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. Very handsome stove evergreen trees or shrubs, allied to _Amherstia_. Flowers of a rose-scarlet colour, rising in fascicled heads from the axillary buds. Leaves abruptly-pinnate, when young flaccid, and with the leaflets revolute at the edges; leaf-bud long and stipulaceous. All the species are well worthy of the most extensive cultivation. A mixture of loam, peat, and sand, is a soil well adapted for them, and great care should be taken not to over-water the plants in winter, as too great a supply will be sure to kill them. Propagated by cuttings, taken from ripened wood, planted in a pot of sand, and placed under a hand glass, in a moist heat.

=B. Ariza= (Ariza).* _fl._ richest scarlet, produced in a large, globular, drooping head of immense size. Summer. _l._ pinnate, usually with six or eight pairs of pinnæ, which are oblong-lanceolate, and sharply tapered to a point. _h._ 20ft. to 40ft. Columbia, 1843. This noble tree requires a large house to fully perfect its beauty. SYN. _B. princeps_. (B. M. 6459.)

=B. Birschellii= (Birschell's). _fl._ rose-coloured, in drooping racemes. April to July. _l._ pinnate; leaflets oblanceolate, 6in. long. _h._ 10ft. to 20ft. La Guayra, 1872. (B. M. 5998.)

=B. coccinea= (scarlet).* _fl._ scarlet, fascicled. July to August. _l._ with two to three pairs of oval-oblong, acuminated leaflets. _h._ 6ft. to 10ft. Venezuela, 1793. (B. M. 3964.)

=B. grandiceps= (large-headed).* _fl._ red, in dense capitate spikes. July. _l._ with usually twelve pairs of oblong-lanceolate glandless leaflets, ending in a long cuspidate acumen; branches and petioles pubescent. _h._ (in its native home) 60ft. Caraccas, 1829. (B. M. 4859.)

=B. latifolia= (broad-leaved). _fl._ red, in dense fascicles; involucre tomentose. _l._ with one to three pairs of ovate or obovate-cuspidate leaflets. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. Caraccas, 1824.

=B. macrophylla= (large-leaved).* _fl._ orange-scarlet, in dense heads, often measuring nearly 3ft. in circumference. Central America, 1879. (G. C. 1873, p. 779.)

=B. princeps= (chief). A synonym of _B. Ariza_.

=B. racemosa= (clustered).* _fl._ rose-coloured, racemose; involucre and calyx clothed with fine tomentum. _l._ with four pairs of unequal-sided, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, cuspidately-acuminated leaflets, which are glanduliferous at the base. _h._ 4ft. Caraccas, 1826.

=B. Rosa del Monte.= _fl._ scarlet, in dense heads; leaflets of the involucre roundish, imbricated, and, when in a young state, rather velvety. June. _l._ with two to three pairs of oval-oblong acuminated leaflets; branches and petioles glabrous. _h._ 8ft. South America, 1820. (B. R. 1472.)

=BROWNLOWIA= (named in honour of Lady Brownlow, daughter of Sir Abraham Hume, and a great patroness of botany). ORD. _Tiliaceæ_. Very handsome greenhouse evergreen trees, thriving well in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of ripe shoots will root if placed in sand, under a hand glass, in heat.

=B. elata= (tall).* _fl._ yellow; panicle terminal, conical, spreading. May. _l._ large, cordate, acute, seven-nerved, smooth. _h._ 60ft. India, 1823. (B. R. 1472.)

=BRUCEA= (commemorative of James Bruce, the celebrated African traveller). ORD. _Simarubeæ_. Ornamental stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers small, purplish inside, disposed in interrupted glomerate spikes, or racemes. Leaves impari-pinnate, with six pairs of opposite, entire or serrated leaflets, without dots. Branches, peduncles, petioles, and nerves of leaves, clothed with rufescent down. They thrive in a loamy soil; and cuttings from ripened wood strike freely, in a pot of sand, under a hand glass, in a moderate heat.

=B. antidysenterica= (antidysenteric). _fl._, racemes simple, spike-like. May. _l._, leaflets quite entire, clothed with rusty villi on the nerves beneath. _h._ 8ft. Abyssinia, 1775.

=B. sumatrana= (Sumatra).* _fl._ dark purple; racemes usually compound. May. _l._, leaflets serrated, villous beneath. _h._ 20ft. Sumatra, 1822.

=BRUCHUS GRANARIUS.= _See_ =Bean Beetle=.

=BRUCHUS PISI.= _See_ =Pea Weevil=.

=BRUGMANSIA.= _See_ =Datura=.

=BRUNFELSIA= (named after Otto Brunfels, of Mentz, first a Carthusian monk, and afterwards a physician; he published the first good figures of plants in 1530). SYN. _Franciscea_. ORD. _Scrophularineæ_. Elegant free-flowering stove evergreens. Flowers sweet-scented; corolla large, funnel or salver-shaped, with a long tube, and a flat, five-lobed, obtuse, nearly equal limb. A light rich soil, or a compost of loam, leaf soil, and peat, is necessary to grow these plants successfully. Propagated by cuttings, planted in sand, and placed under bell glasses, in a moderate heat. When rooted, they should be placed in small pots, in a compost somewhat more sandy than that already mentioned. While growing, they require to be kept in a moist stove temperature, and should be hardened by placing them in a drier, and somewhat cooler, temperature after each growth is completed; the pots should be changed as often as the roots become thick around the ball of earth. The larger plants flower freely, and should be slightly pruned in annually, before commencing their new growth, thus securing neat and compact specimens. Repotting should be effected directly they have done flowering. The plants should then be placed in a temperature ranging from 60deg. to 68deg., and both the roots and foliage liberally supplied with water. When flowers appear--about October or November--the syringing must be less frequently performed. At this period, if it be desirable to prolong the flowering season, the plants should be removed to a temperature of about 48deg. A few administrations of weak liquid manure during the growing season are of great value.

=B. acuminata= (taper-pointed-leaved).* _fl._ bluish-violet, few, sub-cymose, terminal. April. _l._ oblong, acuminated, attenuated a little at the base, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, acuminated, glabrous. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Rio Janeiro, 1840. (B. M. 4189.)

=B. americana= (American).* _fl._ first yellow, then white, very sweet-scented; axillary flowers solitary, terminal ones numerous. June. _l._ obovate, elliptic, acuminated, longer than the petioles. _h._ 4ft. to 6ft. West Indies, 1735. There are narrow and broad-leaved varieties of this species. (B. M. 393.)

=B. calycina= (cup-shaped).* _fl._ purple, disposed in large trusses, which are produced in succession throughout the whole year. _l._ large, lanceolate, shining light green. _h._ 2ft. Brazil, 1850. One of the largest-flowered species grown. (B. M. 4583.)

=B. confertiflora= (dense-flowered). _fl._ soft blue, cymosely crowded, terminal. January to June. _l._ nearly sessile, oblong-acute, attenuated at the base, rather pilose, ciliated, yellowish-green above; bracteoles oblong, attenuated at the base, and are, as well as the calyces, clothed with rusty hairs. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Brazil.

=B. eximia= (choice).* _fl._ produced from the points of the shoots, upwards of 2in. in diameter, deep purple. January to July. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, dark green, but not glossy. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Brazil, 1847. (B. M. 4790.)

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered). _fl._ greenish; limb of corolla 2in. in diameter, corymbose, terminal. June. _l._ elliptic-oblong, acuminated. Branches twiggy. _h._ 3ft. Peru.

=B. hydrangeæformis= (Hydrangea-like).* _fl._ beautiful bluish-violet; cymes terminal, hemispherical, large. April. _l._ oblong, acute, cuneiform at base, quite glabrous, 1ft. long; bracts lanceolate, aggregate. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1840. This is one of the most elegant species of the genus. (B. M. 4209.)

=B. latifolia= (broad-leaved). _fl._ at first lavender-colour, with a distinct white eye, eventually becoming almost white; deliciously fragrant, sub-cymose, terminal. Winter to early spring. _l._ broad-elliptic, acutish, greyish-white, 6in. to 7in. long, and 2in. to 2-3/4in. broad. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1840. (B. M. 3907.)

=B. Lindeniana= (Linden's).* _fl._ rich purple, with a light eye. _l._ ovate-acuminate, dark green. Brazil, 1865. (B. H. 1865, 226.)

=B. uniflora= (one-flowered). _fl._ solitary; corolla with a whitish tube, and a bluish-violet or purple limb. Winter. _l._ elliptic, acute; branches greenish, hoary, diffuse, spreading. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1826. (L. B. C. 1332.)

=BRUNIA= (named after Corneille de Bruin, better known under the name of Le Brun, a Dutchman, a traveller in the Levant). ORD. _Bruniaceæ_. Elegant little greenhouse evergreen Heath-like shrubs, more or less branched, with the branches in whorls, erect or spreading. Flowers capitate, furnished with three bracts each, or sometimes deficient of the two lateral ones. Leaves small, closely imbricate. They require a compost of peat and sand, with a little leaf soil added, firm potting and good drainage. Cuttings of young shoots root freely in sand, under a hand light, in summer.

=B. nodiflora= (knot-flowered).* _fl._ white; heads globose, size of a cherry, on the tops of the branches. July. _l._ lanceolate, awl-shaped, trigonal, acute, smooth, closely imbricate, not ustulate at the apex. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1786. See Fig. 284.

=BRUNIACEÆ.= An order of much-branched Heath-like shrubs, usually having small leaves, which are crowded and entire. Flowers in terminal heads; petals five, alternating with the lobes of the calyx. The typical genus is _Brunia_.

=BRUNONIA= (named after Robert Brown, the most eminent botanist of his time). ORD. _Goodenoviæ_. A stemless greenhouse perennial herb, with the habit of _Scabiosa_, downy from glandless simple hairs. Flowers distinct, with a whorl of five membranous bracts; corolla blue, marcescent. Radical leaves quite entire, spathulate; scapes undivided, each bearing one head; head hemispherical, lobate; lobes involucrated by foliaceous bracts. It thrives in a compost of decayed manure, or leaf soil and peat, with a little loam added; thorough drainage is necessary. Propagated by divisions, in early spring, previous to repotting.

=B. australis= (southern)* is the only species known to be in cultivation. _h._ 1ft. New Holland, 1834. (B. R. 1833.)

=BRUNSVIGIA= (named after the noble House of Brunswick). ORD. _Amaryllideæ_. Very showy greenhouse bulbous plants, from the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers red, on very long pedicels. Bulbs large. Leaves broad, horizontal; perianth with an evident longer or shorter tube, curving upwards, funnel-shaped, deeply six-parted, deciduous; segments sub-equal, many-nerved, flat, and recurved at the apex; stamens on the tube much curved upwards; scape appearing in summer without the leaves; umbels many-flowered. Propagation is effected by offsets, of which the large bulbs produce but few. These, when secured, may be removed after reaching some considerable size, carefully potted in a mixture of sandy loam and peat, with good drainage, and kept tolerably warm and close until established; water must be given but sparingly until root-action has commenced. The best place for growing the offsets into a flowering size is on a shelf near the glass, in a temperature of from 50deg. to 55deg. With an abundance of water while growing, and kept dry while semi-dormant, thus allowing them a rest, the bulbs will speedily increase in size; but it may be years before flowers are produced. Culture: This may be divided into two periods—-one of growth, and one of rest. After the latter period, they should be allowed to start into fresh growth, without stimulation, and, as soon as started, liberal supplies of water should be given, and a genial temperature of from 60deg. to 65deg. maintained, to make them grow vigorously. Good-sized pots are also necessary, with a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, in equal parts. They are usually confined to the greenhouse, or warm conservatory, but are sometimes successfully grown in a south border at the base of a wall, planted out in a pit, upon which the lights may be placed in winter, and matted if necessary, as they cannot endure frost. A good depth of soil, consisting of fibrous loam, peat, and sand, in equal proportions, with good drainage, should be prepared. In all cases, the bulbs should be planted somewhat deeply. One of the most satisfactory methods of ensuring the flowering of these plants consists in subjecting the bulbs, when at rest, to a hot dry heat of 70deg. or more, which thoroughly ripens them; but, after this treatment, it will be necessary to encourage the after-growth to the fullest possible extent.

=B. ciliaris= (hair-fringed). _fl._ dull purple. _l._ strongly fringed with white hairs. _h._ 1ft. 1752. (B. R. 1153.)

=B. Cooperi= (Cooper's).* _fl._ sulphur-coloured, edged with red; umbels twelve to sixteen-flowered. _l._ ligulate-obtuse, bifarious, fleshy. _h._ 1-1/2ft. 1872. (Ref. B. 330.)

=B. falcata= (sickle-leaved).* _fl._ red. May. _l._ sickle-shaped, with a muricated, discoloured, cartilaginous edge. _h._ 9in. 1774. (B. M. 1443.) SYN. _Ammocharis falcata_.

=B. Josephineæ= (Josephine's).* _fl._ scarlet; scape twice as long as the rays of the many-flowered umbel. _l._ strap-shaped, erect, spreading, glaucous. _h._ 1-1/2ft. This handsome species is much grown. 1814. (B. M. 2578.) _Minor_ and _striata_ are varieties.

=B. multiflora= (many-flowered).* _fl._ red, loosely umbellate. June. _l._ linguiform, smooth, lying on the ground. _h._ 1ft. 1752. (B. M. 1619.)

=B. toxicaria= (poison-bulb).* _fl._ pink; umbel hemispherical, many-flowered. September to October. _l._ many, erect, oblique, glaucous. _h._ 1ft. 1774. (B. R. 567.) _B. coranica_ is a variety of this. 1815. (B. R. 139.)

=BRUSSELS SPROUTS= (_Brassica oleracea bullata gemmifera_). A cultivated variety of the Cabbage (Fig. 285). Leaves blistered. Stems covered with small, close heads. To secure this vegetable in its best form, it must be grown on deeply-worked and rich ground. In addition, the seeds should be obtained from a good source, as there are many spurious stocks in cultivation. Plenty of room must be allowed the plants to develop, and the tops and leaves should not be removed till after the sprouts are gathered; dead leaves, of course, excepted. It is a bad plan to plant Brussels Sprouts amongst potatoes or other crops, as they become unduly weakened, and never give such good returns as when grown by themselves.

_Soil and Cultivation._ In February, and early in March, sow thinly in a cold frame, or carefully prepare seed beds on a warm south border. As soon as the plants are large enough, prick them off into prepared soil, to grow on; about the end of April, transplant into a piece of rich ground, which has been previously prepared for them, setting in rows from 2ft. to 3ft. asunder, and 2ft. apart in the rows. The earlier the plants are put out, the better; and they should be watered-in when planted, so that they receive as little a check as possible. They must be kept clear of weeds, and earthed up as soon an they get a good size. During severe frost, some light dry litter may with advantage be thrown over them for protection; and the less they are interfered with when frozen, the better.

_Sorts._ The Imported is the best strain for general use; other good sorts are: Sutton's Matchless, The Aigburth, and Scrymger's Giant.

=BRYA= (from _bryo_, to sprout; the seeds germinate before falling from the tree). ORD. _Leguminosæ_. A small genus of stove shrubs or small trees, furnished with stipular spines, and solitary, or clustered, or pinnate leaves. The undermentioned species thrives in a rich fibry loam. Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings, placed in a hotbed.

=B. Ebenus= (ebony). Jamaica Ebony. _fl._ bright yellow; peduncles two to three together, axillary, one to two-flowered, shorter than the leaves. July and August. _l._, leaflets aggregate, obovate. _h._ 12ft. to 14ft. West Indies, 1713. (B. M. 4670.)

=BRYANTHUS= (from _bryon_, a moss, and _anthos_, a flower). ORD. _Ericaceæ_. A genus of small trailing shrubs, allied to _Loiseleuria_. Flowers terminal, somewhat racemose; calyx five-leaved, imbricate; corolla deeply five-parted, spreading. Leaves crowded, spreading, flattish. For culture, _see_ =Menziesia=.

=B. empetriformis= (Crowberry-leaved). _fl._ reddish-purple, clustered near the extremities of the branches. _l._ crowded, linear, on short adpressed petioles. _h._ 6in. North-west America, 1829. SYN. _Menziesia empetrifolia_. (B. M. 3176.)

=B. erectus= (erect). _fl._ red, pentamerous, broadly campanulate. _l._ linear, obtuse, obscurely serrated. _h._ about 1ft. Siberia. Trailer. (L. & P. F. G. 1, 19.)

=B. Gmelini= (Gmelin's). _fl._ red; peduncles glandular, many-flowered. _l._ with denticulated margins. _h._ 2in. or 3in. Kamtschatka and Behring's Island.

=BRYONIA= (from _bryo_, to sprout; in allusion to the annual growth from the tuber). Bryony. ORD. _Cucurbitaceæ_. Tuberous-rooted perennial herbaceous plants, producing annual climbing stems. The native species is well worth growing over unsightly hedges, fences, &c., and in the wild garden; it is a rapid grower, and of extremely easy culture. The stove perennial species should be grown in pots, and the stems trained up the rafters. Rich loam is the soil most suitable for their cultivation. Propagated by seeds, or by divisions of the tuber.

=B. dioica= (diœcious). _fl._ greenish-white, racemose, diœcious. _fr._ globose, red. May to September. _l._ cordate, palmately five-lobed, toothed, scabrous, from callous points. England. (Sy. En. B. 517.)

=B. laciniosa= (cut-leaved). _fl._ yellow, solitary; corollas hairy inside, smooth outside. _fr._ size of a cherry, striated with white. July. _l._ palmately five-parted, cordate, rough, and blistered, with oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, serrated segments; petioles muricated. Ceylon, 1710. Stove species. SYN. _Bryonopsis laciniosa_. See Fig. 286.

=BRYONY.= _See_ =Bryonia=.

=BRYOPHYLLUM= (from _bryo_, to sprout, and _phyllon_, a leaf; plants spring from the notches on the edges of the leaves when taken off the plant, and placed in a moist situation). ORD. _Crassulaceæ_. This very curious stove succulent thrives in pots of rich loamy soil; perfect drainage is essential, and but little water is at any time needed.

=B. calycinum= (large-cupped). _fl._ yellowish-red; cymes panicled, terminal. April. _l._ opposite, thick, petiolate; some impari-pinnate, with one or two pairs of segments, the terminal one large; others solitary; all ovate and crenated. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. India, 1806. A fleshy, erect, branched evergreen shrub, grown chiefly for curiosity.

=BUCCO.= _See_ =Agathosma=.

=BUCIDA.= _See_ =Terminalia=.

=BUCKBEAN.= _See_ =Menyanthes=.

=BUCKLANDIA= (named after Dr. Buckland, a former Dean of Westminster, and Professor of Geology at Oxford). ORD. _Hamamelideæ_. A handsome greenhouse tree, allied to _Liquidambar_. It thrives in rich sandy loam, peat, and leaf mould; or peat may be left out if the leaf soil is good; perfect drainage is also essential. Cuttings of ripened shoots will strike in sandy loam, under a hand glass, with moderate heat. They must be watered carefully, or they are liable to rot off.

=B. populnea= (Poplar-like). _l._ pale green, large, leathery, cordate, ovate-acute, on long stalks, pinkish when young; stipules very curious, large red, consisting of two leafy oblong plates, placed face to face in an erect position between the leafstalk and the stem. _h._ 100ft. Himalayas, 1875. (B. M. 6507.)

=BUCKLER MUSTARD.= _See_ =Biscutella=.

=BUCKTHORN.= _See_ =Rhamnus=.

=BUCKWHEAT.= _See_ =Fagopyrum esculentum=.

=BUCKWHEAT-TREE.= _See_ =Mylocaryum=.

=BUDDING.= This process consists of taking an eye or bud attached to a portion of the bark, and transferring it to another and different plant; it is an operation almost confined to woody plants, but has been practised with more or less success upon herbaceous perennials. The stock should not be budded unless the sap is in circulation, which is assured if the bark will detach itself easily, when gently lifted, from the wood.

There are many ways of performing the different systems, in preparing and inserting the Buds, &c., and all may prove more or less successful if undertaken when the Buds and stock are both in a suitable condition. The principal methods are Shield or T-budding, including the Circular, Square, and Inverted forms; Flute or Tube-budding, and Annular or Ring-budding.

The first-named method, which is fully described below, is very extensively practised for propagating Roses and stone fruits. It is also coming more in use for the propagation of many other fruit trees, including Apples and Pears, especially new or scarce varieties, as the great advantage of making use of many more of the eyes, to form separate trees, is thereby attained. In large nurseries, where skilful propagators are employed, thousands of trees are annually budded, the majority of them with very successful results. It is, in most cases, preferable to purchase established fruit trees, as cultivators require the produce much quicker than they could get it by propagating trees themselves. The same system of Budding is, however, applicable for increasing Roses; and this may be adopted with every chance of success by even a cottager, if he takes the necessary care in performing the work.

Rare varieties of ornamental deciduous trees are largely propagated in this way; for instance, many of the Acers, Elms, Horse Chestnuts, &c. Evergreen shrubs, such as Rhododendrons and Hollies, are also rapidly increased in some establishments by this means.

In the case of fruit-frees, plump wood Buds must be selected, from medium-sized branches. On some sorts these are scarce, the majority being Flower-buds, and it is rather difficult to distinguish between them at the Budding season. The best time for the operation is from June to the end of August; but surrounding influences, condition of Buds, stocks, &c., must be taken into account. Clean cuts, with gentle and skilful handling, are even more important in the Budding of stone fruits than of Roses or other plants, and the ties should be lightly but firmly made. In all cases, the operation must be performed as quickly as possible, as both Bud and bark are injured if exposed to the air for any length of time.