Part 55

=B. purpurea= (purplish).* _fl.-heads_ numerous, pedunculate, corymbose, circular, 3in. across, surrounded by an involucre of spreading or reflexed linear oblong bracts. _l._, lower ones 15in. to 18in. long, 2in. to 2-1/2in. wide, dark green, viscid above, paler and cottony beneath. _h._ 3ft. South Africa. A very handsome, hardy, herbaceous perennial. (G. C. 1872, p. 1261.) SYN. _Stobæa purpurea_.

=B. uniflora= (one-flowered). _fl.-heads_ yellow; scales of involucre spiny toothed. June. _l._ alternate, lanceolate, three-nerved, spiny toothed, downy beneath. _h._ 3ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1815. Greenhouse evergreen. (B. M. 2094.)

=BERMUDA CEDAR.= _See_ =Juniperus bermudiana=.

=BERRY.= A fleshy fruit, containing seeds.

=BERTHOLLETIA= (in honour of Louis Claude Berthollet, a celebrated French chemist). Brazil Nut Tree. TRIBE Lecythideæ of ORD. _Myrtaceæ_. _B. excelsa_ is a tall tree, having the young branches leafy at the apex. Leaves alternate, oblong, quite entire, rather coriaceous. From this Brazilian species are obtained the well-known Brazil or Para Nuts of commerce. The tree is of no value for decorative purposes.

=BERTOLONIA= (named after A. Bertoloni, an Italian botanist, author of "Rariorum Italiæ Plantarum Decades," &c.). ORD. _Melastomaceæ_. Elegant little creeping or dwarf-growing stove plants, chiefly cultivated for their exquisitely marked leaves. Flowers white or purple. Leaves stalked, ovate-cordate, five to eleven-nerved, crenulated; cymes corymbose, terminal. They thrive in a compost of equal parts peat, leaf mould, and sand, in a warm, close, and moist atmosphere, but are most successfully cultivated under a bell glass in the stove; in fact, the latter is the only plan of growing them where a constantly humid atmosphere cannot be otherwise obtained without such means. They are easily propagated by cuttings or seeds.

=B. ænea= (coppery). _fl._ purple. _h._ 6in. Brazil.

=B. guttata= (spotted). _See_ =Gravesia=.

=B. maculata= (spotted).* _fl._ violet-purple; peduncles axillary, bearing at the apex a short raceme of six to seven flowers. _l._ on long petioles, cordate, ovate, quite entire, pilose on both surfaces and on the margins, five-nerved. Branches, petioles, peduncles, and calyces hispid from long bristles. Stem rooting at the base. Brazil, 1850. (B. M. 4551.)

=B. marmorata= (marbled).* _l._ 5in. to 8in. long, ovate-oblong, hairy, five-nerved; upper side vivid bright green, beautifully marked with irregular streaks of pure white; under surface of a uniform rich purple. Stem fleshy. _h._ 6in. Brazil, 1858.

=B. pubescens= (downy).* _l._ ovate-acuminate, 3in. to 4in. long, and 2in. to 3in. broad; bright light green, with a broad chocolate-coloured band down the centre; upper surface clothed with long white hairs. Ecuador.

=BERZELIA= (named in honour of Berzelius, a celebrated Swedish chemist). ORD. _Bruniaceæ_. Very pretty little greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Heads of flowers naked, with three bracts at the base of each; usually crowded at the tops of the branches. Leaves short, somewhat trigonal, imbricate or spreading. They require a mixture of peat, loam, and sand, with thorough drainage and moderately firm potting. Young cuttings root freely in sand, under a bell glass, in gentle heat.

=B. abrotanoides= (Abrotanum-like). _fl.-heads_ white, the size of a filbert, terminal, crowded, sub-corymbose; bracts clavate, green, smooth, ustulate at the apex. May to July. _l._ ovate, ustulate at the apex, smooth, spreading, on short petioles. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1787. (L. B. C. 355.)

=B. lanuginosa= (woolly).* _fl.-heads_ white, about the size of a pea, at the tops of lateral branches, disposed in a fastigiate panicle; bracts spathulate, callose at the apex. June to August. _l._ triquetrous, spreading, callose at the apex, rather hairy. Branches erect, villous when young. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1774. (L. B. C. 572.)

=BESCHORNERIA= (in honour of H. Beschorner, a German botanist). ORD. _Amaryllidaceæ_. Greenhouse evergreen succulents, allied to _Littæa_ and _Fourcroya_. Perianth deeply six-parted; segments linear spathulate, tubulose-connivent, often spreading at the point; stamens six, about as long as the perianth. For culture, &c., _see_ =Agave= and =Aloe=.

=B. bracteata= (bracteate). _fl._ at first green, turning yellowish-red when mature; panicle 2ft. to 3ft. long; branches many-flowered and corymbose, subtended by large scariose reddish bracts. _l._ in a dense rosette, 12in. to 18in. long, thin, glaucous green with scabrous margin. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. Mexico. See Fig. 247. (B. M. 6641.)

=B. Decosteriana= (Decoster's). _fl._ green, tinged with red, pendulous, bracteate; panicle 2ft. to 3ft. long, inclined, with numerous bracts. _l._ numerous, spreading, 18in. to 24in. long, by 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad; edges minutely serrulate. _h._ 8ft. Mexico, about 1880.

=B. Tonelii= (Tonel's).* _fl._ tubular, 2-1/2in. long, drooping, pedicellate, dark blood-red below and down the centre, the rest very bright verdigris green; panicle 2ft. long, slender, inclined; bracts several to each fascicle of flowers; scape 4ft. high, red-purple. _l._ few, spreading, 15in. to 20in. long, by 2-1/2in. broad, acuminate and keeled beneath towards the top, minutely serrulate. Mexico, 1872. (B. M. 6091.)

=B. tubiflora= (tube-flowered). _fl._ greenish-purple, nutant, fascicled, bracteate; fascicles remote, secund; scapes erect, long, simple. May. _l._ radical, linear, channelled, recurved, spinosely denticulate. _h._ 6ft. Mexico, 1845. (B. M. 4642.)

=B. yuccoides= (Yucca-like). _fl._ bright green, pendent, racemose, with rich rosy-red bracts; scapes slender, coral-red, simple. May and June. _l._ radical, thickish, lanceolate, acute, 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long. _h._ 4ft. Mexico.

=BESLERIA= (named in honour of Basil Besler, an apothecary at Nuremberg). SYN. _Eriphia_. ORD. _Gesneraceæ_. Very pretty stove sub-shrubs, usually erect, branched. Peduncles axillary, few-flowered. Leaves opposite, petiolate, thickish; nerves and veins very prominent beneath. Stems sub-tetragonal. A light rich earth, or a mixture of sand, loam, and peat, and a moist atmosphere, are necessary for successful cultivation. Beslerias may be increased by cuttings, which root readily in heat.

=B. coccinea= (scarlet-berried).* _fl._ yellow; peduncles axillary bearing three to six flowers in an umbel at top; bracts two, at the division of the common peduncle, orbicularly cordate, toothed, scarlet. _l._ ovate, glabrous, stiff, a little toothed. Guiana, 1819. Climbing shrub. (A. G. 255.)

=B. cristata= (crested). _fl._, corolla yellowish, hairy outside; peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered; bracts cordate, toothed, sessile, scarlet. June. _l._ ovate, serrated. Guiana, 1739. Climbing shrub.

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ large, campanulate, spotted with red; peduncles axillary, elongated, many-flowered. _l._ ovate-oblong, acuminated, crenated, densely pilose above, villous beneath, as well as on the branches. _h._ 3ft. Brazil.

=B. Imrayi= (Imray's). _fl._ rather small, yellow, in axillary whorls. _l._ large, lanceolate, serrate, glabrous. Stems quadrangular. Dominica, 1862. Herbaceous perennial. (B. M. 6341.)

=B. incarnata= (flesh-coloured-berried).* _fl._, corollas purplish; tube very long, ventricose; lobes of limb reflexed, roundish, unequal, fringed; peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. _l._ oblong, crenated, tomentose on both surfaces. _h._ 2ft. Guiana, 1820. Herbaceous perennial.

=B. violacea= (purple-berried). _fl._ purple, small; corolla with a curved tube and spreading limb; peduncles racemosely panicled, terminal. Berry purple, edible. _l._ ovate, acute, quite entire, stiff. Guiana, 1824. Climbing shrub. (A. G. 254.)

=BESOM=, or =BROOM=. Birch-brooms are best for garden purposes, and are generally used. The most suitable for paved yards are those made of the common Ling (_Calluna vulgaris_). Those made of bass fibres are frequently used on paths, for which they are very suitable, but their expensiveness prevents them being generally employed. Whatever material is used in its composition, a Besom will last much longer if soaked in water for some time before using.

=BESSERA= (in honour of Dr. Besser, Professor of Botany at Brody). ORD. _Liliaceæ_. An elegant little half-hardy, Squill-like, bulbous plant, from Mexico. Perianth bell-shaped, six-parted. Leaves narrow, linear. It requires a compost of loam, leaf soil, peat, and sand, with good drainage. If cultivated in pots, a plentiful supply of water must be given from the commencement of growth until ripening off. When at rest, however, it should be kept dry and cool, but secure from the effects of frost. If planted out, a well-drained sunny position must be chosen, such as close to the wall of a greenhouse with a southern aspect. Propagation may be effected by offsets.

=B. elegans= (elegant).* _fl._ scarlet, or scarlet and white. July to September. _l._ 1ft. to 2ft. long, narrow, furrowed on the upper side. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1850. This is the only species. The colour of the flowers varies considerably, on which account other names have originated. (B. R. 25, 34.)

=BETA= (from _bett_, the Celtic word for red; in reference to the colour of the Beet). Beetroot. ORD. _Chenopodiaceæ_. Perianth single, half-inferior, five-cleft, persistent. Seed one, reniform, imbedded in the fleshy base of the calyx. _B. Cicla_ is largely used as a decorative plant in sub-tropical and other styles of gardening. They require the same culture as the ordinary Beet. The other sorts, with dark blood-red leaves, are largely employed in flower gardens, and the roots utilised for culinary purposes. _See also_ =Beet=.

=B. Cicla= (Sicilian). _fl._ greenish, disposed in threes. August. _l._ with very thick ribs. Roots scarcely any. _h._ 6ft. Portugal, 1570. The variety, _B. c. variegata_, usually known as the Chilian Beet, is a very handsome plant, having its leaves often more than a yard in length and over 1ft. in diameter, with a remarkably handsome variegation. The midribs are usually dark orange or scarlet. It is a most desirable and effective plant for sub-tropical gardening.

=B. hortensis metallica= (metallic). Victoria Beet. An ornamental variety with glistening deep blood-red leaves. Useful for decorative purposes in summer, either as a single specimen or in a mass. Roots may also be used for cooking. See Fig. 248.

=B. maritima= (sea). _fl._ greenish, disposed in hairs. August. _l._, lower ones rhomboid-ovoid, acute; upper ones lanceolate. Stem diffuse. Root scarcely any. _h._ 1ft. Britain.

=B. vulgaris= (common). The Common Beetroot. _fl._ greenish, clustered. August. _l._, lower ones ovate. Root fleshy. _h._ 4ft. South Europe, 1548.

=BETCKEA.= _See_ =Plectritis=.

=BETEL=, or =BETLE=. _See_ =Piper Betle=.

=BETONICA.= This genus now forms a sub-division of _Stachys_ (which _see_). Betony (_Stachys Betonica_) is a native herb formerly much used in medicine, but now almost entirely discarded.

=BETONY.= _See_ =Stachys Betonica=.

=BETULA.= (according to some authorities, from _Betu_, its Celtic name; others give the derivation of the word as from _batuo_, to beat, the fasces of the Roman lictors, which were made of Birch rods, being used to drive back the people). Birch. ORD. _Cupuliferæ_. TRIBE _Betuleæ_. Ornamental, hardy (except where otherwise specified), deciduous trees or shrubs, allied to _Alnus_, having round, slender, often drooping branches, and the bark in most species in thin membranous layers. The flowers appear at the same time as the leaves. Male catkins cylindrical, lax, imbricated all round with ternate concave scales, the middle one largest, ovate; corolla none; filaments ten to twelve, shorter than the middle scale, to which they are attached. Female catkins similar, but more dense; scales horizontal, peltate, dilated outwards, three-lobed, three-flowered; corolla none. Nut oblong, deciduous, winged at each side. The Betulas are easily cultivated in any ordinary soil; but a light sandy loam suits them best. Most of the species are best increased by seeds, which ripen in September, and need to be dried, in order to prevent fermentation. They should be sown in March, in a sandy soil, the surface of which has been previously made perfectly level. They must be spread on the surface, and not covered with soil, but pressed down with the feet. When grown in quantities, beds 4ft. in width are preferred, with an alley of 1ft. between them. In early summer, if the weather be warm and dry, the beds should be shaded with branches. The young seedlings must be transplanted when a year old. The dwarfer kinds may be propagated by layering in the autumn. The numerous beautiful varieties are best increased by grafting or budding upon seedling stocks of the common kinds, the former being done in spring, and the latter in summer when the buds are ready. Those most useful as forest trees and for protection are quick-growing and very ornamental. The time of maturity of the Birch depends very much upon the soil and situation, but it seldom increases in size after it is thirty years old. The common species (_B. alba_) is one of the hardiest and most useful trees in cultivation, growing quickly, and withstanding exposure better than many others; consequently it is invaluable for skirting and nursing more tender subjects, and is especially desirable for clothing mountainous and exposed districts. It is also very beautiful and picturesque. It is the commonest tree throughout Russia, from the Baltic to the Eastern Sea, frequently monopolising gigantic forests. In Italy, it forms excellent forests up to 6000ft. altitude, and in our own Highlands of Scotland it occurs up to a height of 2500ft. In Greenland, although much reduced in size, it holds its own as the only arboreal vegetation.

=B. alba= (white).* Silver, White, or Common Birch. _fl._ whitish. February and March. _fr._ brown, ripe in September and October. _l._ ovate, acute, somewhat deltoid, unequally serrated; autumnal tints rich yellow, scarlet, or red. A diminutive shrub in the extreme north, but a tree from 50ft. to 60ft. high in the middle regions. Britain. A most beautiful and invaluable forest tree, with a large number of varieties. See Fig. 249.

=B. a. alba-purpurea= (white and purple).* _l._ rich purple above, with a lustrous metallic hue, pale beneath. Branches with a sub-pendulous disposition. A very effective variety.

=B. a. dalecarlica= (Dalecarlian).* _l._ deeply pinnatifid, with the lobes toothed.

=B. a. foliis-variegatis= (variegated-leaved).* _l._ blotched with yellowish white.

=B. a. laciniata pendula= (pendulous and laciniate).* _l._ rather larger than the typical form, deeply laciniated, deep green, and decidedly pendulous. It appears there are two forms of this, but that known as Young's variety is the best.

=B. a. macrocarpa= (large-fruited).* Female catkins twice as long as those of the type.

=B. a. pendula= (pendulous).* A well-known tree, distinct from the species in having the shoots more slender, smoother, and pendulous.

=B. a. pontica= (pontic). _l._ somewhat larger than in the species, and the plant of more robust growth. (W. D. B. 2, 94.)

=B. a. pubescens= (downy). _l._ covered with hairs.

=B. a. urticifolia= (nettle-leaved).* _l._ deeply laciniated, serrated, and hairy. Several others, reputed as distinct, are mere forms of the typical _B. alba_.

=B. Bhojpattra= (Bhojpattra).* _fl._, female catkins erect, cylindrical, oblong; bracts smooth, woody, two-parted, blunt, much longer than the fruit, which has narrow wings. May. _l._ oblong-acute, with nearly simple serratures, somewhat cordate at the base; their stalks, veins, and twigs hairy; the bark is of a pale cinnamon colour. _h._ 50ft. Himalayas, 1840. This requires a sheltered position.

=B. carpinifolia= (Hornbeam-leaved). Synonymous with _B. lenta_.

=B. daurica= (Daurian).* _fl._, catkins whitish-brown, larger than those of the common Birch. February and March. _l._ ovate, narrow at the base, quite entire, unequally dentate, glabrous; scales of the strobiles ciliated on their margins; side lobes roundish. _h._ 30ft. to 40ft. Siberia, 1786. The variety _parvifolia_ has smaller leaves than the type.

=B. excelsa= (tall). Synonymous with _B. lutea_.

=B. fruticosa= (shrubby).* _fl._ whitish-brown; female catkins oblong. February and March. _l._ roundish-ovate, nearly equally serrated, glabrous. _h._ 5ft. to 6ft. in moist situations, but much higher on mountains. Eastern Siberia, 1818. (W. D. B. 2, 154.)

=B. glandulosa= (glandular).* _fl._ whitish; female catkins oblong. May. _l._ obovate, serrate, quite entire at the base, glabrous, almost sessile; branches beset with glandular dots, glabrous. _h._ 2ft. Canada, 1816. A handsome little shrub. (F. D. 2583.)

=B. lenta= (pliant). _fl._ greenish-white. May to June. _l._ cordate, ovate, acutely serrated, acuminate; petioles and nerves hairy beneath; scales of the strobiles smooth, having the side lobes obtuse, equal, with prominent veins. _h._ 60ft. to 70ft. Canada to Georgia, 1759. SYN. _B. carpinifolia_. (W. D. B. 2, 144.)

=B. lutea= (yellow).* _fl._ greenish-white. May. _l._ 3-1/2in. long, and 2-1/2in. broad, ovate, acute, serrated; petioles pubescent, shorter than the peduncles; young shoots and leaves, at their unfolding, downy, but ultimately quite glabrous, except the petiole, which remains covered with fine short hairs; scales of the strobiles having the side lobes roundish. _h._ 70ft. to 80ft. Nova Scotia, 1767. SYN. _B. excelsa_.

=B. nana= (dwarf).* _fl._ whitish-green; catkins erect, stalked, cylindrical, obtuse; the barren ones lateral, and the fertile ones terminal; scales of the latter three-lobed, three-flowered, permanent. April and May. _l._ orbicular, crenate, reticulated with veins beneath. _h._ 1ft. to 3ft. Scotland, Lapland, Sweden, Russia, &c. A shrub with numerous branches, slightly downy when young, and beset with numerous little, round, firm, smooth, sharply crenated leaves, beautifully reticulated with veins, especially beneath; and furnished with short footstalks, having a pair of brown lanceolate stipules at their base. There is also a pretty variety named _pendula_, with drooping branches.

=B. nigra= (black).* The Black Birch. _fl._ greenish-white; female catkins straight, and nearly cylindrical, about 2in. long. May. _l._ rhomboid-ovate, doubly serrated, acute, pubescent beneath, entire at the base; scales of the strobiles villose; segments linear, equal. _h._ 60ft. to 70ft. New Jersey to Carolina, 1736. SYN. _B. rubra_. (W. D. B. 2, 153.)

=B. papyracea= (papery).* _fl._ greenish-white; female catkins on long footstalks, drooping; scales having the side lobes short, somewhat orbiculate. May to June. _l._ ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate; veins hairy beneath; petiole glabrous; the branches are much less flexible than those of the common Birch, and are more ascending. _h._ 60ft. to 70ft. North America, 1750. (W. D. B. 2, 152.)

=B. p. fusca= (brown). _l._ smaller than those of the type, and less downy.

=B. p. platyphylla= (broad-leaved).* _l._ very broad.

=B. p. trichoclada= (hairy-branched).* _l._ cordate. Branches extremely hairy, and twigs in threes.

=B. populifolia= (Poplar-leaved).* _fl._ greenish-white. April, May. _l._ deltoid, much acuminated, unequally serrated, quite smooth; scales of the strobiles having roundish side lobes; petioles glabrous. _h._ 30ft. Canada, 1750. This species, although very closely resembling _B. alba_, grows with less vigour, and does not attain so large a size. (W. D. B. 2, 151.)

=B. p. laciniata= (laciniated).* _l._ large, shining, and deeply cut.

=B. p. pendula= (pendulous).* Spray drooping, like that of _B. alba pendula_.

=B. pumila= (dwarf).* _fl._ whitish; female catkins cylindrical. May and June. _l._ roundish ovate, on long footstalks, densely clothed with hairs on the under surface. Branches pubescent, dotless. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Canada, 1762. A very beautiful kind, suitable for furnishing large rockeries, or planting on hill sides, or rocky ground. (W. D. B. 2, 97.)

=B. rubra= (red).* Synonymous with _B. nigra_.

=BETULEÆ.= A tribe of deciduous shrubs or trees. Perianth none, or bract-like; flowers monœcious, in catkins, in twos or threes. Fruit, a dry, compressed, lenticular, often winged, indehiscent nut. Leaves alternate, simple, stipulated. The genera are _Alnus_ and _Betula_.

=BI.= In compound words, this signifies twice.

=BIANCEA SCANDENS.= _See_ =Cæsalpinia sepiaria=.

=BIARUM= (an ancient name of a plant). ORD. _Aroideæ_. A genus of small, hardy, tuberous-rooted perennials, much more curious than pretty, allied to _Sauromatum_. This genus, according to Dr. Masters, differs from _Arum_ in its spathe being tubular at the base, with the limb spreading. The female flowers have a distinct style, and the fruit contains only one ovule. They will thrive in any light, rich, well-drained soil, and may otherwise be treated similar to the hardy _Arums_. There are several other species besides those named, but they are not yet in general cultivation.

=B. constrictum= (constricted). A synonym of _B. tenuifolium_.

=B. gramineum= (grassy). A synonym of _B. tenuifolium_.

=B. tenuifolium= (slender-leaved).* _fl._, spathe dark brown-purple, reflexed in the upper part; spadix very long, subuliform. June. _l._ linear-lanceolate. _h._ 6in. South Europe, 1570. SYNS. _B. gramineum_ and _B. constrictum_. (B. R. 512, under name of _Arum tenuifolium_.)

=BIAURICULATE.= Having two auricles.

=BIBRACTEATE.= Furnished with two bracts.

=BIBRACTEOLATE.= Furnished with two secondary bracts.

=BICARINATE.= Two-keeled.

=BICOLOR.= Two-coloured.

=BICONJUGATE.= Having two secondary petioles, each with a pair of leaflets.

=BICORNUTE.= With two horn-like processes.

=BIDENS= (from _bis_, twice, and _dens_ a tooth; in reference to the seed). Bur Marigold. ORD. _Compositæ_. A rather large genus of mostly hardy annual and perennial herbs, distinguished by the pericarp having from two to four rigid awns, which are rough with minute deflexed points. Involucre erect, of several oblong, nearly equal, parallel scales. Most of the species of this genus are of no merit as garden plants. Two are natives of Britain, viz., _B. cernua_ and _B. tripartita_. They thrive in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by divisions of the plant; or by seeds.

=B. atro-sanguinea= (dark-bloody). _fl.-heads_ black-crimson, very freely produced. Late summer and autumn. Leaves pinnate. Root tuberous. _h._ 3ft. Mexico. (B. M. 5227.)

=B. ferulæfolia= (Ferula-leaved). _fl.-heads_ yellow. Autumn. _l._ bipinnatifid. _h._ 2ft. Mexico, 1799. SYN. _Coreopsis ferulæfolia_. (B. M. 2059.)

=B. procera= (tall). _fl.-heads_ yellow, large. _l._ finely divided, deep green. A handsome perennial. _h._ 6ft. to 8ft. Mexico, 1820. (B. R. 684.)